Relations of Anxiety Sensitivity, Control Beliefs, and Maternal Over-Control to Fears in Clinic-Referred Children with Specific Phobia

“In addition, fearfulness is more associated with female gender roles, which include relational traits and acceptance of emotional expression (e.g., Bem 1981; Golombok and Fivush 1994).”

“…VA 24061, USA e-mail: tho@vt.edu P. Muris Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands age differences are the developing cognitive capacities discussed above and the inability of young children to fully understand and exert control over these fearful situations (Chorpita and Barlow 1998).”

“Children may be biased to their own fears, anxiety and thoughts.”

“Anxiety sensitivity or ‘‘fear of fear’’ refers to the belief that the sensations related to anxiety are harmful and consequential in and of themselves (Reiss 1991).”

“…are associated with mothers who display more overprotective and controlling parenting styles (Siqueland et al., 1996; Ginsburg et al., 2006; Hudson & Rapee, 2001; Whaley et al., 1999; Wood et al., 2003) and that these patterns are more evident in children than adolescents (see Wood et al., 2003).”

“Effects of parental overprotection have also been found to be stronger in children versus adolescents (Hudson and Rapee 2001; Wood et al. 2003).”

“Many of the past studies have found that while similar, anxiety sensitivity is indeed a unique construct (Chorpita et al. 1996; Mattis and Ollendick 1997; Silverman and Ollendick 2005; Weems et al. 1998) and predicts fear levels above and beyond anxiety itself.”

“Additionally, acceptable inter-rater agreement has been established for the ADIS-C/P in other studies (Grills and Ollendick 2003; Silverman and Ollendick 2005).”

“Past research has found that parents of children with anxiety and phobic disorders tend to grant less autonomy and exert more control on their children than parents of children who are not anxious (Ginsburg et al. 2006; Hudson and Rapee 2001; Siqueland et al. 1996; Whaley et al. 1999).”

“The age groups were meaningfully divided according to evidence suggesting that while the age of puberty onset varies between males and females, the generally accepted puberty onset age range is 10–16 years old (Marceau et al. 2011; Ollendick et al., in press).”

“5 is considered a risk factor for some types of psychopathology (Wilhelm et al. 2005).”

“Past research has found that parents of children with anxiety and phobic disorders tend to grant less autonomy and exert more control on their children than parents of children who are not anxious (Ginsburg et al. 2006; Hudson and Rapee 2001; Siqueland et al. 1996; Whaley et al. 1999).”

“At younger ages the nature of fears are immediate and tangible; however, as children age, fears become more anticipatory and less concrete (Scherer and Nakamura 1968).”

“A study carried out by Weems et al. (2003) used Rapee et al. (1996) Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ) to explore how control beliefs affect childhood anxiety disorders.”

“…become more able to recognize potential dangers in their environments, fears may arise because the A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript children are not yet able to fully understand or control these perceived threats or dangers (Chorpita & Barlow, 1998; Jones & Jones, 1928; Weems & Costa, 2005).”

“Past researchers have proposed that fears are multiply determined and arise from a variety of factors including child and parent characteristics (see Ollendick et al. 2002).”

“In concordance with our findings, there has been previous evidence of a lack of gender differences in anxiety-disordered samples of children (Last et al. 1992; Muris et al. 2005; Strauss and Last 1993).”

“Many of the past studies have found that while similar, anxiety sensitivity is indeed a unique construct (Chorpita et al. 1996; Mattis and Ollendick 1997; Silverman and Ollendick 2005; Weems et al. 1998) and predicts fear levels above and beyond anxiety itself.”

“A study carried out by Weems et al. (2003) used Rapee et al. (1996) Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ) to explore how control beliefs affect childhood anxiety disorders.”

“Keywords Children; Adolescents; Fear; Specific Phobias; Anxiety Sensitivity; Control Beliefs Introduction Fear is a normal response to real and perceived threats (Marks, 1969) and is common in children (Ollendick, 1979).”

“, competitiveness, self-confidence, assertiveness) may put children at risk for developing distressing fears linked to anxiety disorders (Ginsburg and Silverman 2000).”

“Past research has found that parents of children with anxiety and phobic disorders tend to grant less autonomy and exert more control on their children than parents of children who are not anxious (Ginsburg et al. 2006; Hudson and Rapee 2001; Siqueland et al. 1996; Whaley et al. 1999).”

“In concordance with our findings, there has been previous evidence of a lack of gender differences in anxiety-disordered samples of children (Last et al. 1992; Muris et al. 2005; Strauss and Last 1993).”

“Many of the past studies have found that while similar, anxiety sensitivity is indeed a unique construct (Chorpita et al. 1996; Mattis and Ollendick 1997; Silverman and Ollendick 2005; Weems et al. 1998) and predicts fear levels above and beyond anxiety itself.”

“Many of the past studies have found that while similar, anxiety sensitivity is indeed a unique construct (Chorpita et al. 1996; Mattis and Ollendick 1997; Silverman and Ollendick 2005; Weems et al. 1998) and predicts fear levels above and beyond anxiety itself.”

“The current study was modeled after that of Ollendick and Horsch (2007), which examined relations among maternal overprotection, child anxiety sensitivity, and child fear levels in a diverse sample of clinically referred children.”

“…anxiety control beliefs, the Weems et al. (2003) study did not include a measure of parental control (either psychological or behavioral) and the Kane et al. (2015) study did not include a measure of locus of control or parental behavioral control (although it did include a measure of parental…”

“In a recent study, Kane et al. (2014) investigated the relationship between fearfulness, anxiety sensitivity, maternal over protection, and perceived control in a sample of 126 (7–13 year old) youth with a primary diagnosis of specific phobia, excluding BII phobia.”

“…including child factors (e.g., temperament, genetics, and cognitive processing of threat), parent factors (e.g., parental psychopathology, parenting practices), and learning experiences (e.g., stress, trauma, fear conditioning) (Kane et al., 2015; Ollendick et al., 2002; Ollendick & Horsch, 2007).”