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The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module: A New Module of a Standardized Diagnostic Measure for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., J Autism Dev Disord, 30(3):205-223, 2000) is widely accepted as a "gold standard" diagnostic instrument, but it is of restricted utility with very young children. The purpose of the current project was to modify the ADOS for use in children under 30 months of age. A modified ADOS, the ADOS Toddler Module (or Module T), was used in 360 evaluations. Participants included 182 children with best estimate diagnoses of ASD, non-spectrum developmental delay or typical development. A final set of protocol and algorithm items was selected based on their ability to discriminate the diagnostic groups. The traditional algorithm "cutoffs" approach yielded high sensitivity and specificity, and a new range of concern approach was proposed.
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“Such developmental trajectories might be a more meaningful phenotype on which to map aetiological mechanisms than a static case-control dichotomy 70,139,140”
From Autism spectrum disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [139]
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“Third, although deficits and delays in children who will develop autism can be documented on a group level, diagnosing individual children with ASD prior to age 15-18 months is very difficult (Luyster et al. 2009, Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Luyster et al. 2009
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Self-citationAutism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
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Self-citationStandardizing ADOS Scores for a Measure of Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gotham, K., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0674-3 · Cited by 1,605
“%) and the piloted ADOS-T (Luyster et al. 2009), a toddler version of the ADOS, was given in 82 assessments (4%); for both measures, identical items were recorded to Module 1 algorithm scores.”
MethodSelf-citationDawson, G., Jones, E. J. H., Merkle, K., Venema, K., Lowy, R., Faja, S., Kamara, D., Murias, M., Greenson, J., Winter, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.018 · Cited by 799
“Autism can be diagnosed by 18 to 24 months of age,(2) and diagnostic assessments for 12- to 18-month-olds are being developed.(3) Given that the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that 18- and 24-month-old children be screened for ASD,(4) it is important that effective early-intervention programs be availa…”
BackgroundRogers, S. J., Estes, A., Lord, C., Vismara, L., Winter, J., Fitzpatrick, A., Guo, M., & Dawson, G. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.003 · Cited by 713
Self-citationChawarska, K., Macari, S., & Shic, F. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.022 · Cited by 623
“The delays and abnormal features are often pronounced, as a large proportion of infants later diagnosed with ASD exhibit clinically relevant levels of symptoms by the age of 12 months (26).”
BackgroundDevelopmental pathways to autism: A review of prospective studies of infants at risk
Jones, E. J. H., Gliga, T., Bedford, R., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.001 · Cited by 607
Talkowski, M. E., Rosenfeld, J. A., Blumenthal, I., Pillalamarri, V., Chiang, C., Heilbut, A., Ernst, C., Hanscom, C., Rossin, E., Lindgren, A. M., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.028 · Cited by 577
Hus, V., Gotham, K., & Lord, C. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1719-1 · Cited by 568
“1995) was given in 418 (19 %) assessments and a pilot version of the ADOS-Toddler (Luyster et al. 2009) was given in 82 assessments (4 %).”
Self-citationHus, V., & Lord, C. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2080-3 · Cited by 547
“2007) and the ADOS-T (Luyster et al. 2009), it was maintained in the same domain for Module 4.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPreference for geometric patterns early in life as a risk factor for autism
Pierce, K., Conant, D., Hazin, R., Stoner, R., & Desmond, J. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.113 · Cited by 486
“While several of the toddlers with an ASD were only a year old at the time of testing, all but 1 have been tracked and diagnosed using the ADOS-T until at least age 24 months, an age shown to be reliable for the diagnosis of autism.(20,43,46-49) Final diagnoses for participants with an ASD older than 30 months were co…”
Self-citationDiagnostic procedures in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic literature review
Falkmer, T., Anderson, K., Falkmer, M., & Horlin, C. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0375-0 · Cited by 475
Parent-Implemented Social Intervention for Toddlers With Autism: An RCT
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Self-citationMotor skills of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders
Lloyd, M., MacDonald, M., & Lord, C. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311402230 · Cited by 448
“Best estimate diagnoses were determined using the standardized algorithms of the ADOS and ADI-R (Lord et al., 2006) in conjunction with the clinical judgment of experienced psychologists (Lord, et al., 1999; Luyster et al., 2005).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSystematic review of tools to measure outcomes for young children with autism spectrum disorder
McConachie, H., Parr, J. R., Glod, M., Hanratty, J., Livingstone, N., Oono, I. P., Robalino, S., Baird, G., Beresford, B., Charman, T., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19410 · Cited by 403
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“The ADOS has demonstrated strong psychometric properties, with inter-rater reliability measured by mean exact agreement shown to be 84% for the ADOS-T and over 88% for ADOS Modules 1–4 (Luyster et al. 2009; Lord et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationGillespie‐Lynch, K., Brooks, P. J., Someki, F., Obeid, R., Shane‐Simpson, C., Kapp, S. K., Daou, N., & Smith, D. S. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2422-9 · Cited by 410
“, Yirmiya and Charman 2010), how and when autism can be diagnosed (e.g., Lord et al. 1997; Luyster et al. 2009), the increasing prevalence of autism diagnoses and factors that may contribute to this (e.”
BackgroundPierce, K., Gazestani, V. H., Bacon, E., Barnes, C. C., Cha, D., Nalabolu, S., Lopez, L., Moore, A., Pence-Stophaeros, S., & Courchesne, E. (2019) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0624 · Cited by 333
Self-citationPrevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preterm Infants: A Meta-analysis
Agrawal, S., Rao, S. C., Bulsara, M. K., & Patole, S. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-0134 · Cited by 332
Eyler, L. T., Pierce, K., & Courchesne, E. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr364 · Cited by 312
“…2-h sessions that included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module newly validated for use with infants as young as 12 months (Luyster et al., 2009), the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (Mullen, 1995) and the McArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (Fenson et…”
MethodSelf-citationWeismer, S. E., Lord, C., & Esler, A. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0983-1 · Cited by 301
“level language abilities on the CDI was replicated by Luyster et al. (2007). On the surface, the claim that some toddlers on the”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAnnual research review: re-thinking the classification of autism spectrum disorders
Lord, C., & Jones, R. M. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02547.x · Cited by 290
“…of all items in comprehensive interviews and observation schedules such as the ADI-R (Lecavalier et al., 2006) and the ADOS (Gotham et al., 2007; R. Luyster et al., 2009) and of targeted RRB-related items in the same interview and observation schedule (S. L. Bishop, Richler, & Lord, 2006; Richler,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationNorbury, C. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12154 · Cited by 294
“Modules 3 and 4 of the ADOS cover a wide age range from 4 years to adulthood.”
BackgroundInfants and Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Early Identification and Early Intervention
Boyd, B. A., Odom, S. L., Humphreys, B. P., & Sam, A. M. (2010) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/1053815110362690 · Cited by 272
The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Toddler Module: Standardized Severity Scores
Esler, A., Bal, V. H., Guthrie, W., Wetherby, A. M., Weismer, S. E., & Lord, C. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2432-7 · Cited by 286
“The original validation sample for the Toddler Module (Luyster et al. 2009) was included in this dataset.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAutism spectrum disorder: advances in diagnosis and evaluation
Zwaigenbaum, L., & Penner, M. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k1674 · Cited by 275
Detecting, Studying, and Treating Autism Early: The One-Year Well-Baby Check-Up Approach
Pierce, K., Carter, C., Weinfeld, M., Desmond, J., Hazin, R., Bjork, R., & Gallagher, N. (2011) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.02.036 · Cited by 256
Self-citationTalkowski, M. E., Mullegama, S. V., Rosenfeld, J. A., van Bon, B. W. M., Shen, Y., Repnikova, E. A., Gastier-Foster, J., Thrush, D. L., Kathiresan, S., Ruderfer, D. M., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.011 · Cited by 249
Rogers, S. J., Estes, A., Lord, C., Munson, J., Rocha, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Colombi, C., Dawson, G., Vismara, L. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.004 · Cited by 233
Self-citationRecent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112745 · Cited by 224
“The ADOS-2 was designed as a diagnostic measure and not a measure of severity or change, but because it is widely used by clinicians and researchers, the hope was that standardized scores could serve as an immediately accessible means of capturing the severity of ASD-related deficits (as exhibited in the context of th…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Impact of Parent-Delivered Intervention on Parents of Very Young Children with Autism
Estes, A. M., Vismara, L. A., Mercado, C. I., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Elder, L. M., Greenson, J., Lord, C., MUNSON, J. A., Winter, J., Young, G. S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1874-z · Cited by 253
“The Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale-Toddler Version (ADOS-T; Luyster et al. 2009) is a standardized, 45-min, semi-structured play observation used to diagnose autism spectrum disorders in children under age 30 months.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationDiagnostic tests for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in preschool children
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“…6 months from intake with evaluations on the three initial modules of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (toddler, 1, or 2) (Lord et al., 2000; Luyster et al., 2009), the Mullen Scales for Early Learning (Mullen, 1995), and the Vineland Scales of Adaptive Behavior (Sparrow et al., 1984).”
Self-citationGrzadzinski, R., Dick, C., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0072-1 · Cited by 192
“Fourth, using methodology previously employed for the purpose of identifying items for diagnostic algorithms and other discrimination purposes [39, 54, 55], we identified specific social communication items that discriminated best between the groups.”
MethodSelf-citationde Theije, C. G. M., Wu, J., da Silva, S. L., Kamphuis, P. J. G. H., Garssen, J., Korte, S. M., & Kraneveld, A. D. (2011) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.013 · Cited by 212
Diagnostic Evaluation of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2012) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.10.018 · Cited by 202
“Another development has been the toddler version of the ADOS, which uses a surveillance model of classification for very young children.(21) The Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children(22) and the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales(23) are also recommended for use in young children.”
MethodSelf-citationKim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2010) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.142 · Cited by 188
“Children in this study were administered either the PL-ADOS; DiLavore et al., 1995] or an experimental version intended for children under 36 months of age [ADOS-T; Lord et al., in press; Luyster et al., 2009].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMacDonald, M., Lord, C., & Ulrich, D. A. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.07.020 · Cited by 206
“For the most part the use of motor skill performance in an ASD diagnosis is embedded in gestures, stereotypies and imitation (Lord et al., 2000; Luyster et al., 2009).”
Self-citationCharman, T., & Gotham, K. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00664.x · Cited by 185
“With the recent addition of a Toddler module (Luyster et al., 2009), the ADOS has five development- and language-dependent modules, which are 30–60 min protocols of activities that are based on talking and/or play-based interaction.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPreschool language variation, growth, and predictors in children on the autism spectrum
Weismer, S. E., & Kover, S. T. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12406 · Cited by 187
“…A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Measures The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, & Risi, 2002) and ADOS-Toddler module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009) are semi-structured observational tools designed to be used in evaluation of ASD.”
MethodTiede, G., & Walton, K. M. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319836371 · Cited by 180
“ASD can be reliably diagnosed as young as 24 months, and gold-standard diagnostic tools are validated for children as young as 12 months (Luyster et al., 2009; Ozonoff et al., 2015).”
MethodKim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02458.x · Cited by 167
“However, about 28% of the referrals obtained less decisive scores, showing that such an approach may not be appropriate for all children (See Table 3 and Table S2 in Electronic Appendix).”
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“…and Mostofsky, 2015; Murdoch and State, 2013), maternal infection and birth injury or trauma (Chaste and Leboyer, 2012), maternal lifestyle and diet (Lyall et al., 2014) and maternal and paternal age (Croen et al., 2007; Durkin et al., 2008), then machine learning methods applied to infant sMRI…”
MethodUpdated report on tools to measure outcomes of clinical trials in fragile X syndrome
Budimirovic, D. B., Berry‐Kravis, E., Erickson, C. A., Hall, S. S., Hessl, D. R., Reiss, A. L., King, M. K., Abbeduto, L., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2017) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-017-9193-x · Cited by 159
Gaigg, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00113 · Cited by 168
“The relative absence of such behaviors is the first reliable clinical marker of ASD (Luyster et al., 2009; see Bruinsma et al., and behavioral evidence (Baron-Cohen et al., 1997, 2001) lend support to this notion.”
Characterization and Prediction of Early Reading Abilities in Children on the Autism Spectrum
Davidson, M. M., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1936-2 · Cited by 160
“…using the toddler research version of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R; Rutter et al. 2003), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al. 2002) or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al. 2009), and expert clinical judgment.”
InfluentialPatterns of developmental trajectories in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder
Lord, C., Luyster, R., Guthrie, W., & Pickles, A. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027214 · Cited by 142
“…were administered a modified version, intended for children between 12 and 30 months of age, called the Toddler Module (Lord, Luyster, Gotham, & Guthrie, in press; Luyster et al., 2009), Module 1 (preverbal or single words for children over 30 months of age), or Module 2 (phrase speech at any age).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPhonology and vocal behavior in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders
Schoen, E., Paul, R., & Chawarska, K. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.183 · Cited by 144
“The TDL group was administered the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule— Toddler Module [ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009] All control participants in both control groups received a t -score greater than 45 on the Visual Reception subdomain of the MSEL, indicating normal nonverbal ability and a…”
Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1213-1 · Cited by 144
“For replications, the total scores can be calculated currently by adding scores from the items listed under the first two domains for the ‘‘12-20/NV21-47’’ and ‘‘SW21-47’’ groups and those listed under three domains for the ‘‘PH21-47’’ group (See Table 2).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationWord learning in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Luyster, R., & Lord, C. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016223 · Cited by 130
Self-citationSupekar, K., Kochalka, J., Schaer, M., Wakeman, H. N., Qin, S., Padmanabhan, A., & Menon, V. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy191 · Cited by 126
Macari, S. L., Campbell, D., Gengoux, G. W., Saulnier, C. A., Klin, A. J., & Chawarska, K. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1521-0 · Cited by 116
Moore, A., Wozniak, M., Yousef, A., Barnes, C. C., Cha, D., Courchesne, E., & Pierce, K. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0202-z · Cited by 121
“At each visit, assessments were administered at UCSD Autism Center by PhD-level licensed clinical psychologists and included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) module T, 1, or 2 [46], Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) [47], and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) [48]; additional family and me…”
MethodSelf-citationDeb, S. S., Retzer, A., Roy, M., Acharya, R., Limbu, B., & Roy, A. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02973-7 · Cited by 142
“Rogers and colleagues [22] used ADOS-Toddler [23] and clinical assessment, while Malow and colleagues [24] used clinical assessments based on DSM-IV criteria [21] along with ADOS [4] to make a diagnosis.”
MethodEGGER, H. L., Dawson, G., Hashemi, J., Carpenter, K. L. H., Espinosa, S., Campbell, K. M., Brotkin, S. M., Borg, J. S., Qiu, Q., Tepper, M., et al. (2018) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-018-0024-6 · Cited by 117
Haebig, E., McDuffie, A. S., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0004 · Cited by 112
Lebersfeld, J. B., Swanson, M., Clesi, C. D., & O’Kelley, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04839-z · Cited by 111
Longitudinal study of symptom severity and language in minimally verbal children with autism
Thurm, A. E., Manwaring, S. S., Swineford, L. B., & Farmer, C. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12285 · Cited by 111
“The ADOS consists of four published modules and a version of the ADOS developed for toddlers who were under the age of 30 months (Luyster et al., 2009).”
MethodLexical and Grammatical Skills in Toddlers on the Autism Spectrum Compared to Late Talking Toddlers
Weismer, S. E., Gernsbacher, M. A., Stronach, S. T., Karasinski, C., Eernisse, E. R., Venker, C. E., & Sindberg, H. A. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1134-4 · Cited by 108
“1999) or Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module (Luyster et al. 2009).”
Haebig, E., McDuffie, A. S., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1763-5 · Cited by 109
“G; Lord et al. 2000; ADOS-T; Luyster et al. 2009) and the ADI-R Toddler version (unpublished assessment; see Lord et al. 2006).”
Practitioner’s Guide to Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers
Steiner, A. M., Goldsmith, T. R., Snow, A. V., & Chawarska, K. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1376-9 · Cited by 123
“The ADOS-T demonstrated very good sensitivity and specificity in the validation sample (Luyster et al. 2009).”
Intervention Effects on Language in Children With Autism: A Project AIM Meta-Analysis
Sandbank, M. P., Bottema‐Beutel, K., Crowley, S., Cassidy, M. M., Feldman, J. I., Canihuante, M., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00167 · Cited by 122
“Scores were then categorized as either “moderate” or “high” using published guidelines for score interpretation (Gotham et al., 2009; Hus et al., 2014; Luyster et al., 2009; Schopler et al., 1988) or guidance from individuals with expertise in the quantification of autism symptomatology from the…”
MethodPramparo, T., Lombardo, M. V., Campbell, K., Barnes, C. C., Marinero, S., Solso, S., Young, J., Mayo, M., Dale, A., Ahrens‐Barbeau, C., et al. (2015) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.15252/msb.20156108 · Cited by 88
“…sources and evaluated using a battery of standardized and experimental tests that included: the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al, 2000; Luyster et al, 2009), the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (Mullen, 1995) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Sparrow et al, 2005).”
Self-citationBradshaw, J. L., Koegel, L. K., & Koegel, R. L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3155-8 · Cited by 116
“Measures included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Toddler Module (Luyster et al.”
MethodInfluentialAssessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Yu, Y., Ozonoff, S. J., & Miller, M. R. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231173089 · Cited by 141
“A recent meta-analysis (Lebersfeld et al., 2021) found that the overall sensitivity and specificity of the ADOS-2 and its direct precursors (ADOS-Toddler; Luyster et al., 2009, and ADOS-G with revised algorithms) ranged from 0.89 to 0.92 and 0.81 to 0.85, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialPivotal Response Treatment for Infants At-Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study
Steiner, A. M., Gengoux, G. W., Klin, A. J., & Chawarska, K. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1542-8 · Cited by 102
“All infants were administered the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (Mullen 1995) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al. 2009) at 12 months of age (see below, developmental testing).”
MethodDow, D., Holbrook, A., Toolan, C., McDonald, N., Sterrett, K., Rosen, N., Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05395-w · Cited by 99
“Consistent with the ADOS-2 Toddler Module (Luyster et al., 2009) and the ADI-R algorithm for toddlers and preschoolers (Kim et al.”
Self-citationRogers, S. J., Yoder, P., Estes, A., Warren, Z., McEachin, J., Munson, J., Rocha, M., Greenson, J., Wallace, L., Gardner, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.013 · Cited by 105
Frazier, T. W., Klingemier, E. W., Parikh, S., Speer, L. L., Strauss, M., Eng, C., Hardan, A. Y., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.023 · Cited by 100
Kim, S. H., Thurm, A. E., Shumway, S., & Lord, C. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1696-4 · Cited by 98
“, 2006) as well as recent changes to the ADOS algorithms (Gotham, Risi, Pickles, & Lord, 2007) including those for the ADOS-Toddler module (Luyster et al., 2009).”
MethodSelf-citationPramparo, T., Pierce, K., Lombardo, M. V., Barnes, C. C., Marinero, S., Ahrens‐Barbeau, C., Murray, S. S., Lopez, L., Xu, R., & Courchesne, E. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3008 · Cited by 93
Self-citationZhou, V., MUNSON, J. A., Greenson, J., Hou, Y. F., Rogers, S. J., & Estes, A. M. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317743251 · Cited by 94
“Toddlers with ASD from bilingual home environments have been observed to coo and use protoimperative gestures more frequently than toddlers with ASD from monolingual home environments (Valicenti-McDermott et al., 2013).”
MethodInfluentialGarvey, M. A., Avenevoli, S., & Anderson, K. C. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.002 · Cited by 101
Reinhardt, V. P., Wetherby, A. M., Schatschneider, C., & Lord, C. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2223-6 · Cited by 89
“Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule— Modules 1, 2, 3 or the Toddler Module (ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009) of the ADOS were completed by a trained experimenter and used to confirm participant’s diagnosis at the follow-up diagnostic evaluation.”
InfluentialSelf-citationBrief Report: Adaptive Behavior and Cognitive Skills for Toddlers on the Autism Spectrum
Ray-Subramanian, C. E., Huai, N., & Weismer, S. E. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1083-y · Cited by 101
Computer Vision Analysis for Quantification of Autism Risk Behaviors
Hashemi, J., Dawson, G., Carpenter, K. L. H., Campbell, K. M., Qiu, Q., Espinosa, S., Marsan, S., Baker, J. P., EGGER, H. L., & Sapiro, G. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2868196 · Cited by 91
“If a child screened positive on the M-CHAT-R/F, or a caregiver or clinician expressed concerns about ASD during the visit, then the child received gold standard diagnostic testing with the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule—Toddler Module with a child psychologist for final diagnosis [29].”
MethodBlood-Based Gene Expression Signatures of Infants and Toddlers With Autism
Glatt, S. J., Tsuang, M. T., Winn, M. E., Chandler, S. D., Collins, M., Lopez, L., Weinfeld, M., Carter, C., Schork, N. J., Pierce, K., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.007 · Cited by 88
Self-citationIncreasing verbal responsiveness in parents of children with autism:a pilot study
Venker, C. E., McDuffie, A. S., Weismer, S. E., & Abbeduto, L. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361311413396 · Cited by 87
“The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord et al., 2000) or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Toddler Version (ADOS-T; Luyster et al., 2009) was administered by a trained and reliable examiner.”
Parent Perceptions of Caregiver-Mediated Telemedicine Tools for Assessing Autism Risk in Toddlers
Corona, L. L., Weitlauf, A. S., Hine, J. F., Berman, A. F., Miceli, A., Nicholson, A. G., Stone, C., Broderick, N. A., Francis, S. M. S., Juárez, A. O. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04554-9 · Cited by 90
“There are several benefits to, as well as precedence for, the active involvement of parents during ASD assessments (Head and Abbeduto 2007; Huerta and Lord 2012; Luyster et al. 2009).”
BackgroundOosterling, I., Roos, S., de Bildt, A., Rommelse, N., de Jonge, M., Visser, J., Lappenschaar, M., Swinkels, S., van der Gaag, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0915-0 · Cited by 79
“However, in this regard, a new Toddler Module of the ADOS with novel tasks for infants and toddlers has been reported by Luyster et al. (2009) to meet the diagnostic conditions applicable to very young and/or severely delayed children.”
BackgroundParental First Concerns and Timing of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis
Becerra-Culqui, T. A., Lynch, F. L., Owen‐Smith, A. A., Spitzer, J., & Croen, L. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3598-6 · Cited by 78
“While studies have shown that experienced clinicians can detect signs as early as 12 months (Luyster et al. 2009; Ozonoff et al. 2010; Szatmari et al. 2016; Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005), parents may also recognize early concerns useful for early identification of ASD.”
BackgroundKover, S. T., Edmunds, S. R., & Weismer, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2756-y · Cited by 75
“Diagnosis ofASDwas based onbest estimate clinical diagnosis using DSM-IV TR criteria and information from the ADOS (Lord et al. 2002) or ADOS-T (Luyster et al. 2009) and the toddler research version of the ADI-R (Rutter et al. 2003).”
Digital Behavioral Phenotyping Detects Atypical Pattern of Facial Expression in Toddlers with Autism
Carpenter, K. L. H., Hahemi, J., Campbell, K., Lippmann, S. J., Baker, J. P., Egger, H., Espinosa, S., Vermeer, S., Sapiro, G., & Dawson, G. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2391 · Cited by 63
“As part of their participation in the study, children who either failed the M-CHAT-R/F or for whom there was caregiver or physician concern about possible ASD underwent diagnostic testing using the ADOS-Toddler (ADOST) [Luyster et al., 2009] conducted by a licensed psychologist or research-reliable examiner supervised…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTrajectories of Autism Severity in Early Childhood
Venker, C. E., Ray-Subramanian, C. E., Bolt, D. M., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1903-y · Cited by 72
Identification of a distinct developmental and behavioral profile in children with Dup15q syndrome
DiStefano, C., Gulsrud, A. C., Huberty, S., Kasari, C. L., Cook, E. H., Reiter, L. T., Thibert, R. L., & Jeste, S. (2016) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-016-9152-y · Cited by 73
“The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Version (ADOS-2) [35, 36].”
MethodCanu, D., der Paelt, S. V., Canal‐Bedia, R., de la Paz, M. P., Vanvuchelen, M., & Roeyers, H. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01487-7 · Cited by 78
Social orienting and joint attention in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders
Franchini, M., Glaser, B., de Wilde, H. W., Gentaz, É., D, S. E. M., & Schaer, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178859 · Cited by 71
Aggressive Behaviors and Verbal Communication Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorders
GIACOMO, A. D., Craig, F., Terenzio, V., Coppola, A., Campa, M. G., & Passeri, G. (2016) · Global Pediatric Health · doi:10.1177/2333794x16644360 · Cited by 70
“We only selected children with a diagnosis of ASD according to DSM-5 criteria, confirmed by the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (ADIR)(14) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS).(15) Children with ascertained neurological disorders (ie, epilepsy, cerebral palsy) and genetic syndromes (ie, X fragile,…”
MethodHaebig, E., Kaushanskaya, M., & Weismer, S. E. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2534-2 · Cited by 76
Ray-Subramanian, C. E., & Weismer, S. E. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1463-6 · Cited by 81
“An additional toddler module (Luyster et al. 2009) was used for participants under 30 months of age.”
MethodFrazier, T. W., Klingemier, E. W., Anderson, C. J., Gengoux, G. W., Youngstrom, E. A., & Hardan, A. Y. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04900-5 · Cited by 80
Cluster Analysis of Autistic Patients Based on Principal Pathogenetic Components
Sacco, R., Lenti, C., Saccani, M., Curatolo, P., Manzi, B., Bravaccio, C., & Persico, A. M. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1226 · Cited by 65
Advances in the early detection of autism
Zwaigenbaum, L. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e3283372430 · Cited by 64
Autism in Toddlers Born Very Preterm
Pritchard, M. A., de Dassel, T., Beller, E., Bogossian, F. E., Johnston, L., Paynter, J. M., Russo, S., & Scott, J. G. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1949 · Cited by 65
Individual Differences in the Real‐Time Comprehension of Children with ASD
Venker, C. E., Eernisse, E. R., Saffran, J. R., & Weismer, S. E. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1304 · Cited by 63
“…were determined by an experienced clinician through integration of information from the ADOS [Lord et al., 2002] or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module [Luyster et al., 2009], the Autism Diagnostic InterviewRevised [Rutter, Le Couteur, & Lord, 2003], and clinical expertise.”
MethodConti, E., Mitra, J., Calderoni, S., Pannek, K., Shen, K., Pagnozzi, A. M., Rose, S., Mazzotti, S., Scelfo, D., Tosetti, M., et al. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23520 · Cited by 66
“Subjects diagnosed with ASD, according to DSM-IV TR, also were evaluated with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) [Lord et al., 2000] or the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Toddler Module (ADOS-T) [Luyster et al., 2009].”
BackgroundAdaptation and Validation of the ADOS-2, Polish Version
Chojnicka, I., & Pisula, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01916 · Cited by 63
“, 2007, 2008) and Toddler Module algorithms (Luyster et al., 2009) to the dataset from the Polish validation sample.”
MethodNarzisi, A., Calderoni, S., Maestro, S., Calugi, S., Mottes, E., & Muratori, F. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.12.020 · Cited by 63
Zander, E., Sturm, H., & Bölte, S. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313516199 · Cited by 60
“Thus, more recently, the new ADOS toddler module (Luyster et al., 2009) was developed.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLuyster, R., Wagner, J., Vogel‐Farley, V. K., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Nelson, C. A. (2011) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-011-0176-z · Cited by 59
“By 12 months of age, however, an early ASD profile can be identified (Luyster et al. 2009; Zwaigenbaum et al. 2005).”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Luyster, R., Gotham, K., Guthrie, W., Coffing, M., Petrak, R., Pierce, K., Bishop, S., Esler, A., Hus, V., Oti, R., Richler, J., Risi, S., & Lord, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luyster, Rhiannon
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2009-05-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1305-1320
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC2893552
- OpenAlex
- W2022345199
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 11.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Simons Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066496, F31MH73210-02, R25MH057167, R01MH078165, F32MH066469, R01MH080134, MH066469, F31MH073210, MH57167)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U19HD035482, HD-35482-01, P01HD035482)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, autism spectrum disorder, toddlers, diagnostic assessment, diagnostic algorithm, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity, developmental delay, young children
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Algorithms, Attention, Autistic Disorder, Awareness, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Male, Personality Assessment, Pilot Projects, Play and Playthings, Psychometrics, Reference Standards, Social Behavior, Verbal Behavior, Reproducibility of Results
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