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The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module: A New Module of a Standardized Diagnostic Measure for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., J Autism Dev Disord, 30(3):205-223, 2000) is widely accepted as a "gold standard" diagnostic instrument, but it is of restricted utility with very young children. The purpose of the current project was to modify the ADOS for use in children under 30 months of age. A modified ADOS, the ADOS Toddler Module (or Module T), was used in 360 evaluations. Participants included 182 children with best estimate diagnoses of ASD, non-spectrum developmental delay or typical development. A final set of protocol and algorithm items was selected based on their ability to discriminate the diagnostic groups. The traditional algorithm "cutoffs" approach yielded high sensitivity and specificity, and a new range of concern approach was proposed.
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“Such developmental trajectories might be a more meaningful phenotype on which to map aetiological mechanisms than a static case-control dichotomy 70,139,140”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [139]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Third, although deficits and delays in children who will develop autism can be documented on a group level, diagnosing individual children with ASD prior to age 15-18 months is very difficult (Luyster et al. 2009, Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Luyster et al. 2009
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Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
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Lord, C., Rutter, M., Goode, S., Heemsbergen, J., Jordan, H., Mawhood, L., & Schopler, E. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02211841 · Cited by 2,030
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Lord, C., Luyster, R., Gotham, K., Guthrie, W., Risi, S., & Rutter, M. (in press). Autism diagnostic observation schedule – toddler module manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
- Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
- Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (1998). M-plus user’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthen and Muthen.
- Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Autism diagnosic interview—revised (ADI-R). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
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Cited by
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Lord, C., Brugha, T. S., Charman, T., Cusack, J., Dumas, G., Frazier, T., Jones, E. J. H., Jones, R. M., Pickles, A., State, M. W., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4 · Cited by 1,859
Self-citationAutism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
Lord, C., Rutter, M. L., Goode, S., Heemsbergen, J., Jordan, H., Mawhood, L., & Schopler, E. (1989) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t54175-000 · Cited by 1,697
Self-citationStandardizing ADOS Scores for a Measure of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3 · Cited by 1,605
“%) and the piloted ADOS-T (Luyster et al. 2009), a toddler version of the ADOS, was given in 82 assessments (4%); for both measures, identical items were recorded to Module 1 algorithm scores.”
MethodSelf-citationDawson, G., Jones, E. J. H., Merkle, K., Venema, K., Lowy, R., Faja, S., Kamara, D., Murias, M., Greenson, J., Winter, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.018 · Cited by 799
“Autism can be diagnosed by 18 to 24 months of age,(2) and diagnostic assessments for 12- to 18-month-olds are being developed.(3) Given that the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that 18- and 24-month-old children be screened for ASD,(4) it is important that effective early-intervention programs be availa…”
BackgroundRogers, S. J., Estes, A., Lord, C., Vismara, L., Winter, J., Fitzpatrick, A., Guo, M., & Dawson, G. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.003 · Cited by 713
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Luyster, R., Gotham, K., Guthrie, W., Coffing, M., Petrak, R., Pierce, K., Bishop, S., Esler, A., Hus, V., Oti, R., Richler, J., Risi, S., & Lord, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luyster, Rhiannon
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2009-05-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1305-1320
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC2893552
- OpenAlex
- W2022345199
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 11.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Simons Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066496, F31MH73210-02, R25MH057167, R01MH078165, F32MH066469, R01MH080134, MH066469, F31MH073210, MH57167)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U19HD035482, HD-35482-01, P01HD035482)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, diagnostic assessment, diagnostic algorithm, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, developmental delay, young children
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Algorithms, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Awareness, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Male, Personality Assessment, Pilot Projects, Play and Playthings, Psychometrics, Reference Standards, Social Behavior, Verbal Behavior, Reproducibility of Results
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