Specific phobias in youth: a randomized controlled trial comparing one-session treatment to a parent-augmented one-session treatment
Open accessAbstract
Objective Examine the efficacy of a parent-augmented One-Session Treatment (A-OST) in treating specific phobias (SP) in youth by comparing this novel treatment to child-focused OST, a well-established treatment.Method A total of 97 youth (ages 6-15, 51.5% female, 84.5% White) who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for SP were randomized to either A-OST or OST. SPs were assessed with semistructured diagnostic interviews, clinician improvement ratings, and parent and child improvement ratings. In addition, measures of treatment satisfaction and parental self-efficacy were obtained. Blind assessments were completed pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1month and 6months following treatment. Analyses were undertaken using mixed models. In addition, gender, age, internalizing/externalizing problems, parent overprotection, and parent anxiety were examined as potential predictors and moderators of treatment outcome.Results Both treatment conditions produced similar outcomes with approximately 50% of youth in both treatments diagnosis free and judged to be much or very much improved at posttreatment and 1-month follow-up. At 6-month follow-up, however, the treatments diverged with OST resulting in marginally superior outcomes to A-OST, contrary to predictions. Only age of child predicted treatment outcome across the two treatments (older children did better); unexpectedly, none of the variables moderated treatment outcomes.Conclusions Parent augmentation of OST produced no appreciable gains in treatment outcomes. Directions for future research are highlighted.
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With the exception of a slightly modified psychological treatment for blood-injury phobia, subtypes of specific phobia are not differentially responsive to exposure-based treatments.
“Moreover, with the exception of a slightly modified psychological treatment for blood-injury phobia, [79] subtypes of specific phobia are not differentially responsive to exposure-based treatments.[80,81]”
From The Classification of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11: Review: Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in ICD-11 (2016) · cites this paper as [81]
The Treatment section says exposure-based one-session treatment is efficacious for children with several specific-phobia subtypes. It does not establish that the subtypes respond equally: the Discussion says the small numbers in each subtype limited exploration of phobia type. The blood-injury exception is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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“…base built largely over the last two decades, supporting its efficacy at improving specific phobias in CYP (Davis III, Ollendick, & €Ost, 2019; Ollendick et al., 2015; Ryan, Strege, Oar, & Ollendick, 2017), therefore offering a clinically effective, briefer, and potentially more accessible…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOar, E. L., Farrell, L. J., & Ollendick, T. H. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0189-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“While findings relating to the benefit of parent involvement in the treatment of anxious and phobic youth are mixed (Ollendick et al. 2015), it is suggested that for BII phobia, given the potentially higher levels of parent BII-related fears and the challenges associated with planning and…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRudy, B. M., Zavrou, S., Johnco, C. J., Storch, E. A., & Lewin, A. B. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0772-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“As mentioned above, previous studies with school-age children have not demonstrated increased effectiveness with the addition of a parental component (Ollendick et al. 2015; also see Monga et al. 2015), yet this phenomenon is likely to differ for younger children who are heavily reliant upon parents to facilitate beha…”
BackgroundInfluentialAllen, K. B., Allen, B., Austin, K. E., Waldron, J. C., & Ollendick, T. H. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.05.009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationLawrence, P. J., Parkinson, M., Jasper, B., Creswell, C., & Halligan, S. L. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30315-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Optimising Exposure for Children and Adolescents with Anxiety, OCD and PTSD: A Systematic Review
Plaisted, H., Waite, P., Gordon, K., & Creswell, C. (2021) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-020-00335-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Farrell, L. J., Kershaw, H., & Ollendick, T. H. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0752-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Also in line with past research, posttreatment gains continued to occur over the month following the OST [12].”
InfluentialSelf-citationOlsson, N. C., Juth, P., Ragnarsson, E. H., Lundgren, T., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., & Parling, T. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2020.10.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Byrne, S., Cobham, V., Richardson, M., & Imuta, K. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00436-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wright, B. D., Cooper, C. L., Scott, A. J., Tindall, L., Ali, S., Bee, P., Biggs, K., Breckman, T., Davis, T. E., Gega, L., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025031 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wang, H.-I., Wright, B., Tindall, L., Cooper, C., Biggs, K., Lee, E., Teare, M., Gega, L., Scott, A. J., Hayward, E., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04192-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Have Phobias, Will Travel: Addressing One Barrier to the Delivery of an Evidence-Based Treatment
Ollendick, T. H., Ryan, S. M., Capriola-Hall, N. N., Austin, K. E., & Fraire, M. G. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.11.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationBerge, K. G., Agdal, M. L., Vika, M., & Skeie, M. S. (2017) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016357.2017.1297849 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“dren to be diagnosis-free after treatment [19,34].”
Ollendick, T., Muskett, A., Radtke, S. R., & Smith, I. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04582-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationOar, E. L., Farrell, L. J., Waters, A. M., & Ollendick, T. H. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.01.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…differ in its clinical expression, with BII phobic youths excluded from a number of the large randomized controlled trials for child specific phobia (Ollendick et al., 2015; Ollendick et al., 2009) due to their arguably poorer treatment response and unique physiological response (e.g., fainting).”
BackgroundHarm beliefs and coping expectancies in youth with specific phobias
Ollendick, T. H., Öst, L., Ryan, S. M., Capriola-Hall, N. N., & Reuterskiöld, L. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationReuman, L., Thompson‐Hollands, J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.07.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lewis, K. M., Matsumoto, C., Cardinale, E. M., Jones, E., Gold, A. L., Stringaris, A., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D., & Brotman, M. (2020) · Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2019.0130 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Several treatment outcome studies highlight the effectiveness of CBT for youth (Kendall et al. 2008; Ollendick et al. 2015; Silk et al. 2018); youth develop positive views about their abilities when successfully completing exposures and participating in CBT.”
BackgroundSelf-citationKlein, A., Hagen, A., Mobach, L., Zimmermann, R., Baartmans, J. M. D., Rahemenia, J., de Gier, E., Schneider, S., & Ollendick, T. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00476-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“During this session, children engage in practice with various stimuli (e.g., three different dogs of different sizes and activity levels) under the therapist’s guidance, with the aim of achieving significant progress (for more details, see Öst & Ollendick, 2001; Ollendick et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationWaters, A. M., Groth, T. A., Purkis, H. M., & Alston‐Knox, C. (2017) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12128 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…promising results (e.g., Beidel, Turner, & Morris, 2000; Donovan, Cobham, Waters, & Occhipinti, 2015; Farrell, Waters, Milliner, & Ollendick, 2012; Ollendick et al., 2015; Pincus, Elkins, & Hardway, 2014; Spence et al., 2000), the vast majority of studies examining the efficacy of CBT have…”
Wright, B., Tindall, L., Scott, A. J., Lee, E., Biggs, K., Cooper, C. L., Bee, P., Wang, H.-I., Gega, L., Hayward, E., et al. (2022) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/ibct0609 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kane, E. J., Braunstein, K., Ollendick, T. H., & Muris, P. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0014-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationA Danish study of One-session Treatment for Specific Phobias in Children and Adolescents
Nielsen, M. D., Andreasen, C., & Thastum, M. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2016-011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Profiles of Temperament among Youth with Specific Phobias: Implications for CBT Outcomes
Capriola-Hall, N. N., Booker, J. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0255-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“At all of the follow-up assessment sessions, the diagnostic modules endorsed at pre-treatment as well as a battery of questionnaires were administered (see Ollendick et al. 2015, for further details).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe mediating role of changes in harm beliefs and coping efficacy in youth with specific phobias
Ollendick, T. H., Ryan, S. M., Capriola-Hall, N. N., Reuterskiöld, L., & Öst, L. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced Family Approaches for the Anxiety Disorders
Lippert, M. W., Pflug, V., Lavallee, K. L., & Schneider, S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235655.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Pilot Study of One-Session Treatment for Specific Phobias in Children with ASD Traits
Muskett, A., Radtke, S., & Ollendick, T. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01620-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationCanavera, K. E., Ollendick, T., Farrell, L. J., & Whiteside, S. (2022) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2022.2034553 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…consistent with the ADIS-IV diagnostic criteria as well as other treatment outcome studies that follow this approach in reporting diagnostic outcomes in childhood anxiety disorders (for example, see, Compton et al., 2010; Ehrenreich-May et al., 2017; Ollendick et al., 2015; Santucci et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationCognitive Behavioral Therapy in a One-Session Treatment for a Preschooler With Specific Phobias
Kershaw, H., Farrell, L. J., Donovan, C. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.31.1.7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Empirical support for OST has been demonstrated in 10 studies, including 3 large randomized controlled trials (RCTs; Ollendick et al., 2015; Ollendick et al., 2009; Öst, Svensson, Hellström, & Lindwall, 2001) and 7 smaller clinical trials for a diverse range of SP subtypes in youth aged 7 years and older (Farrell et a…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMuskett, A., Radtke, S., & Ollendick, T. (2020) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650119880271 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationde Jong, R., Lommen, M. J. J., Timmerman, M. E., van Hout, W. J. P. J., Kuijpers, R., de Jong, P. J., & Nauta, M. H. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.03.010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Radtke, S. R., Whiteside, S. P. H., & Ollendick, T. H. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-10018-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The student evaluators each had multiple years of experience administering the ADIS separately to parents and children and were trained to criterion in other studies (Ollendick et al., 2015, 2018).”
MethodSelf-citationFriedberg, R. D., & Thordarson, M. A. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71210-9_4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Oar, E., Farrell, L. J., Conlon, E., Waters, A., & Ollendick, T. (2017) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2016.1268007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Across the large RCTs for phobic youth, remission rates (defined as no longer meeting diagnostic criteria for specific phobia on the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (Silverman & Albano, 1996) range from 32 to 90% (Ollendick et al., 2009, 2015; Öst et al., 2001; Silverman et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOar, E. L., Farrell, L. J., & Ollendick, T. H. (2019) · Pediatric Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813004-9.00007-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationParental Influences and Child Internalizing Outcomes across Multiple Generations
Booker, J., Capriola-Hall, N. N., & Ollendick, T. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1067-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Participants One hundred thirteen families seeking treatment were recruited into a randomized clinical control trial (RCT), which examined the effectiveness of the standard child-focused one session treatment (OST) and an augmented one-session exposure treatment (A-OST; Ollendick et al., 2015) for children and adolesc…”
MethodSelf-citationApplying Exposure Therapy with Children
Schneider, S., Pflug, V., & Lavallee, K. L. (2022) · Clinical Guide to Exposure Therapy · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04927-9_12 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Capriola-Hall, N. N., Booker, J. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00662-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationRacz, J. I., Perkes, I., Bialocerkowski, A., Dyason, K. M., Grisham, J., McKenzie, M., & Farrell, L. (2025) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01805-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Murphy, A., Moskowitz, K., Fernandez, F., & Risser, H. J. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06282-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Adapting Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children and Adolescents
Oar, E. L., McLellan, L. F., & Rapee, R. M. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.31.1.23 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“OST has been evaluated across multiple controlled trials (Oar, Farrell, Waters, Conlon, & Ollendick, 2015; Ollendick et al., 2015; Ollendick et al., 2009; Öst, Svensson, Hellström, & Lindwall, 2001), by multiple research groups around the world (e.”
MethodBergez, K. C., Ramírez, A. C., Grebe, S. C., Perez, M. I., Viana, A. G., Storch, E. A., & Schneider, S. C. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815915-6.00002-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
de Jong, R., Lommen, M. J. J., van Hout, W. J. P. J., Kuijpers, R., Stone, L. L., de Jong, P. J., & Nauta, M. H. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102785 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smárason, O., Guzick, A. G., Goodman, W. K., Salloum, A., & Storch, E. A. (2023) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2023.0019 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Gloe, L. M., Biggs, B. K., Geske, J. R., Reneson-Feeder, S. T., Dammann, J. E., Hofschulte, D. R., & Whiteside, S. P. H. (2025) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2025.07.002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Klein, A. M., Hagen, A., Rahemenia, J., de Gier, E., Rapee, R. M., Nauta, M. H., de Bruin, E. I., Biesters, J., van Rijswijk, L., Bexkens, A., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101346 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecific Phobia, Fear, and the Autism Spectrum in Children and Adolescents: Adapting OST for ASD
Davis, T. E., & Brennan, J. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00475-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Additional large-scale trials of OST have also been successful demonstrating it can be done with or without parent in-session involvement (Ollendick et al., 2015) and that OST can be effectively implemented on a wider scale by various practitioners in the community (Wright et al., 2018, 2022, 2023).”
Ollendick, T. H., Jarrett, M. A., White, B. C., White, S. W., & Grills, A. E. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0588-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecific Phobias in Children and Adolescents
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“The items were adapted from a parent exposure self-efficacy scale [43] to assess participants’ confidence using ERP for youth.”
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Brief behavioral interventions at free medical fairs
Allen, C. W., Siedlecki, T., Nagel, A. G., Tan, J. S., Datta, P., Henkler, K. C., & Allen, J. P. (2018) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/0091217418791441 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Individualized homoeopathic treatment of phobic anxiety disorders – A case series
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“A randomized controlled trial comparing one session treatment to a parent –augmented one session treatment mentioned that parent augmentation of one session treatment produced no appreciable gain in treatment outcome.[31] Homoeopathy can be an effective alternative to alleviate the turmoil of patients suffering from p…”
Muris, P. (2017) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71210-9_12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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One-session treatment for trypophobia: a controlled multiple baseline trial.
Hain, S., Oar, E., Mruk, A., & Stevenson, R. (2026) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2026.2723119
Pincus, D. B., & Hardway, C. (2019) · Innovations in CBT for Childhood Anxiety, OCD, and PTSD · doi:10.1017/9781108235655.007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Self-citationImproving the Efficiency and Scalability of Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
Dobias, M. L., Schleider, J., & Ollendick, T. (2021) · Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00075-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Self-citationInnovations in Treating OCD: Brief, Intensive Treatments
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Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia in Children and Adolescents
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Análise de uma intervenção de promoção de saúde com crianças
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Self-citationSpecific Phobias in Children and Adolescents
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Biblioterapia para Medos Noturnos em Crianças: Um Estudo de Caso
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Ollendick, T. H., Halldorsdottir, T., Fraire, M. G., Austin, K. E., Noguchi, R. J. P., Lewis, K. M., Jarrett, M. A., Cunningham, N. R., Canavera, K., Allen, K. B., & Whitmore, M. J.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ollendick, Thomas H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 141-155
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4319561
- OpenAlex
- W2051126658
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 17.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- specific phobia, youth, single-session intervention, parental involvement, treatment outcomes, predictors of treatment outcome, age as moderator, parental self-efficacy, treatment satisfaction, parental anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Parents, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Self Efficacy
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