Early Behavioral Intervention Is Associated With Normalized Brain Activity in Young Children With Autism

The quote only partly states this claim.

The Early Start Denver Model group had a shorter Nc latency when viewing faces than when viewing objects.

“The ESDM group and typical children showed a shorter Nc latency and increased cortical activation (decreased α power and increased θ power) when viewing faces”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The Early Start Denver Model group showed greater cortical activation, indexed by lower alpha power and higher theta power, when viewing faces than objects.

“The ESDM group and typical children showed a shorter Nc latency and increased cortical activation (decreased α power and increased θ power) when viewing faces”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Typically developing children had a shorter Nc latency when viewing faces than when viewing objects.

“The ESDM group and typical children showed a shorter Nc latency and increased cortical activation (decreased α power and increased θ power) when viewing faces”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Typically developing children showed greater cortical activation when viewing faces than objects.

“The ESDM group and typical children showed a shorter Nc latency and increased cortical activation (decreased α power and increased θ power) when viewing faces”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the N170 component, there was a larger amplitude at the right and left regions than at the central region.

“For N170, the main effects of region were found with a larger N170 amplitude at the right and left regions than at the central region (F2,84 = 7.9, p = .002)”

May combine two claims.

Individually, 73% of ESDM children and 71% of typical children showed greater cortical activation to faces than objects, compared with 36% of CI children.

“On an individual level, 11 of 15 children (73%) in the ESDM group and 12 of 17 children (71%) in the typical group showed higher levels of cortical activation to faces than to objects compared with 5 of 14 children (36%) in the CI group (χ2 = 5.4, p = .07).”

May combine two claims.

Nc peak latency showed a significant stimulus-by-group interaction, with no region interactions.

“For Nc peak latency, there was a significant interaction between stimulus and group (F2,43 = 5.2, p = .01) and no interactions with region.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

No significant effects or interactions involved region for spectral power.

“There were no significant effects or interactions involving region.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the P1 component, there were shorter latency responses to faces than to objects across regions.

“and shorter latency responses to faces than to objects across regions (F1,43 = 5.8, p = .02).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nc peak amplitude was more negative for objects than for faces, and this difference did not vary by group.

“There was a larger (more negative) peak amplitude to objects than to faces (F1,43 = 27.7, p < 0.001) that did not significantly differ by group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the N170 component, there was a larger negative amplitude response to faces than to objects.

“A main effect of stimulus showed a larger N170 negative amplitude response to faces than to objects (F1,42 = 33.0, p <.001).”

May combine two claims.

There were no main effects or interaction effects involving group for the N170 component.

“There were no main effects or interaction effects involving group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Overall spectral power in the θ band did not differ between groups.

“or the θ band (F2,43 = 0.9, p = .40).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the N170 component, there was a shorter latency at the central region than at the left or right region.

“and a shorter latency at the central than at the left or right region (F2,84 = 3.7, p = .03).”

May combine two claims.

There was no main group difference in P1 amplitude or latency, and no interaction effects involving group.

“There was no main group difference in P1 amplitude or latency, and there were no interaction effects involving group.”

May combine two claims.

The typical and ESDM groups showed lower α power and higher θ power for faces than objects, whereas the CI group showed the opposite pattern.

“the typical group and the ESDM group face-object difference scores showed a pattern of lower α power and greater θ power (i.e., greater activation) for faces versus objects, whereas the CI group showed the reverse pattern.”

May combine two claims.

Individually, 73% of ESDM children and 53% of typical children showed faster Nc responses to faces than objects, compared with 29% of CI children.

“On an individual level, 11 of 15 children (73%) in the ESDM group and 9 of 17 children (53%) in the typical group showed a faster Nc response to faces than to objects compared with 4 of 14 children (29%) in the CI group (χ2 = 5.8, p = .05).”

May combine two claims.

The typical and ESDM groups had shorter Nc peak latency for faces than objects, while the CI group had shorter Nc peak latency for objects than faces.

“the typical and ESDM groups showed a faster Nc peak latency to faces than to objects, whereas the CI group showed a faster Nc peak latency to objects than to faces.”

May combine two claims.

At outcome, the ESDM and CI groups of children with ASD who provided ERP/EEG data differed significantly on measures of autism symptoms, cognitive ability, adaptive skills, and social behavior.

“Children with ASD who were part of the ERP/EEG analyses in the ESDM versus CI group significantly differed in their autism symptoms, IQ, adaptive skills, and social behavior at outcome.”

May combine two claims.

In young children with autism spectrum disorder, the Early Start Denver Model produced larger gains in autism symptoms, IQ, language, adaptive behavior, and social behavior than community intervention.

“The ESDM group exhibited greater improvements in autism symptoms, IQ, language, and adaptive and social behaviors than the community intervention group.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain

  “Compared with children who received the commonly available community intervention (CI), children who received ESDM for 2 years showed significant improvements in IQ, language, adaptive behavior, and autism diagnosis.”

• cites [5] Dawson, 2010, Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model, Pediatrics sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Participants were randomized to the Early Start Denver Model or community intervention using stratification by composite IQ and gender and random permuted blocks of four.

“Participants were randomized into two groups based on the composite IQ at entry (<55 and ≥55) and gender to ensure comparable IQ and gender ratios between groups.”

• Also stated in: § Randomization · plain

  “Within each of these strata, randomization was conducted by using random permuted blocks of 4.”

May combine two claims.

The atypical EEG response in autism spectrum disorder involves delays in the development of the Nc attention-related event-related potential and the N290/N170 face-processing component.

“This atypical response is characterized by delays in the development of an attention-related event-related potential (ERP) component, the Nc, and a face-specific perceptual processing component, the N290 (and later in development, the N170).8,9”

• cites [8] Webb, 2006, ERP evidence of atypical face processing in young children with autism, J Autism Dev Disord sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [9] Webb, 2011, Developmental change in the ERP responses to familiar faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders versus typical development, Child Dev sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Nc component reflects attention engagement with a stimulus.

“The Nc component, the source of which is the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, reflects attention engagement with a stimulus.10”

• cites [10] Ackles, 2009, Event-related brain potentials and visual attention in six-month-old infants, Int J Neurosci sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Infants and preschool-age children show increases in theta spectral power when viewing social stimuli and toys compared with a baseline condition.

“Infants and preschool-age children have shown increases in θ spectral power when viewing social stimuli and toys compared with a baseline condition.18”

• cites [18] Orekhova, 2006, EEG theta rhythm in infants and preschool children, Clin Neurophysiol sourceNot checked yet

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Typical infants show sharp increases in theta power during peek-a-boo compared with viewing objects.

“Typical infants have demonstrated sharp increases in θ power when engaged in a peek-a-boo game compared with viewing objects.17”

• cites [17] Orekhova, 1999, Theta synchronization during sustained anticipatory attention in infants over the second half of the first year of life, Int J Psychophysiol sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Event-related decreases in alpha power and increases in theta power reflect higher cortical activation and are linked to increased attention and cognitive processing of a stimulus.

“Event-related decreases in α power and increases in θ power reflect higher levels of cortical activation and have been associated with increased attention and cognitive processing of a stimulus (for reviews, see Başar et al.13 and Klimesch14).”

• cites Başar et al.13 Başar, 2000, Brain oscillations in perception and memory, Int J Psychophysiol sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Klimesch14Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Retention rates in the intervention trial were 100% for the Early Start Denver Model group and 88% for the community intervention group.

“Retention rates in the intervention trial were 100% (ESDM) and 88% (CI).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Individuals with Asperger syndrome show lower theta power when viewing emotional faces than typical individuals.

“Individuals with Asperger syndrome show relatively lower levels of θ power when viewing emotional faces compared with typical individuals.16”

• cites [16] Yang, 2011, Face recognition in Asperger syndrome: a study on EEG spectral power changes, Neurosci Lett sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Alpha activity increases during relaxation and decreases during active stimulus processing.

“The α activity increases during a relaxed state and decreases during active stimulus processing.”

• cites [15] Uhlaas, 2008, The role of oscillations and synchrony in cortical networks and putative relevance for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, Schizophr Bull sourceNot checked yet

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Therapists were required to demonstrate and maintain 85% fidelity on the fidelity instrument.

“Therapists were required to demonstrate and maintain a fidelity of 85% of maximum scores on the fidelity instrument.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

EEG editing was performed without knowledge of group membership.

“manual editing (E.J.H.J. and S.J.W.) without knowledge of the group membership.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The N170 reflects early-stage perceptual processing of faces.

“The N170 reflects early-stage perceptual processing of faces, the source of which is the temporal/fusiform region.11,12”

• cites [11] Moulson, 2011, correlates of categorical and graded face perception, Neuropsychologia sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [12] de Haan, 2003, Development of face-sensitive event-related potentials during infancy: a review, Int J Psychophysiol sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

About 60% of children with autism spectrum disorder provided artifact-free EEG data, an attrition rate comparable to other EEG studies of children with autism spectrum disorder.

“Close to 60% of children with ASD provided artifact-free data, an attrition rate comparable to other EEG studies of children with ASD.”

May combine two claims.

Children with artifact-free EEG data in the Early Start Denver Model and community intervention groups did not differ in age, baseline autism symptoms, or IQ measures.

“Children with artifact-free EEG data in the ESDM and CI groups did not differ in chronologic age (ESDM, mean 54.1 months, SD 4.9 months; CI, mean 54.1 months, SD 7.8 months; F1,27 = 0.00, p = .99)”

• Also stated in: § EEG Assessment and Participant Attrition · plain

  “baseline ADOS Social scores (ESDM, mean 10.3, SD 2.3; CI, mean 11.1, SD 2.7), ADOS Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors (ESDM, mean 2.6, SD 1.3; CI, mean 3.6, SD 2.0), MSEL Verbal IQ (ESDM, mean 45.3, SD 17.5; CI, mean 48.1, SD 21.2), and MSEL Nonverbal IQ (ESDM, mean 83.6, SD 13.3; CI, mean 79.2, SD 11.3; F1,27 < 2.5, p > .13, for all comparisons).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Adjusting for age at testing did not change the Nc results.

“Adding age at testing as a covariate did not change the results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Adding age at testing as a covariate did not change the P1 results.

“Adding age at testing as a covariate did not change the results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Nc component is influenced by how much attention is engaged by a stimulus.

“Nc is modulated by the engagement of attention to a stimulus.”

• cites [25] Courchesne, 1981, Event-related brain potentials to human faces in infants, Child Dev sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

There were no significant differences among groups in chronological age or gender.

“There were no significant differences among groups in chronologic age or gender.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Adding age at testing as a covariate did not change the N170 results.

“Adding age at testing as a covariate did not change the results.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Typically developing children were matched by chronological age to children with autism spectrum disorder at the time of EEG assessment.

“Typically developing children were matched by chronologic age to children with ASD at the time of EEG assessment.”

May combine two claims.

Children with autism spectrum disorder who provided artifact-free EEG data at outcome had lower baseline ADOS Social scores and higher baseline MSEL Verbal IQ than those who did not provide data, but did not differ in ADOS Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors or MSEL Nonverbal IQ.

“Children with ASD who provided artifact-free data at the outcome compared with those who did not provide data at baseline had lower ADOS Social scores (F1,46 = 5.2, p = .03) and higher MSEL Verbal IQ (F1,46 = 9.9, p = .003) but did not differ in ADOS Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors (F1,46 = 1.9, p = .2) or MSEL Nonverbal IQ (F1,46 = 0.06, p = .8).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Adjusting for age at testing did not change the spectral results.

“Adding age at testing as a covariate did not change the results.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ESDM model emphasizes promoting social engagement through relationship-focused activities that the child finds rewarding.

“The ESDM model28 has a strong focus on promoting social engagement through relationship-focused activities that the child finds rewarding.”

• cites [28] Rogers, 2010Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

About 60% of children with ASD provided artifact-free EEG data.

“A limitation of the study is that approximately 60% of children with ASD were able to provide artifact-free data.”

May combine two claims.

EEG measures of attention engagement and active cognitive processing showed that children with ASD who received ESDM had brain activity comparable to typical children and different from children with ASD who received CI.

“However, EEG measurements reflecting patterns of attention engagement/active cognitive processing of social stimuli showed that children with ASD who received the ESDM intervention exhibited brain activity comparable to age-matched typical children and different from children with ASD who received the CI.”

May combine two claims.

Early intervention has the potential to alter the course of brain and behavioral development in young children with ASD and thereby promote the most positive long-term outcomes.

“and the potential of early intervention to alter the course of brain and behavioral development in young children with ASD and thereby promote the most positive long-term outcomes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A relatively brief targeted face-processing training can positively influence ERP patterns to faces in adults with ASD.

“a relatively brief targeted training in face processing can positively influence patterns of ERPs to faces in adults with ASD.31”

• cites [31] Faja, 2012, The effects of face expertise training on the behavioral performance and brain activity of adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorders, J Autism Dev Disord sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Dawson et al. and others suggested that reduced social attention and social motivation in infancy and toddlerhood have secondary consequences on brain and behavioral development in ASD, worsening social impairments.

“Dawson et al.29 and others30 have suggested that decreased social attention and social motivation during the infant-toddler period have secondary consequences on brain and behavioral development of young children with ASD, exacerbating the social impairments characteristic of ASD.”

• cites [29] Dawson, 2004, Early social attention impairments in autism: social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress, Dev Psychopathol sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [30] Johnson, 2005, The emergence of the social brain network: evidence from typical and atypical development, Dev Psychopathol sourceNot checked yet

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