Confirming the Factor Structure and Validity of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in Youth
Abstract
Distress tolerance (DT) is an individual's ability to handle uncomfortable emotion states or sensations (Simons and Gaher in Motiv Emot 29(2): 83-102, 2005). DT is associated with heightened risk for psychopathology, including internalizing symptoms. However, little research has examined the feasibility of assessing DT via youth self-report. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the psychometric properties of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) (Simons and Gaher in Motiv Emot 29(2): 83-102, 2005) in community (n = 117; ages 10-19; 56.4% female) and clinical samples (n = 165; ages 10-18, 52.7% female) of youth. Predictors of DT and its association with internalizing symptoms were investigated. The majority of fit indices confirmed a four-factor hierarchical structure for the clinical sample data. Females reported lower DT than males and DT was associated with internalizing symptoms. Validation of the factor structure of the DTS allows for investigation of child and adolescent-reported perceptions of DT as a risk factor for psychopathology in youth.
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The factor structures found in previous studies of the DTS in youths were not consistent.
“Moreover, the factor structures found in these previous studies were not consistent.”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
The Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) had been adapted for American and Chinese youth but never for European youth.
“The Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) was adapted for American and Chinese youth, but never for European youth.”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
In Tonarely and Ehrenreich-May's community sample, a three-factor structure of tolerance/appraisal, absorption and regulation was the best fitting model.
“In the community sample, a three-factor structure (tolerance/appraisal, absorption and regulation) was found to be the best fitting model.”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
In Tonarely and Ehrenreich-May's clinical sample, the DTS factor structure was similar to Simons and Gaher's, but only tolerance, appraisal and absorption comprised the higher-order factor.
“Within the clinical sample, the factor structure was similar to that suggested by Simons and Gaher [1]. Nevertheless, similar to the findings of You and Leung [38], only tolerance, appraisal and absorption comprised the higher-order factor.”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
The factor structure and psychometric properties of the DTS in youths have been analyzed only in Chinese and American populations.
“the factor structure and psychometric properties of the DTS in youths have been analyzed in only Chinese and American populations.”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
Girls in the clinical sample presented lower levels of distress tolerance than males, and older children in the community sample presented higher scores on the DTS.
“girls in the clinical sample presented lower levels of distress tolerance than males, and that older children in the community sample presented higher scores on the DTS.”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
Model 4 was proposed by Tonarely and Ehrenreich-May, based on a nonclinical sample of children.
“Model 4 was proposed by Tonarely and Ehrenreich-May [50], based on a nonclinical sample of children”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
The sex difference result is partially consistent with previous studies in youth or adult samples in which females reported lower levels of distress tolerance than males.
“This result is partially consistent with previous studies, in either youth or adult samples, in which females reported lower levels of distress tolerance than males [1,38,50,68].”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
Model 5 was also proposed by Tonarely and Ehrenreich-May, based on a clinical sample of children.
“Model 5 was also proposed by Tonarely and Ehrenreich-May [50], based on a clinical sample of children”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
The DTS was later adapted for use in clinical and nonclinical samples of children and adolescents in Chinese and American populations.
“the DTS was later adapted for use in clinical and nonclinical samples of children and adolescents in Chinese and American populations (e.g., [38,50])”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
Only Tonarely and Ehrenreich-May [50] included a clinical sample in studies evaluating the psychometric properties of the DTS.
“only Tonarely and Ehrenreich-May [50] included a clinical sample.”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
Distress tolerance is viewed as an important transdiagnostic factor underlying psychopathology, including emotional disorders in childhood.
“Recently, with the emergence of transdiagnostic approaches, distress tolerance is viewed as an important transdiagnostic factor underlying psychopathology; namely, emotional disorders (e.g., [8,69]), including in childhood [25,50].”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
These results are congruent with previous studies, supporting the idea that distress tolerance is stable across age during childhood.
“These results are congruent with previous studies (e.g., [50]), supporting the idea that distress tolerance is stable across age during childhood.”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
Model 5 was studied in a population more similar to the present study (children with emotional disorders) than Model 3.
“Model 5 was retained because it was studied in a population more similar to that of the present study (i.e., children with emotional disorders).”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Authors
- Tonarely, N. A., & Ehrenreich-May, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tonarely, Niza A.
- Venue
- Child Psychiatry & Human Development
- Published
- 2019-10-21
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 514-526
- ISSN
- 0009-398X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3327
- OpenAlex
- W2982161424
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Psychiatry & Human Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- distress tolerance, Distress Tolerance Scale, factor structure, psychometric validation, Youth Self-Report, internalizing problems, adolescent psychopathology, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Distress, Adolescent, Child, Defense Mechanisms, Emotions, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Self Report
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