Evaluation of the revised algorithm of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) in the diagnostic investigation of high-functioning children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders

Kamp-Becker, Inge; Ghahreman, Mardjan; Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, Monika; Peters, Mira; Remschmidt, Helmut; Becker, Katja

doi:10.1177/1362361311408932

Cited by 57Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchChild Nutrition and Feeding IssuesBehavioral and Psychological Studies

Evaluation of the revised algorithm of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) in the diagnostic investigation of high-functioning children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders

Kamp-Becker, Inge, Ghahreman, Mardjan, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, Monika, Peters, Mira, Remschmidt, Helmut, Becker, Katja·2013·Autism

DOI 10.1177/1362361311408932

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Abstract

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is a semi-structured, standardized assessment designed for use in diagnostic evaluation of individuals with suspected autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ADOS has been effective in categorizing children who definitely have autism or not, but has lower specificity and sometimes sensitivity for distinguishing children with milder ASDs. Revised ADOS algorithms have been recently developed. The goals of this study were to analyze the predictive validity of different ADOS algorithms for module 3, in particular for high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. The participants were 252 children and adolescents aged between four and 16 years, with a full-scale IQ above 70 (126 with a diagnosis of ASD, 126 with a heterogeneous non-spectrum diagnosis). As a main finding, sensitivity was substantially higher for the newly developed 'revised algorithm', both for autism versus non-spectrum, as well as for the broader ASD versus non-spectrum, using the higher cut-off. The strength of the original algorithm lies in its positive predictive power, while the revised algorithm shows weaknesses in specificity for non-autism ASD. As the ADOS is valid and reliable even for higher functioning ASD, the findings of the present study have been used to make recommendations regarding the best use of ADOS algorithms in a high-functioning sample.

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Yui, K., Imataka, G., Okanishi, T., Oka, H., & Kawasaki, Y. (2017) · Neonatal and Pediatric Medicine · doi:10.4172/2572-4983.1000128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), which is a semi-structured, standardized assessment designed for use in the diagnostic evaluation of individuals with suspected autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [15].”
Background
Hochfunktionaler Autismus bei Erwachsenen
Kamp‐Becker, I., & Quaschner, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45995-9_15-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relationships of paraeducators and teachers with their autistic students
Hamsho, N. F., Collier‐Meek, M. A., McAvoy, H., Blacher, J., & Eisenhower, A. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101321 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The IDEAS Research Project
Kachel, U., Ritterfeld, U., Buschermöhle, M., Kugelmann, K., Tuschen, L., Neitzel, I., Pliska, L., Blank, S., Dotzer, M., White, L. O., et al. (2025) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000485 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development of the Social Interactions Behavior Inventory (SIBI) for Children with High-Functioning Autism/Asperger’s Syndrome
Chung, W. W. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eine Übersicht zum aktuellen Forschungsstand und zum verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlungsvorgehen
Kamp‐Becker, I., & Quaschner, K. (2015)
Self-citation
The Contribution of Comorbid Symptomology to the Social Skill Deficits in Infants and Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cervantes, P. E. (2014) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.3782
“Sensitivity estimates are found to be above .80 and specificity estimates about .68 (Kamp-Becker et al., 2013).”
Background
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Diagnostic tests for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in preschool children.
Howlin, P. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733755132.793549252
Autismus-Spektrum-Störung im Erwachsenenalter
Brouzou, K. O., Chaliani, I., & Schilbach, L. (2024) · InFo Neurologie + Psychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s15005-024-3829-7
Intact Emotion Fluency in Autism vs. Adhd and Community GroupsPreprint
Camodeca, A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4835368
Initial evidence for intact emotion fluency in autism vs. ADHD and community groups
Camodeca, A. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202565
Application of Psychometric Methods in Dimensional Analysis and Integration of Assessment Tools in Early Diagnosis for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Donne, I. L., Mazza, M., Attanasio, M., Covone, N., Greco, M. P., Scurti, V., & Valenti, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70059
“Several studies have investigated the sensitivity and specificity diagnostic algorithms, and dimensions of ADOS ‐ 2, particularly for Modules 1, 2, 3, and 4 (de Bildt et al. 2011; Hong et al. 2021; Kamp ‐ Becker et al. 2013; Medda et al. 2019).”
The stability of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule‐2 in children aged 14–36 months with elevated likelihood for autism
Schaubroeck, S., Demurie, E., Ali, J. B., Bölte, S., Boterberg, S., Buitelaar, J. K., Charman, T., Falck‐Ytter, T., Hunnius, S., Johnson, M. H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70078
Does laughter make everything funnier? Implicit laughter processing in autistic and non-autistic adults
Cai, Q., White, S. J., Wang, B., Samuel, E., Steele, M., Partington, H., Manly, J., & Scott, S. K. (2026) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.251348
Algorithms
Sood, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70581-6_283-1
Optimizing Accuracy of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule‐2 in Very Young Children With Modifying the Effect of Global Developmental Delay
Liu, J., Lu, Q., Singh, V., Choi, S. H., Cross, E. A., & Hong, J. S. (2026) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70233
Evaluation et entraînements informatisés de la compréhention en lecture chez des enfants et adolescents autistes sans déficience intellectuelle (HFASD)
Auphan, P. (2018) · doi:10.70675/d2e93496z2917z4bf1z8773z641273f8fbae

Diagnostic utility of the autism diagnostic observation schedule in a clinical sample of adolescents and adults
Langmann, A., Becker, J., Poustka, L., Becker, K., & Kamp‐Becker, I. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.11.012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Improved Diagnostic Validity of the ADOS Revised Algorithms: A Replication Study in an Independent Sample
Oosterling, I., Roos, S., de Bildt, A., Rommelse, N., de Jonge, M., Visser, J., Lappenschaar, M., Swinkels, S., van der Gaag, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0915-0 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Brief Report: Exploratory Analysis of the ADOS Revised Algorithm: Specificity and Predictive Value with Hispanic Children Referred for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Overton, T. S., Fielding, C., & de Alba, R. G. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0488-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Replication of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Revised Algorithms
GOTHAM, K., RISI, S., DAWSON, G., TAGER-FLUSBERG, H., JOSEPH, R., CARTER, A., HEPBURN, S., McMAHON, W., RODIER, P., HYMAN, S. L., et al. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31816bffb7 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Evaluation of the revised algorithm of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
Kamp-becker, I., Ghahreman, M., Heinzel-gutenbrunner, M., Peters, M., & Becker, K. (2016)
Self-citation

Authors: Kamp-Becker, I., Ghahreman, M., Heinzel-Gutenbrunner, M., Peters, M., Remschmidt, H., & Becker, K.
Affiliations: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
ORCID: Becker, Katja
Venue: Autism
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2011-05-24
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Pages: 87-102
ISSN: 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
1461-7005
DOI: 10.1177/1362361311408932
OpenAlex: W2147357021
Cited by: 57
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 1.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Autism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, autism spectrum disorder, high-functioning autism, diagnostic validity, sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive value, diagnostic thresholds, children and adolescents
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Algorithms, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychometrics, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity

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Evaluation of the revised algorithm of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) in the diagnostic investigation of high-functioning children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders

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