Effects of a Brief Early Start Denver Model (ESDM)–Based Parent Intervention on Toddlers at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
Objective This study was carried out to examine the efficacy of a 12-week, low intensity (one-hour-per-week of therapist contact), parent-delivered intervention for toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) ages 14–24 months and their families. Method A randomized controlled trial involving 98 children and families was carried out in three different sites investigating the efficacy of a parent delivery of the Early Start Denver Model (P-ESDM) (which fosters parental use of a child-centered responsive interaction style that embeds many teaching opportunities into play) compared to community treatment as usual. Assessments were completed at baseline and 12 weeks later, immediately after the end of parent coaching sessions. Results There was no effect of group assignment on parent-child interaction characteristics or on any child outcomes. Both groups of parents improved interaction skills and both groups of children demonstrated progress. Parents receiving P-ESDM demonstrated significantly stronger working alliances with their therapists than did the community group. Children in the community group received significantly more intervention hours than those in the P-ESDM group. For the group as a whole, both younger child age at the start of intervention, and a greater number of intervention hours, were positively related to degree of improvement in children’s behavior for most variables. Conclusions Parent-implemented intervention studies for early ASD have thus far not demonstrated the large effects seen in intensive treatment studies. Evidence that both younger age and more intervention hours positively affect developmental rates has implications for clinical practice, service delivery, and public policy.
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- Findingown data
Children in the community group received significantly more intervention hours than children in the P-ESDM group.
“Children in the community group received significantly more intervention hours than those in the P-ESDM group.”
- Also stated in: § Measures · plain
“Twelve weeks later, at T2, there was a significant difference in the number of treatment hours children were receiving weekly (P-ESDM 1.48 (1.96); community group 3.68 (3.91), p<.05, as shown in Table 1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Measures · plain
- Findingown data
For the whole group, younger age at intervention start was positively related to improvement in children's behavior for most variables.
“For the group as a whole, both younger child age at the start of intervention, and a greater number of intervention hours, were positively related to degree of improvement in children’s behavior for most variables.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At T1, there was no significant difference in cumulative treatment hours between the two groups (community mean=11.06, SD=3.13; P-ESDM mean=16.16, SD=4.97; p=.38).
“At T1, there was no significant difference in the amount of cumulative treatment hours received by children in the two groups (community group mean=11.06 (SD=3.13), P-ESDM 16.16 (4.97), p=.38).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Parents in both groups improved their interaction skills.
“Both groups of parents improved interaction skills and both groups of children demonstrated progress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For the whole group, a greater number of intervention hours was positively related to improvement in children's behavior for most variables.
“For the group as a whole, both younger child age at the start of intervention, and a greater number of intervention hours, were positively related to degree of improvement in children’s behavior for most variables.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Children in both groups demonstrated progress.
“Both groups of parents improved interaction skills and both groups of children demonstrated progress.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the model adjusting only for T1 score, there were no significant group differences on any variables listed in Table 2.
“Examination of the model adjusting only the T1 score demonstrated no significant differences related to group assignment on any of the variables listed in Table 2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Parents receiving P-ESDM had significantly stronger working alliances with their therapists than the community group.
“Parents receiving P-ESDM demonstrated significantly stronger working alliances with their therapists than did the community group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Imitation and Nonsocial Orienting had main effects on outcomes over time for the entire group of 98 children.
“However, Imitation and Nonsocial Orienting had main effects on outcomes over time for the entire group of 98 children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant interactions were found between intervention hours and group assignment for all child outcomes, except for MCDI vocabulary production.
“There were no significant interactions between intervention hours and group assignment for all the child outcomes, except for MCDI vocabulary production.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Children receiving more hours (within a range from 0 to 15 hours per week) made greater developmental gains in both verbal and nonverbal skills.
“those children receiving more hours (within a range from 0 to 15 hours per week) made greater developmental gains in both verbal and nonverbal skills.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The community group was receiving significantly more intervention hours at the end of the 12-week period than the P-ESDM group.
“in fact, the community group was receiving significantly more hours of intervention at the end of the 12-week period than was the P-ESDM group.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“the community group was receiving significantly more intervention than the P-ESDM group 12 weeks later (almost double).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
No group differences were found on any primary child outcome variables after the 12-week intervention.
“we did not find group differences on any of the primary child outcome variables after the 12-week intervention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social Orienting significantly predicted reduction of ADOS Restrictive and Repetitive Behavior score.
“Social Orienting was a significant predictor of reduction of ADOS Restrictive and Repetitive Behavior score.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
95% of children continued to meet ADOS-T criteria for ASD.
“even though 95% of children continued to meet ADOS-T criteria for ASD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The degree of child gain was related to younger child age.
“and (2) younger child age.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The groups of parents were equivalent at T1 on P-ESDM Fidelity scores.
“the groups of parents were equivalent at T1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Group assignment coefficients for the variables in Table 2 remained non-significant after intervention hours were added to the model.
“The estimated coefficient of the group assignment for the variables listed in Table 2 changed but remained non-significant after adding the intervention hours (results not shown here).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant relationships were found between parent change scores on the Fidelity measure during the 12 weeks and child change scores during the same period.
“There were no significant relationships between parent change scores on the Fidelity measure during the 12 weeks and child change scores during that same period of time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
P-ESDM parents mastered the techniques at around weeks 8-9.
“parents mastered the techniques at around weeks 8–9. 22”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Vismara, 2009, Can 1 hour per week of therapy lead to lasting changes in young children with autism?, Autism source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
The degree of child gain was related to the number of hours of intervention received.
“the degree of child gain was related to (1) the number of hours of intervention received”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
P-ESDM group parents reported a significantly stronger working alliance with their primary therapist than the community intervention group (p=.06).
“The P-ESDM group parents (mean=5.60, SD= .82) reported a significantly stronger working alliance with their primary therapist than did the community intervention group (mean=5.23, SD= 1.1) p value .06.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No relationship was found between baseline ADOS severity and Mullen DQ and the number of treatment hours at either time point.
“There was no relationship between severity of ADOS scores and severity of Mullen DQ on number of hours of treatment at either time point (all r2 less than absolute value of 0.20).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After adjustment for intervention hours, the group difference in ADOS Social Affect change was no longer significant.
“After adjusting for intervention hours, the group difference reported above involving change in ADOS Social Affect score was no longer significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In stratified analyses by assignment group, intervention hours were not associated with child outcomes in either group, except for MCDI vocabulary comprehension and production in the P-ESDM group.
“When stratified by assignment group, intervention hours were not associated with the child outcomes in either group, except for MCDI vocabulary comprehension and production in the P-ESDM group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No evidence was found for moderating effects of Imitation and Social Orienting on child responses to P-ESDM treatment.
“We found no evidence of moderating effects of these two variables on child responses to the P-ESDM treatment.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“This hypothesis was not supported.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Number of hours of intervention powerfully predicted amount of change on all dependent variables, including lessening of autism symptoms.
“Number of hours of intervention powerfully predicted amount of change on all dependent variables, including lessening of autism symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Both groups of parents showed significant gains in use of parent-child interaction skills over the 12-week period.
“both groups of parents demonstrated significant gains in use of these interaction skills over the 12-week period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Higher parent P-ESDM Fidelity scores at the start of the study were significantly related to children's milder ASD symptoms and higher developmental scores.
“higher parent P-ESDM Fidelity scores at the start of the study were significantly related to children’s milder ASD symptoms and higher developmental scores..”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the pooled sample, intervention hours had a significant main effect on change scores for ADOS Restrictive and Repetitive, Mullen Overall DQ, Mullen Verbal DQ, MCDI Vocabulary Comprehension, and Nonsocial Orienting.
“intervention hours had a significant main effect on the change scores for ADOS Restrictive and Repetitive, Mullen Overall DQ, Mullen Verbal DQ, MCDI Vocabulary Comprehension, and Nonsocial Orienting in the pooled sample.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The T2 number of intervention hours had the most potential for affecting short-term child change.
- Premisecitation
The inclusion of parents (and other family members) is an essential component of effective early intervention programs.
“The inclusion of parents (as well as other family members) has been identified as an essential component of effective early intervention programs,”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Parental sensitivity and responsivity to children's cues predict language outcomes in ASD, as they do in typical development.
“Additionally, parental sensitivity and responsivity to children’s cues have been found to predict language outcomes in ASD, as they do in typical development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [5] Moes, 2002, Contextualized behavioral support in early intervention for children with autism and their families, J Autism Dev Disord source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [6] Siller, 2002, The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children's communication, J Autism Dev Disord source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Mahoney, 2005, Relationship-focused early intervention with children with pervasive developmental disorders and other disabilities: a comparative study, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Parent-implemented intervention leads to better generalization and maintenance of skills than therapist-implemented intervention.
“Parent-implemented intervention leads to better generalization and maintenance of skills than therapist-implemented intervention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] Koegel, 1982, A comparison of parent to direct clinic treatment
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Studies of parent-child interactions in ASD have found that, on average, parents of children with autism are as responsive to their children as parents of children with other or no diagnoses.
“Studies of parent-child interactions in ASD have found that, on average, parents of children with autism are as responsive to their children as parents of children with other or no diagnoses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] Kasari, 1993, Focused and social attention in interactions with familiar and unfamiliar adults: a comparison of autistic, mentally retarded and normal children, Dev Psychopathol source
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- cites [4] Kasari, 1997, Linking parental perceptions to interactions in young children with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
Most demographic child and family variables were distributed equally between the P-ESDM and community groups at baseline.
“Most demographic child and family variables, presented in Table 1, were distributed equally for P-ESDM and community intervention groups at baseline.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
Data from this study demonstrate excellent stability of symptoms.
“the data from this study also demonstrate excellent stability of symptoms.31”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Lord, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The main effects of the orienting variables are likely due in part to correlations among these variables.
“However, this is likely due in part to the correlation among these variables: r=−.30, p=.003 between Nonsocial Orienting and T1 ADOS Social Affect, r=.35, p<.001 between Nonsocial Orienting and T1 Mullen DQ, and r=−.17, p=.09 between Social Orienting and T1 ADOS Restrictive and Repetitive Behavior scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Younger age at initiation of intervention, even among one year olds, is associated with more developmental gain and symptom reduction over the short term.
“our findings suggest that the younger the child at the initiation of intervention, even among one year olds, the more developmental gain and symptom reduction occurs over the short term.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
It is quite likely that the services the community treatment group received involved parent coaching.
“A second and related confound is that it is quite likely that the services the community treatment group received involved parent coaching, since this is the most common way for Birth to Three Services to be delivered, given the Part C federal requirements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
This demographic composition may limit generalization of the findings.
“which may limit generalization of our findings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The amount of intervention the community group received was a primary confound.
“A primary confound involved the amount of intervention that the community group received and the effects of intervention hours on child progress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The study lacked information about the frequency and quality of parent-child interactions occurring regularly at home.
“A final design concern that this study raises is our lack of information about the frequency and quality of parent-child interactions occurring regularly at home.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The number of intervention hours matters, even for these young toddlers.
“This suggests that the number of intervention hours matters, even for these young toddlers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The effects of parent-delivered toddler interventions are likely mediated by the quality and quantity of parent-child interactions.
“Thus, the effects of parent-delivered toddler interventions are likely mediated by the quality and quantity of parent–child interactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The project's logic model assumes that parent behavior is the causal mechanism for changes in child behavior.
- Interpretationreasoning
There are many differences between the intervention delivered in the 2010 ESDM study and the P-ESDM study.
“Thus, there are many differences between the intervention delivered in the in the efficacious 2010 ESDM study and the P-ESDM study being reported here, which did not yield any group effects compared to the community group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 35
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 24
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataASD symptom level was stable over the 3-month period, with all but one child continuing to meet ADOS-T cutoff and clinical judgment for ASD at 12-week follow-up.
“Furthermore, level of ASD symptoms was quite stable over the 3 month period, with all but one child continuing to meet ADOS-T cutoff scores and clinical judgment for ASD at the 12 week follow-up.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth groups improved over 12 weeks on developmental quotients and autism symptoms, with about a 10-point increase in verbal DQ, a 4-5 point increase in overall DQ, and decreasing ADOS Social Affect scores.
“There was improvement in both groups over the 12 weeks (controlling for change expected with age by using DQs) as reflected in approximately a 10-point increase in verbal DQ, a 4–5 point increase in overall DQ, and decreasing ADOS Social Affect scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataGroup assignment had no effect on parent-child interaction characteristics or on any child outcomes.
“There was no effect of group assignment on parent-child interaction characteristics or on any child outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAfter adjusting for T1 differences in Modified ADOS Social Affect, Imitation, and Nonsocial Orienting, there were no significant group differences on any variable except T2 Modified Social Affect, where the community group improved more than the P-ESDM group (estimated difference=3.43, SD=1.72, p=.05).
“After adjusting the model for T1 differences in Modified ADOS Social Affect, Imitation and Nonsocial Orienting scores, there continued to be no significant differences related to group assignment on any variable except the T2 Modified Social Affect score, for which the community group showed greater improvement than the P-ESDM group (estimated difference between P-ESDM and community group=3.43, SD”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNonsocial Orienting significantly predicted changes in Mullen DQs and decreases in Modified ADOS Social Affect score.
“Nonsocial Orienting was a significant predictor of both changes in Mullen DQs and on decreases in Modified ADOS Social Affect score.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the present study, both groups of children improved, with significantly increased DQ scores and decreased autism symptoms in 12 weeks.
“In the present study, both groups of children improved, exhibiting significantly increased DQ scores and decreased autism symptoms in 12 weeks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataParents' T2 fidelity scores showed little relationship to their T1 scores for either group (r=.28 for each group).
“Parents’ T2 scores showed little relationship to their T1 scores, for either group of parents (r=.28 for each group).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataToddlers closer to 24 months at enrollment showed smaller amounts of change in developmental rates than younger toddlers, but not in autism symptom reduction.
“those toddlers closer to 24 months at enrollment showing smaller amounts of change in developmental rates (but not autism symptom reduction) than did those who were younger.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe pre-post differences in the P-ESDM group had a large effect size (.57), compared with a moderate effect size (.37) in the community group.
“The pre-post differences in the P-ESDM group showed a large effect size (.57) compared to the community group’s moderate effect size (.37).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe effect of intervention hours on modified ADOS social affect was ambiguous, with a non-significant worsening in the P-ESDM group and a non-significant improvement in the community group.
“its effect on modified ADOS social affect was ambiguous, with a worsen effect in P-ESDM group (estimated effect=0.65, p>0.05) and an improvement effect in community group (estimated effect=−0.56, p>0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth groups made significant gains in rates of acquisition of developmental skills and reduction in core autism symptoms over 12 weeks.
“we found that both groups made significant gains in the rates of acquisition of developmental skills and reduction in core autism symptoms”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAt T1, P-ESDM Fidelity scores had moderate negative correlations with ADOS scores and moderate positive correlations with MSEL scores; this relation was not observed at Time 2.
“At T1, P-ESDM Fidelity scores (n=81) demonstrated moderate negative correlations with ADOS scores (Social Affect r=−.36, ADOS RRBs r=−.35) and moderate positive correlations with MSEL scores (verbal DQ=.36, nonverbal DQ=.34, full scale DQ=.40), though this same relation was not observed at Time 2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe majority of study participant parents were Caucasian (70%) with at least a college education (60%).
“the majority of our study participant parents were Caucasian (70%), with at least a college education (60%)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe P-ESDM group's follow-up fidelity score was larger than the community group's at T2 but was not significant after adjusting for baseline age and ADOS Social Affect score.
“The follow-up score in the P-ESDM group was larger than that of the community group at T2 but was not significant after adjusting for baseline age and ADOS Social Affect score (p=.19).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“families in P-ESDM did not demonstrate significantly higher P-ESDM Fidelity scores than did the community treatment group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMany autism studies using single subject designs have demonstrated positive effects of parent-delivered interventions for reducing problem behaviors, improving nonverbal and verbal communication, and increasing appropriate play and imitation.
“many autism studies using single subject designs have demonstrated the positive effects of parent-delivered interventions for reducing problem behaviors, improving children’s nonverbal and verbal communication skills, and increasing appropriate play and imitation skills.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 10 sources checked- cites [9] Koegel, 1992, Language intervention and disruptive behavior in preschool children with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
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- cites [10] Lutzker, 1998, Parent training
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- cites [11] Lutzker, 1998, Parent training for families of children with developmental disabilities
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- cites [12] Anderson, 1999, Early intervention for young children with autism: continuum-based behavioral models, Res Pract Persons Severe Disabil source
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- cites [13] Krantz, 1993, Programming perception in family activities for children with autism: parents' use of photographic activity schedules, J Appl Behav Anal source
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- cites [14] Koegel, 2002, Parent education for families of children with autism living in geographically distant areas, J Posit Behav Interv source
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- cites [15] Laski, 1988, Training parents to use the natural language paradigm to increase their autistic children's speech, J Appl Behav Anal source
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- cites [16] Stahmer, 1995, Teaching symbolic play skills to children with autism using pivotal response training, J Autism Dev Disord source
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- cites [17] Stahmer, 1992, Teaching children with autism appropriate play in unsupervised environments using a self-management treatment package, J Appl Behav Anal source
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- cites [18] Ingersoll, 2007, The effect of a parent-implemented imitation intervention on spontaneous imitation skills in young children with autism, Res Dev Disabil source
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May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe groups also differed significantly in initial imitation scores and nonsocial orienting scores.
“The groups also differed significantly in their initial imitation scores and nonsocial orienting scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ADOS-T is a semi-structured observational assessment that measures social and communicative behaviors and repetitive behaviors diagnostic of autism.
“The tool uses a semi-structured observational assessment that provides a number of opportunities for interaction (e.g., play, turn-taking games, looking at books, etc.) and measures social and communicative behaviors, as well as repetitive behaviors diagnostic of autism on a scale of 0–3.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Lord, 2012
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningBecause MSEL standard t scores had a floor of 20 and many subjects scored at floor, three developmental quotient scores were created from subscale age equivalents to measure intervention efficacy.
“Because the standard t scores on the MSEL have a floor of 20, and many subjects had scores at the floor on individual subscales, we created three developmental quotient scores (DQ; DA/CAx100) from the subscale developmental age (DA) equivalents to use as measures of intervention efficacy: a verbal developmental quotient (Verbal DQ) comprised of the two language scales; a nonverbal developmental”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationKasari reported some behavioral gains but no data regarding changes on standardized measures of development or primary autism symptoms.
“Kasari 23 reported some behavioral gains but no data regarding changes on standardized measures of development or primary autism symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Kasari, 2010, Randomized controlled caregiver mediated joint engagement intervention for toddlers with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataADOS-T assessors were trained to 85% reliability, and inter-observer reliability was assessed on at least 20% of interviews with retraining for deviations.
“Lab personnel were trained to 85% reliability on the full range of scores. Inter-observer reliability at individual sites was assessed on at least 20% of interviews, and any deviation from standard led to retraining.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataMSEL was administered strictly according to standard procedures across sites, with monitoring, and 20% of assessments scored by two raters for reliability.
“The MSEL was administered strictly according to standard procedures across the three sites, and administration practices were monitored throughout. Reinforcers for child attention and cooperation were used as needed to support children’s motivation and cooperation. Twenty percent of the assessments were scored by two raters for reliability checks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataParent fidelity coding was done by expert ESDM therapists blind to group assignment.
“Expert ESDM therapists blind to group assignment coded parent behaviors by observing videos of 10 minutes of these parent-child play interactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe M-CHAT has been validated in two large validation studies.
“The M–CHAT has been validated in two large validation studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [28] Robins
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- cites [29] Robins, 2008, Screening for autism spectrum disorders in primary care settings, Autism source
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- cites [30] Robins, 2001, The modified checklist for autism in toddlers: an initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders, J Autism Dev Disord source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe VABS-II has excellent psychometric properties.
“The VABS-II has excellent psychometric properties.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] Sparrow, 1984
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThere was a significant baseline difference in Time 1 modified ADOS Social Affect score, with the community group having a higher mean (34.12, SD=8.69) than the P-ESDM group (29.45, SD=9.16), indicating more severe social affect symptoms.
“While the two groups were well matched on most variables, there was a significant difference in the Time 1 modified ADOS Social Affect score (p < .02). Children in the community intervention group had a higher mean ADOS Social Affect score (mean 34.12, SD 8.69), indicating more severe social affect symptoms than did children randomized into P-ESDM (29.45, SD 9.16).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ESAT is an autism risk parent interview tested in several studies, including a population-based study of 31,000 14-15 month old children in the Netherlands.
“Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire (ESAT) is an autism risk parent interview that has been tested in several studies, including a population-based study of 31,000 14–15 month old children in the Netherlands.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] Swinkels, 2006, Screening for autistic spectrum in children aged 14to 15 months, J Autism Dev Disord source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA randomized controlled trial of ESDM for children ages 18-30 months, delivered by trained interventionists in homes for 15-20 hours/week for two years, demonstrated significant group effects on IQ, language, and adaptive behavior.
“A randomized controlled trial of the ESDM of children ages 18–30 months, delivered by trained interventionists in child homes for 15–20 hours-per-week for two years, demonstrated significant group effects on IQ, language, and adaptive behavior.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Dawson, 2010, Randomized controlled trial of the Early Start Denver Model: a developmental behavioral intervention for toddlers with autism: effects on IQ, adaptive behavior, and autism diagnosis, Pediatrics source
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PremisecitationThe MCDI is psychometrically strong, and raw scores in young children with ASD are concurrently associated with communicative word use in language samples (r=.67 to .72).
“This is a psychometrically strong instrument, and raw scores in young children with ASD are concurrently associated with communicative word use in language samples (r = .67 to .72).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [34] Fenson, 2007
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- cites [35] Yoder, 2006, Randomized comparison of two communication interventions for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders, J Consult Clin Psychol source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationESDM is a developmental, relationship-based intervention that fuses approaches validated by child development science and applied behavior analysis.
“the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), a developmental, relationship-based intervention that fuses approaches validated by the science of child development and the science of applied behavior analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [20] Dawson, 2010, Randomized controlled trial of the Early Start Denver Model: a developmental behavioral intervention for toddlers with autism: effects on IQ, adaptive behavior, and autism diagnosis, Pediatrics source
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- cites [21] Rogers, 2010
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ITC is a standardized broadband parent questionnaire with screening cutoffs and standard scores at monthly intervals from 6 to 24 months based on a normative sample of over 2,188 children.
“The ITC is a standardized tool that has both screening cutoffs and standard scores at monthly intervals from 6 to 24 months based on a normative sample of over 2,188 children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Wetherby, 2002
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataRandomization used a computer algorithm with pre-specified blocks based on age (12-20 months or >20 months), gender, and DQ (<60, ≥60), with compensatory assignment to maintain balance.
“Children were randomized using a computer algorithm based on pre-specified blocks based on age (12–20 months or greater than 20 months), gender, and DQ (less than 60, 60 or greater). Blocks were monitored and a difference of 3 between intervention/control resulted in a compensatory assignment in order to maximize equal sample in both groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSeveral randomized controlled studies of parent-delivered interventions for young children with ASD report parent behavior change but lack of overall group effects on children's developmental scores and autism symptoms.
“Recently, several randomized controlled studies of parent-delivered interventions for young children with ASD have been reported. Several of these report parent behavior change but lack of overall group effects on children’s developmental scores and autism symptoms”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [23] Kasari, 2010, Randomized controlled caregiver mediated joint engagement intervention for toddlers with autism, J Autism Dev Disord source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [24] Rogers, 1998, Neuropsychology of autism and its implications for early intervention, Mental Retard Dev Disabil Rev source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [25] Dawson, 2004, Early social attention impairments in autism: social orienting, joint attention and attention to distress, Dev Psychol source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe Working Alliance Scale has strong internal consistency (alpha=0.91) and variability in reported scores.
“It was created specifically for early intervention by adapting an existing working alliance scale, and the authors reported strong internal consistency among scale items (alpha = 0.91) and variability in the range of reported scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] Davis NO, Kuhn JC, Carter AS. Children's problem behaviors and self-efficacy among mothers of toddlers with autism. The moderating role of working alliance. Poster presentation, International Meeting of Autism Researchers, Montreal; June 1-6, 2006.
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataTherapist fidelity was high: average child fidelity score 4.47 (SD=.24) on a 14-item tool; coaching fidelity 3.62 (SD=.25) on 13 items.
“Therapist fidelity average score with the child was a mean of 4.47 (s.d. =.24) measured on the 14-item fidelity tool with scores ranging from 1–5. Therapist fidelity average score in coaching interactions with the parent was a mean of 3.62 (s.d. =.25), measured on 13 items with scores ranging from 1–4.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataTherapists were trained to fidelity by the authors and monitored quarterly throughout the study.
“Intervention sessions were conducted in the three university clinics by highly experienced and credentialed therapists trained to fidelity by the authors who monitored it quarterly throughout the study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEfficacy of very early intervention for improving short-term outcomes in ASD has led scientists to develop diagnostic measures for children under age 2 to begin treatments as early as possible.
“Efficacy of very early intervention for improving short-term outcomes in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has led scientists to develop diagnostic measures for children under the age of 2 in order to begin treatments as early as possible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Warren, 2011, A systematic review of early intensive intervention for autism spectrum disorders, Pediatr source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe MSEL is a standardized, normed developmental assessment for children aged birth through 68 months.
“Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) is a standardized, normed developmental assessment for children aged birth through 68 months.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Mullen, 1995
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenEach P-ESDM session was videotaped for clinical supervision and fidelity coding of parent and therapist.
“Each session was videotaped for clinical supervision and fidelity coding of parent and therapist.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe P-ESDM Fidelity tool is a Likert-based 5-point rating system of 13 parent behaviors defining the child-centered, responsive interactive style used in ESDM.
“The P-ESDM Fidelity tool is a Likert- based 5 point rating system of 13 parent behaviors that define the child-centered, responsive interactive style used in ESDM.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Dawson, 2010, Randomized controlled trial of the Early Start Denver Model: a developmental behavioral intervention for toddlers with autism: effects on IQ, adaptive behavior, and autism diagnosis, Pediatrics source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe role that the interventions played in the present study is unknown.
“The role that the interventions played is unknown.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe trial was not designed to evaluate the effect of intervention hours on child outcomes.
“Since our trial was not designed to evaluate its effect on child outcomes, we should interpret these results with caution.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA brief task developed by Dawson (2004) assessed child social engagement.
“A brief task developed by Dawson (2004) assessed child social engagement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Dawson, 2004, Early social attention impairments in autism: social orienting, joint attention and attention to distress, Dev Psychol source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the 2010 study, ESDM children had large and significant increases in DQ, adaptive behavior, and language skills.
“The ESDM children in the 2010 study did quite well, with large and significant increases in DQ, adaptive behavior, and language skills, and their gains were similar in size to the gains reported by the UCLA studies of high intensity interventions carried out 1:1 in homes for several years.43”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [20] Dawson, 2010, Randomized controlled trial of the Early Start Denver Model: a developmental behavioral intervention for toddlers with autism: effects on IQ, adaptive behavior, and autism diagnosis, Pediatrics source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [43] McEachin, 1993, Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment, Am J Mental Retard
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPractice, theory (attachment), and research have emphasized the importance and efficacy of parent-delivered interventions for children with developmental difficulties early in life.
“Practice, theory (attachment), and research have all emphasized the importance and efficacy of parent-delivered interventions for children with developmental difficulties early in life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Wallace, 2010, Intervening in infancy: implications for autism spectrum disorders, J Child Psychol Psychiatr source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe lack of association in the stratified groups is probably due to the small sample size in each group.
“This is probably due to the small sample size in each group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the 2010 ESDM study, children received 24 months of ESDM, more than 15 hours per week in homes by trained therapists, close to 2000 hours, plus two full years of biweekly parent training.
“In the 2010 study, children received 24 months of ESDM, more than 15 hours per week in their homes by trained therapists, a total amount of close to 2000 hours, combined with two full years of biweekly parent training.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] Dawson, 2010, Randomized controlled trial of the Early Start Denver Model: a developmental behavioral intervention for toddlers with autism: effects on IQ, adaptive behavior, and autism diagnosis, Pediatrics source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe P-ESDM treatment approach is defined by a detailed parent training curriculum, a specific coaching intervention method, and a therapist fidelity measure.
“A detailed parent training curriculum, a specific coaching intervention method, and a therapist fidelity measure defined the approach.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [40] Rogers SJ, Dawson G, Vismara L. An early start for your child with autism: using everyday activities to help kids connect, communicate and learn. New York: Guilford Press.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [41] Hanft, 2004
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe relationship between parent fidelity and child development and autism symptoms was expected based on previous studies and formed the logic for the treatment model.
“This relationship between P-ESDM Fidelity scores (reflecting parent sensitivity and responsivity to children’s communications and interests and their ability to create effective learning experiences) and their children’s development and autism symptoms was expected, based on findings reported from previous studies; it formed the logic for the treatment model used in this study.6, 42”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [6] Siller, 2002, The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children's communication, J Autism Dev Disord source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [42] Mahoney, 2003, Using relationship-focused intervention to enhance the social-emotional functioning of young children with autism spectrum disorders, Topics Early Child Spec Educ source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe imitation scale has been used in several previous autism studies.
“This scale has been used in several previous autism studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Rogers, 2003, Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The project's logic model assumes that parent behavior is the causal mechanism for changes in child behavior.
“Given that the logic model of the project assumes that parent behavior is the causal mechanism for changes in child behavior, group effects on measures of parent behavior were examined at both time points, and relations between parent behavior and child symptoms and development examined.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The amount of treatment would not differ between the groups.
“While the amount of treatment was not expected to differ between the groups”
The paper relies on this without support.
The T2 number of intervention hours had the most potential for affecting short-term child change.
“We used the T2 number of intervention hours because the regency of the T2 hours was considered to have the most potential for affecting short-term child change.”
The paper relies on this without support.
P-ESDM Fidelity scores reflect parent sensitivity and responsivity to children's communications and interests and ability to create effective learning experiences.
“P-ESDM Fidelity scores (reflecting parent sensitivity and responsivity to children’s communications and interests and their ability to create effective learning experiences)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The effectiveness of early intensive behavioral training to foster social interaction and speech development can be understood as a result of gently enforcing the child's engagement in an interaction with the social environment, which is usually too noisy and dynamic for the affected child to regard as learnable and with which it therefore does not interact spontaneously.
“the effectiveness of early intensive behavioral training to foster social interaction and speech development (18, 19) can be understood as a result of gently enforcing the child’s engagement in an interaction with the social environment, which is usually too noisy and dynamic for the affected child to be regarded as learnable and with which it, therefore, does not interact spontaneously.”
From Can Bayesian Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder Help Improve Clinical Practice? (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
In another parent-coaching RCT, groups had equal hours before randomization, but by week twelve the comparison group was getting significantly more weekly treatment (P-ESDM 1.48 [1.96]; community 3.68 [3.91], p<.05).
“In that study, the groups had received equivalent intervention hours up until randomization. But in a very short time, by the end of the twelve-week intervention period, there was a significant difference in the number of treatment hours children (aged 12–24 months) were receiving weekly, with the comparison group receiving more intervention (P-ESDM 1.48 [1.96]; community group 3.68 [3.91], p<.05.”
From Long-Term Outcomes of Early Intervention in 6-Year-Old Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
A recent trial evaluated the ESDM in a brief format (1 hour per week of parent training for 12 weeks) and failed to detect improvements in parental intervention skill acquisition and child-related outcomes relative to community intervention controls.
“For example, a recent trial evaluated the ESDM in a brief format: 1 hour per week of parent training for 12 weeks, as opposed to the original ESDM, which involved 20 hours per week of therapist involvement plus additional parent-mediated intervention for 2 years. 14 The study failed to detect improvements in parental intervention skill acquisition and child-related outcomes relative to community”
From Early Intervention for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Under 3 Years of Age: Recommendations for Practice and Research (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
Early evaluation, diagnosis, and evidence-based interventions could enhance short-term and long-term developmental outcomes for young children with ASD.
“Early routine screening for ASD and other developmental concerns is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (1) because early evaluation, diagnosis, and evidence-based interventions could enhance short-term and long-term developmental outcomes for young children with ASD (2–6).”
On the basis of evidence linking early treatment to improved outcomes, it is important that children with developmental concerns be evaluated and referred to services as soon as possible.
“On the basis of evidence linking early treatment to improved outcomes (36–39), it is important that children with developmental concerns be evaluated and referred to services as soon as possible.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Claim about intervention hours overstates the reported outcomes
MajorThe discussion says intervention hours predicted change on every dependent variable, including reduced autism symptoms. The results instead describe an ambiguous, nonsignificant association for modified ADOS Social Affect.
“Number of hours of intervention powerfully predicted amount of change on all dependent variables, including lessening of autism symptoms.”
“its effect on modified ADOS social affect was ambiguous, with a worsen effect in P-ESDM group (estimated effect=0.65, p>0.05) and an improvement effect in community group (estimated effect=−0.56, p>0.05).”
Age conclusion adds an unsupported symptom effect
MajorThe paper concludes that younger age was linked to greater symptom reduction, but its earlier discussion explicitly excludes autism symptom reduction from the reported age effect.
“the younger the child at the initiation of intervention, even among one year olds, the more developmental gain and symptom reduction occurs over the short term.”
“Age at initiation of intervention also had important effects on 12-week outcomes, with those toddlers closer to 24 months at enrollment showing smaller amounts of change in developmental rates (but not autism symptom reduction) than did those who were younger.”
Nine coaching weeks are assigned ten weekly skills
MinorSessions 2 through 10 provide nine sessions, but the paper says one new skill was addressed each week across ten techniques.
“In sessions 2–10, parents were coached in each of 10 intervention techniques from the ESDM, addressing one new parent skill each week and refining those taught earlier.”
“Session 1 was devoted to developing children’s learning objectives and Sessions 11 and 12 to maintenance after treatment and review of progress.”
Enrollment counts leave four referrals unaccounted for
MinorThe stated screening dispositions total 224 referrals, not the 228 initially reported.
Reported 228 · recomputed 224
“The enrollment process began with a telephone screen using two autism screening measures administered by phone to parents of 228 referrals who met initial inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of these 228, 57 were discontinued because they did not meet screening criteria or by choice. One child was excluded because of DQ below 35 during initial screening. One hundred sixty six children met autism risk criteria on both screeners”
Follow-up diagnostic proportions disagree
MinorIf all but one child still met the ADOS-T cutoff at follow-up, the later statement that only 95% did so is inconsistent with the reported cohort of 98 children.
“with all but one child continuing to meet ADOS-T cutoff scores and clinical judgment for ASD at the 12 week follow-up.”
“even though 95% of children continued to meet ADOS-T criteria for ASD.”
Sibling subgroup counts do not total 26
MinorThe two treatment-group counts add to 23 children, three fewer than the stated total with a sibling with another developmental disorder.
Reported 26 · recomputed 23
“In addition, 26 children had siblings with another developmental disorder, 10 in the ESDM group and 13 in the community group”
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRandomized Controlled Caregiver Mediated Joint Engagement Intervention for Toddlers with Autism
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Self-citationIdentification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Project AIM: Autism intervention meta-analysis for studies of young children.
Sandbank, M., Bottema-Beutel, K., Crowley, S., Cassidy, M., Dunham, K., Feldman, J. I., Crank, J., Albarran, S. A., Raj, S., Mahbub, P., et al. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000215 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Christensen, D. L., Braun, K. V. N., Baio, J., Bilder, D., Charles, J., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, J., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Kurzius-Spencer, M., et al. (2018) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6513a1 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
RetractedLong-Term Outcomes of Early Intervention in 6-Year-Old Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Estes, A., Munson, J., Rogers, S. J., Greenson, J., Winter, J., & Dawson, G. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.04.005 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Self-citationJiang, Y.-H., Yuen, R. K. C., Jin, X., Wang, M., Chen, N., Wu, X., Ju, J., Mei, J., Shi, Y., He, M., et al. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.012 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
“We evaluated the approach by using the validation results of (1) all genomic de novo SNVs in one family (2-1266) and (2) Sanger”
MethodSelf-citationFuller, E. A., & Kaiser, A. P. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03927-z · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Randomized comparative efficacy study of parent-mediated interventions for toddlers with autism.
Kasari, C. L., Gulsrud, A. C., Paparella, T., Hellemann, G., & Berry, K. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039080 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
“Rogers et al. (2012) compared a parent-mediated version of the Early Start Denver Model to treatment-as-usual for 98 parents and toddlers (15 to 24 months old) with 12 hr of treatment over three months.”
InfluentialParent-Implemented Social Intervention for Toddlers With Autism: An RCT
Wetherby, A. M., Guthrie, W., Woods, J. J., Schatschneider, C. W., Holland, R. D., Morgan, L., & Lord, C. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0757 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citationChristensen, D., Bilder, D. A., Zahorodny, W. M., Pettygrove, S. D., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Rice, C. E., Kurzius‐Spencer, M., Baio, J., & Yeargin‐Allsopp, M. (2015) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000235 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Landa, R. J. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1432574 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“Rogers et al. (2012) concluded that parent-mediated interventions do not yield child gains comparable to those of interventionist-delivered treatment (particularly intensive interventions) (e.g. Dawson et al., 2010; Landa, Holman, O’Neill, & Stuart, 2011; Rickards, Walstab, Wright-Rossi, Simpson, &…”
BackgroundInfluentialSystematic review of tools to measure outcomes for young children with autism spectrum disorder
McConachie, H., Parr, J. R., Glod, M., Hanratty, J., Livingstone, N., Oono, I. P., Robalino, S., Baird, G., Beresford, B., Charman, T., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19410 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Bilder, D., Constantino, J. N., Daniels, J., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Pettygrove, S. D., Robinson, C., et al. (2019) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6802a1 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Evidence Base Update for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Smith, T., & Iadarola, S. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1077448 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Green, J., Pickles, A., Pasco, G., Bedford, R., Wan, M. W., Elsabbagh, M., Slonims, V., Gliga, T., Jones, E., Cheung, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12728 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“A 3- month therapist–parent coaching model at mean 21 months (Early Start Denver Model for parents, n = 98; Rogers et al., 2012) had no effect on parent or child variables despite increased parent–therapist engagement; and a 3-month ‘focussed playtime intervention’ at mean 22 months (n = 66; Kasari…”
Rogers, S. J., Vismara, L., Wagner, A. L., McCormick, C., Young, G., & Ozonoff, S. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2202-y · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“The Infant Start 19-item parent fidelity tool (Rogers et al. 2012c) uses a Likert-based, 3-point rating system (1 = seldom present, 2 = sometimes, 3 = consistently present) associated with the six target symptoms and related parenting interventions (described above) that were the topics of the…”
InfluentialSelf-citationSheridan, S. M., Smith, T. E., Kim, E. M., Beretvas, S. N., & Park, S. (2019) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654318825437 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Shaw, K. A., Maenner, M. J., Baio, J., EdS1, Washington, A., Christensen, D. L., Wiggins, L. D., Pettygrove, S., Andrews, J. G., White, T., et al. (2020) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6903a1 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Caregiver-Mediated Intervention for Low-Resourced Preschoolers With Autism: An RCT
Kasari, C. L., Lawton, K., Shih, W., Barker, T. V., Landa, R. J., Lord, C., Orlich, F., King, B. H., Wetherby, A. M., & Şentürk, D. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3229 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationBradshaw, J. L., Steiner, A. M., Gengoux, G. W., & Koegel, L. K. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2235-2 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“…and toddlers with or atrisk for ASD older than 12 months appeared to lessen autism symptom severity, again it was reported that these improvements were not significantly different than improvements of toddlers in the TAU control group (Dawson et al. 2010; Drew et al. 2002; Rogers et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialIncreasing Access to an ASD Imitation Intervention Via a Telehealth Parent Training Program
Wainer, A., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2186-7 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Ingersoll, B., & Wainer, A. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1840-9 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Parent Training in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What’s in a Name?
Bearss, K. E., Burrell, T. L., Stewart, L. M., & Scahill, L. D. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0179-5 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“Outside of familiarity via brand names (e.g., NDBI, JASPER, ESDM, and PRT), the diverse nature of programs involving parents requires the field to avoid the use of concise labels as they may not provide enough information about program content.”
BackgroundInfluentialGuastella, A. J., & Hickie, I. B. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.028 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“How such interventions can be delivered in a cost-effective manner to produce sustainable outcomes remains unclear (24,42), particularly in lower resourced communities.”
the Victorian ASELCC Team, Vivanti, G., Paynter, J. M., Duncan, E., Fothergill, H., Dissanayake, C., & Rogers, S. J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2168-9 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Usui, N., Kobayashi, H., & Shimada, S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065487 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Rogers, S. J., Estes, A., Lord, C., Munson, J., Rocha, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Colombi, C., Dawson, G., Vismara, L. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.004 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationGrzadzinski, R., Carr, T., Colombi, C., McGuire, K., Dufek, S., Pickles, A. R., & Lord, C. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2782-9 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
“All participants had elected to join various treatment studies (Kasari et al. 2010; Rogers et al. 2012; Wetherby et al. 2014) depending on which studies were available at the time and were then randomized into a treatment condition at the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Impact of Parent-Delivered Intervention on Parents of Very Young Children with Autism
Estes, A. M., Vismara, L. A., Mercado, C. I., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Elder, L. M., Greenson, J., Lord, C., MUNSON, J. A., Winter, J., Young, G. S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1874-z · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“For this study, individual intervention hours were calculated as described in Rogers et al. 2012a.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationEarly diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review
Fernell, E., Eriksson, �., & Gillberg, C. (2013) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s41714 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“” Smallscale RCTs have provided some restricted evidence that ABA-based intensive interventions can be helpful for some young children with autism.(86) Children in the EIBI programs usually receive 20–40 hours per week of intervention, and advantages with regard to outcome have been demonstrated with increased intensi…”
Parental Concerns, Provider Response, and Timeliness of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis
Zuckerman, K. E., Lindly, O. J., & Sinche, B. K. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.03.007 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“Early signs of ASD can be recognized by a trained professional before age 2 years,(5) and early identification is associated with improved long-term developmental and family outcomes.(6-10) Because the lifetime cost of treating an individual with ASD exceeds $1 million in the US, efforts to identify promptly and treat…”
BackgroundWhitehouse, A., Varcin, K. J., Pillar, S. V., Billingham, W., Alvares, G. A., Barbaro, J., Bent, C. A., Blenkley, D., Boutrus, M., Chee, A., et al. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.3298 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
French, L., & Kennedy, E. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12828 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“…al., 2002; Kasari, Gulsrud, Paparella, Hellemann, & Berry, 2015; Kasari, Gulsrud, Wong, Kwon, & Locke, 2010; Landa, Holman, O’Neill, & Stuart, 2011; Rogers et al., 2012; Shire et al., 2017; Welterin, Turner-Brown, Harris, Mesibov, & Delmolino, 2012; Wetherby et al., 2014), three of which used…”
Applied Behavior Analysis is a Science and, Therefore, Progressive
Leaf, J. B., Leaf, R. B., McEachin, J. J., Taubman, M. T., Ala’i-Rosales, S., Ross, R. K., Smith, T. H., & Weiss, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2591-6 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“It is not uncommon to hear that a child is receiving intervention based upon the Lovaas Model (Lovaas 1987; Sallows and Graupner 2005), Skinner’s Analysis of Verbal Behavior (Applied Verbal Behavior) (Sundberg 2001), Pivotal Response Training (Koegel et al. 2014), or the Early Start Denver Model (Rogers et al. 2012).”
BackgroundRogers, S. J., Estes, A. M., Vismara, L. A., MUNSON, J. A., Zierhut, C., Greenson, J., Dawson, G., Rocha, M., Sugar, C. A., Şentürk, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3740-5 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationApplied Behavior Analysis as Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Roane, H. S., Fisher, W. W., & Carr, J. E. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.04.023 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Cost Offset Associated With Early Start Denver Model for Children With Autism
Cidav, Z., MUNSON, J. A., Estes, A. M., Dawson, G., Rogers, S. J., & Mandell, D. S. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.007 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Research on the efficacy and effectiveness of the ESDM showed substantial gains in cognitive, language, and social abilities, and adaptive behavior relative to children receivin g treatment as usual in the community, which are sustained in all areas two years post treatment .(21-23,37) Reduced use of other forms of AB…”
Self-citationTiede, G., & Walton, K. M. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319836371 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Some positive results have also been reported for parent- and teacher-mediated treatments (Kasari et al., 2014; Wetherby & Woods, 2006), although findings are mixed (Rogers et al., 2012).”
BackgroundZhou, B., Xu, Q., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Rogers, S. J., & Xu, X. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1917 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Furthermore, we thought that the 12-week period of intervention in the original study of P-ESDM [Rogers et al., 2012] might also be insufficient to cause significant changes on standardized measures of developmental and adaptive behaviors, which integrate many behavioral changes into overall improved performance.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBehavioral phenotypes of genetic mouse models of autism
Kazdoba, T. M., Leach, P. T., & Crawley, J. N. (2015) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12256 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Early behavioral interventions are the current standard of care and offer the best long-term outcomes at present (Lord & Jones 2013; Rogers et al. 2012).”
BackgroundRoberts, M. Y., Curtis, P. R., Sone, B. J., & Hampton, L. H. (2019) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1197 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Outcome for children receiving the Early Start Denver Model before and after 48 months
The Victorian ASELCC Team, Vivanti, G., & Dissanayake, C. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2777-6 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Translational Mouse Models of Autism: Advancing Toward Pharmacological Therapeutics
Kazdoba, T. M., Leach, P. T., Yang, M., Silverman, J. L., Solomon, M., & Crawley, J. N. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5003 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Shaw, K. A., Maenner, M. J., Bakian, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Furnier, S. M., Hughes, M. M., Patrick, M., Pierce, K., Salinas, A., et al. (2021) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss7010a1 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Fuller, E. A., Oliver, K., Vejnoska, S., & Rogers, S. J. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10060368 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“95 72 104 20 Professional yes no 85% yes yes Rogers (2012) [26] USA 98 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationStadnick, N. A., Stahmer, A. C., & Brookman-Frazee, L. I. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2376-y · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Smith, T. H., Klorman, R., & Mruzek, D. W. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0002-2 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Can Bayesian Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder Help Improve Clinical Practice?
Haker, H., Schneebeli, M., & Stephan, K. E. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00107 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“In children, early behavioral interventions that foster social interaction and speech development (18, 19) are well established and have proven efficacy (20).”
BackgroundHampton, L. H., & Kaiser, A. P. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12283 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The motivation for very early intervention for infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorders
Webb, S. J., Jones, E. J. H., Kelly, J. F., & Dawson, G. (2014) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2013.861018 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Following a stepped care model, as symptoms emerge, a more targeted ASD-specifi c intervention (e.g., such as parent-mediated ESDM; Rogers et al., 2012) could be provided.”
MethodSelf-citationImplementation of the Early Start Denver Model in an Italian community
Colombi, C., Narzisi, A., Ruta, L., Cigala, V., Gagliano, A., Pioggia, G., Siracusano, R., Rogers, S. J., Muratori, F., & Prima Pietra Team (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316665792 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“, 2013, 2016), parent education (Rogers et al., 2012; Vismara et al., 2009), and telehealth (Vismara et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationShire, S. Y., Gulsrud, A. C., & Kasari, C. L. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2702-z · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Further, responsiveness measured as a result of the parent-mediated Early Start Denver Model reported no significant effect of treatment over community control on parents’ responsivity or children’s social attention or initiations (Elder 2011; Rogers et al. 2012).”
BackgroundBrief Report: Autism Awareness: Views from a Campus Community
Tipton, L. A., & Blacher, J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1893-9 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“Variations such as the Early Start Denver Model, for example, are more naturalistic and have wider applicability for both home and school programs (Rogers et al. 2012).”
Reichow, B., Servili, C., Yasamy, M. T., Barbui, C., & Saxena, S. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001572 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Gulsrud, A. C., Hellemann, G., Shire, S. Y., & Kasari, C. L. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12481 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Several have found no significant change in parents or children compared to treatment as usual (Carter et al., 2011; Rogers et al., 2012) while others have found only effects on parents but not children (Kasari et al.”
BackgroundKasari, C., Siller, M., Huynh, L. N., Shih, W., Swanson, M., Hellemann, G. S., & Sugar, C. A. (2014) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.08.007 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Green, J., & Garg, S. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12892 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Techniques primarily using group or individual coaching and modelling techniques with parents do not show such reliable results (Carter et al., 2011; Rogers et al., 2012).”
Effectiveness of the Early Start Denver Model: a Systematic Review
Waddington, H. L., van der Meer, L. A. J., & Sigafoos, J. (2016) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-015-0068-3 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the study by *Rogers et al. (2012) was the only comparison study to find that the p-ESDM group did not have significantly better outcomes following intervention than the TAU group.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe effects of early autism intervention on parents and family adaptive functioning
Estes, A. M., Swain, D. M., & MacDuffie, K. E. (2019) · Pediatric Medicine · doi:10.21037/pm.2019.05.05 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“, communication, socialization, adaptive functioning) with their young child with ASD (37).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCrank, J. E., Sandbank, M., Dunham, K., Crowley, S., Bottema‐Beutel, K., Feldman, J., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2471 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Deb, S. S., Retzer, A., Roy, M., Acharya, R., Limbu, B., & Roy, A. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02973-7 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Rogers and colleagues [22] used ADOS-Toddler [23] and clinical assessment, while Malow and colleagues [24] used clinical assessments based on DSM-IV criteria [21] along with ADOS [4] to make a diagnosis.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFrost, K. M., Brian, J. A., Gengoux, G. W., Hardan, A. Y., Rieth, S. R., Stahmer, A. C., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320944011 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“, 2016; Ingersoll & Dvortcsak, 2019), while others have been adapted to caregiverimplemented formats (e.g. Kaiser et al., 2000; Kasari et al., 2014; Rogers et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultBrian, J. A., Smith, I. M., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Bryson, S. E. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1818 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Intervention Effects on Language in Children With Autism: A Project AIM Meta-Analysis
Sandbank, M. P., Bottema‐Beutel, K., Crowley, S., Cassidy, M. M., Feldman, J. I., Canihuante, M., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00167 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Effects of Parent-Implemented Interventions on Outcomes of Children with Autism: A Meta-Analysis
Cheng, W. M., Smith, T. B., Butler, M., Dyches, T. T., & Clayton, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05688-8 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Sullivan, K. A., Stone, W. L., & Dawson, G. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.027 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“…1987) or ESDM (Dawson et al., 2012, 2010; Eapen, Crnčec, & Walter, 2013; Fulton, Eapen, Crnčec, Walter, & Rogers, 2014; Vismara & Rogers, 2008), as well as three papers examining parent-coaching interventions based on ESDM (P-ESDM; Estes et al., 2013; Rogers et al., 2012; Vismara et al., 2009).”
Self-citationAssessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Yu, Y., Ozonoff, S. J., & Miller, M. R. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231173089 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Indeed, the importance of early detection of autism and subsequent early intervention is well documented (Elder et al., 2017; Hyman et al., 2020; Rogers et al., 2012; Rotholz et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTachibana, Y., Miyazaki, C., Ota, E., Mori, R., Hwang, Y., Kobayashi, E., Terasaka, A., Tang, J., & Kamio, Y. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186502 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“5 Adaptive behaviour (See S2 Fig and S5, S6 and S7 Tables) Nine studies (ten programmes) (two behavioural model studies [18, 62] (two programmes), two social-communication focused model studies [19, 52] (two programmes), five multimodal developmental model studies [20, 47, 50, 63, 64] (six programmes)) were included i…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialComputer vision analysis captures atypical attention in toddlers with autism
Campbell, K. M., Carpenter, K. L. H., Hashemi, J., Espinosa, S., Marsan, S., Borg, J. S., Chang, Z., Qiu, Q., Vermeer, S., Adler, E. M., et al. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318766247 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“The ability to distinguish between toddlers with ASD and other delays is important because it is known that early, autism-specific treatment improves cognitive outcomes for children with ASD (Dawson et al., 2010; Landa and Kalb, 2012; Rogers et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWatson, L. R., Crais, E. R., Baranek, G. T., Turner‐Brown, L., Sideris, J. H., Wakeford, L., Kinard, J. L., Reznick, J. S., Martin, K., & Nowell, S. W. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3268-0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Schertz, H. H., Odom, S. L., Baggett, K. M., & Sideris, J. H. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3386-8 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
In Search of Culturally Appropriate Autism Interventions: Perspectives of Latino Caregivers
DuBay, M. F., Watson, L. R., & Zhang, W. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3394-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“1 3 be successful in treating ASD (McConachie and Diggle 2007; Patterson et al. 2011; Roberts and Kaiser 2011; Rogers et al. 2012).”
BackgroundBaranek, G. T., Watson, L. R., Turner‐Brown, L., Field, S., Crais, E. R., Wakeford, L., Little, L. M., & Reznick, J. S. (2015) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2015/386951 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Although other behavioral intervention studies using parent-mediatedmethods have shown similarly high retention rates, the majority of those studies was shorter in duration and was aimed at toddlers showing symptoms fully consistent with ASD diagnoses [11, 12, 16].”
ResultEffects of a Triadic Parent-Implemented Home-Based Communication Intervention for Toddlers
Brown, J. A., & Woods, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/1053815115589350 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Rogers et al. (2012) examined the effects of a clinic-based parent-implemented version of the Early Start Denver Model (P-ESDM) for toddlers at-risk of ASD.”
BackgroundParent Training Interventions for Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Beaudoin, A. J., Sébire, G., & Couture, M. M. (2014) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2014/839890 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Wainer, A., Hepburn, S., & Griffith, E. M. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315622411 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“…stronger gains in child skills in direct service models (i.e., therapist-driven), relative to parent-mediated interventions (Bibby et al., 2002; Rogers et al., 2012; Weatherby and Woods, 2006); however, little is known about what parent/family factors may be moderating intervention process or…”
BackgroundVivanti, G., Dissanayake, C., Duncan, E., Feary, J., Capes, K., Upson, S., Bent, C. A., Rogers, S. J., Hudry, K., Jones, C., et al. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318801341 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Finally, consistent with previous literature on individual ESDM (Rogers et al., 2012), G-ESDM (Vivanti et al.”
ResultSelf-citationHahler, E.-M., & Elsabbagh, M. (2014) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-014-0033-3 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Trembath, D. L., Gurm, M., Scheerer, N. E., Trevisan, D. A., Paynter, J. M., Bohadana, G., Roberts, J., & Iarocci, G. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2168 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Several studies demonstrated the potential benefits of examining theoretically driven putative predictors of response to intervention, particularly those that are potentially amenable to change such as child behaviors (e.g., social orienting and imitation; Rogers et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAn Evaluation of the Research Evidence on the Early Start Denver Model
Baril, E. M., & Humphreys, B. P. (2017) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/1053815117722618 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Bailey, B., Bryant, L., & Hemsley, B. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00230-x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The earlier the better: An RCT of treatment timing effects for toddlers on the autism spectrum
Guthrie, W., Wetherby, A. M., Woods, J., Schatschneider, C., Holland, R. D., Morgan, L., & Lord, C. E. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231159153 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“…as parent responsivity and synchrony, parent stress, and specific child skills targeted by the interventions (e.g. imitation, joint attention, play) have been reported (Carter et al., 2011; Estes et al., 2014; Green et al., 2010; Kasari et al., 2010, 2015; Rogers et al., 2012; Siller et al., 2013).”
Self-citationPre-symptomatic intervention for autism spectrum disorder (ASD): defining a research agenda
Grzadzinski, R., Amso, D., Landa, R. J., Watson, L. R., Guralnick, M. J., Zwaigenbaum, L., Deák, G. O., Estes, A. M., Brian, J. A., Bath, K. G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-021-09393-y · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationAcceptability and Cost Comparison of a Telehealth Intervention for Families of Children With Autism
Little, L. M., Wallisch, A. M., Pope, E., & Dunn, W. (2018) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0000000000000126 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Research has established the importance of early intervention services to promote better developmental outcomes for children with ASD (Oono, Honey, & McConachie, 2013; Rogers et al., 2012), which has led to greater awareness and usage of service systems (Stahmer & Mandell, 2007).”
BackgroundBrain responses to biological motion predict treatment outcome in young children with autism
Yang, D. Y. ‐., Pelphrey, K. A., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Crowley, M. J., Dayan, E., Dvornek, N. C., Venkataraman, A., Duncan, J. S., Staib, L. H., & Ventola, P. E. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.213 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based stress reduction for parents implementing early intervention for Autism: An RCT
Weitlauf, A. S., Broderick, N., Stainbrook, J. A., Taylor, J. L., Herrington, C. G., Nicholson, A. G., Santulli, M., Dykens, E. M., Juárez, A. P., & Warren, Z. E. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1895k · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Factor, R. S., Ollendick, T. H., Cooper, L. D., Dunsmore, J. C., Rea, H. M., & Scarpa, A. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00297-x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Manualized caregiver-administered interventions can be complex and require extensive training, expertise, and high fidelity to be effective (Rogers et al. 2012).”
BackgroundPenner, M., Rayar, M. S., Bashir, N. S., Roberts, S. W., Hancock, R., & Coyte, P. C. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2447-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“baseline, but was not significantly more efficacious when compared with a community control group (Rogers et al. 2012).”
InfluentialTowle, P. O., Patrick, P. A., Ridgard, T., Pham, S., & Marrus, J. (2020) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2020/7605876 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“(4) Rogers et al. (2012) [57]: this study evaluated a 12- week, parent-delivered implementation of the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) for 98 children aged 12 to 24 months.”
Eye Gaze in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Neural Evidence for the Eye Avoidance Hypothesis
Stuart, N., Whitehouse, A., Palermo, R., Bothe, E., & Badcock, N. A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05443-z · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“There is emerging evidence that interventions commencing during the first 2 years of life, when the first signs of atypical development are observed and the brain is rapidly developing, may lead to a beneficial impact on developmental outcomes in later childhood (Carter et al., 2011; Green, 2020; Kasari et al., 2014;…”
BackgroundRogers, S. J., Stahmer, A. C., Talbott, M. R., Young, G. S., Fuller, E., Pellecchia, M., Barber, A. B., & Griffith, E. (2022) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-021-09410-0 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Abbreviations NDBI: Naturalistic Developmental-Behavioral Intervention; ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; EI: Early intervention; EBP: Evidence-based practice; ESDM: Early Start Denver Model; P-ESDM: Parent-implemented Early Start Denver Model; IFSP: Individualized Family Service Plan; C-ESDM: Community Early Start Denve…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBrian, J. A., Smith, I. M., Zwaigenbaum, L., Roberts, W., & Bryson, S. E. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1582 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…in social orienting stand out compared with findings from a similar age group, also over a 12-week period, regardless of intervention [effect sizes of 20.02 and 0.06 for treatment and community control groups, respectively; Rogers et al., 2012], albeit using a different measure of social orienting.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in Blind Children: Very High Prevalence, Potentially Better Outlook
Jure, R., Pogonza, R., & Rapin, I. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2612-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Although some of its symptoms are expected to improve with intensive early intervention (Rogers et al. 2012), its underlying core behavioral and brain differences not to ‘‘recover’’ fully (Howlin et al. 2004).”
BackgroundMcCleery, J., Elliott, N., Sampanis, D., & Stefanidou, C. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00030 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Shire, S. Y., Goods, K. S., Shih, W., DiStefano, C., Kaiser, A. P., Wright, C., Mathy, P., Landa, R. J., & Kasari, C. L. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2329-x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Moving towards a more ecologically valid model of parent-implemented interventions in autism
Stahmer, A. C., & Pellecchia, M. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314566739 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“First, manualized parent-implemented autism interventions can be complex and require extensive training and expertise to be implemented with high levels of fidelity (Rogers et al., 2012).”
- Authors
- Rogers, S. J., Estes, A., Lord, C., Vismara, L., Winter, J., Fitzpatrick, A., Guo, M., & Dawson, G.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rogers, Sally J.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1052-1065
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3487718
- OpenAlex
- W2096701191
- Semantic Scholar
- b8b404efe7d1f670ba7860ee4ef026de1e7dbe7d
- Cited by
- 713
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 17.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (AS1796)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH081757)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- Early Start Denver Model, parent-mediated intervention, autism spectrum disorder, parent-child interaction, responsive interaction, therapeutic relationship, early intervention, low-intensity intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Family Therapy, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Models, Psychological, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Risk, Time Factors, Early Intervention, Educational
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