Expert Trespassing Testimony and the Ethics of Science Communication
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The PST generality constraint fits well with, and can supplement, other recent guidelines that aim to prevent ethical or epistemic harm from PST.
“PST generality constraint also coheres well with, and can be added to, other recently defended guidelines for scientists and science reporters to avoid causing ethical and/or epistemic harm via PST (see, for example,Gerken [2018Gerken [ ], [2020]]).”
From Science Communication and the Problematic Impact of Descriptive Norms (2023) · cites this paper as Gerken [2018]
Cites
Goldman, A. I. (1999) · doi:10.1093/0198238207.001.0001 · Cited by 2,172 · see citing works
Citizen science: a study of people, expertise and sustainable development
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-0267 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge
(1997) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0297-242 · Cited by 1,666 · see citing works
When the people speak: deliberative democracy and the public consultation
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-5888 · Cited by 1,524 · see citing works
Collins, H., & Evans, R. (2007) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226113623.001.0001 · Cited by 1,503 · see citing works
Hart, H. L. A., & Gardner, J. B. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534777.001.0001 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Epistemology of Disagreement: The Good News
Christensen, D. (2007) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.1215/00318108-2006-035 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Hardwig, J. (1985) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2026523 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Experts: Which Ones Should You Trust?
GOLDMAN, A. I. (2001) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2001.tb00093.x · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Evans, R., & Collins, H. M. (2007) · Cited by 894 · see citing works
The Division of Cognitive Labor
Kitcher, P. (1990) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2026796 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Science, policy, and the value-free ideal
Douglas, H., & Project Muse (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-1955 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Impure Science: AIDS, Activism and the Politics of Knowledge.
Bloor, M. (1997) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11057619 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
The Advancement of Science: Science without Legend, Objectivity without Illusions.
Dupré, J., & Kitcher, P. (1995) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2186026 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
SCIENCE IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
Kitcher, P. (2011) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789401207355_003 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal
Anderton, D. (2010) · University of Pittsburgh Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wrc78 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Democracy, Public Policy, and Lay Assessments of Scientific Testimony
Anderson, E. (2011) · Episteme · doi:10.3366/epi.2011.0013 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Thomson, J. J. (1990) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Evidentialism: Essays in Epistemology
Conee, E., & Feldman, R. H. (2004) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199253722.001.0001 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
What is the Problem with Experts?
Turner, S. (2001) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/030631201031001007 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Gahringer, R. E. (1969) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2023994 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
The Role of the Priority Rule in Science
Strevens, M. (2003) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.5840/jphil2003100224 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Science in a democratic society
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-3224 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity
Resnik, D. B., & Shamoo, A. E. (2011) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2011.557296 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Wilholt, T. (2012) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1093/bjps/axs007 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
The Advancement of Science. Science Without Legend, Objectivity Without Illusions
Lamb, D. (1994) · Philosophical Books · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0149.1994.tb02440.x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Trust: A Very Short Introduction
Hawley, K. (2012) · doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199697342.001.0001 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Ballantyne, N. (2017) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/fzx042 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Trust, expertise, and the philosophy of science
Whyte, K. P., & Crease, R. P. (2010) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-010-9786-3 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Scientist qua Policy Advisor Makes Value Judgments
Steele, K. (2012) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/667842 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Gerken, M. (2009) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-009-9655-0 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationAssertion and Isolated Second‐Hand Knowledge*
Lackey, J. A. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573004.003.0011 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Trusting others in the sciences: a priori or empirical warrant?
Fricker, E. (2002) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/s0039-3681(02)00006-7 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
On Folk Epistemology: How we Think and Talk about Knowledge
Gerken, M. (2017) · University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198803454.001.0001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationInternalism and Externalism in the Epistemology of Testimony
Gerken, M. (2011) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2011.00532.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationScience as collective knowledge
Rolin, K. H. (2007) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.07.007 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Inductive risk and the contexts of communication
John, S. D. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-014-0554-7 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Professional Ethics and Social Responsibility
Wueste, D. E. (1994) · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Discursive justification and skepticism
Gerken, M. (2012) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-012-0076-0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationScientific Communication and the Nature of Science
Nielsen, K. H. (2012) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-012-9475-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Crease, R. P., Selinger, E. M., & Douglas, H. (2006) · Columbia University Press eBooks · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Epistemic Reasoning and the Mental
Gerken, M. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137025524 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationEpistemic Entitlement—Its Scope and Limits
Gerken, M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198713524.003.0004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationExpertise revisited, Part II: Contributory expertise
Collins, H. M., Evans, R., & Weinel, M. (2015) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.07.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Epistemic Norms of Intra-Scientific Testimony
Gerken, M. (2015) · Philosophy of the Social Sciences · doi:10.1177/0048393115600527 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationAssertion, Nonepistemic Values, and Scientific Practice
Franco, P. L. (2016) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/688939 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Selinger, E. M. (2006) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Elgin, C. Z. (2001) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2950.003.0007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Speaking Power to Truth: Digital Discourse and the Public Intellectual
(2015) · Athabasca University Press eBooks · doi:10.15215/aupress/9781771990332.01 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Thought and Talk about Knowledge
Gerken, M. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationScience and Informed, Counterfactual, Democratic Consent
Keren, A. (2015) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/683653 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Elgin, C. Z. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470776407.ch18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Miller, B. (2015) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.001.0001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Citizen Knowledge: Markets, Experts, and the Infrastructure of Democracy
Herzog, L. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.001.0001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0008 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gerken, M. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.001.0001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to balance Balanced Reporting and Reliable Reporting
Gerken, M. (2019) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-019-01362-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPublic scientific testimony in the scientific image
Gerken, M. (2020) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.05.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationTrespassing Testimony in Scientific Collaboration
Gerken, M. (2023) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/fzac072 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationExperts – Part I: What They Are and How to Identify Them
Croce, M., & Baghramian, M. (2024) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.13009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
How (many) descriptive claims about political polarization exacerbate polarization
Peters, U. (2021) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.5543 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Value transparency and promoting warranted trust in science communication
Intemann, K. K. (2024) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-023-04471-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Miller, R. K. (2020) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire3030044 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Science Communication and the Problematic Impact of Descriptive Norms
Peters, U. (2023) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/715001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Friend or Foe? Rethinking Epistemic Trespassing
Pavličić, J., Dimitrijević, J., Vučković, A., Đorđević, S., Nedeljković, A., & Tešić, Ž. (2023) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2023.2286255 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ethics Beyond the Checklist: Fruitful Dilemmas Before, During, and After Data Collection
Nordtug, M., & Haldar, M. (2023) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/10778004231176088 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Misplaced Trust in Expertise: Pseudo-Experts and Unreliable Experts
Croce, M., & Marsili, N. (2025) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2025.2491104 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Expert Interviews, Good Questioning, and the Epistemic Duties of Journalism
Croce, M. (2025) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2025.24 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pils, R., & Schoenegger, P. (2024) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A · doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2024.05.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Epistemic Trepassing and Expert Witness Testimony
Satta, M. (2022) · Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy · doi:10.26556/jesp.v22i2.1599 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Barimah, G. K. (2022) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2022.11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
What’s Wrong with the “Marketplace of Ideas”?
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Humility Heuristic, or: People Worth Trusting Admit to What They Don’t Know
Skipper, M. (2020) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2020.1809744 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mapping the communication of science
Crupi, V., & Pérez‐González, S. (2025) · THEORIA An International Journal for Theory History and Foundations of Science · doi:10.1387/theoria.26291 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gatekeeping failures, degenerative consensus dynamics, and undue deference to science
Hauswald, R. (2026) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-05423-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Goñi, J. (2026) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2026.101390 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Green growth and responsible expert testimony
Lari, T. (2026) · Journal of Economic Methodology · doi:10.1080/1350178x.2026.2686636 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, X., Colvin, R. M., Fielding, K. S., Boddington, S. J., & Louis, W. R. (2026) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2026.2723751 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0004
Novices and Expert Disagreement
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0009
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0005
How Do Epistemic Principles Guide?
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0003
Regulative Epistemology in the Seventeenth Century
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0002
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0011
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0006
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0010
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0007
Gerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.005.0001
Self-citationPublic Scientific Testimony II
Gerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.003.0007
Self-citationGerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.002.0008
Self-citationGerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.003.0003
Self-citationGerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.003.0009
Self-citationGerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.003.0006
Self-citationGerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.003.0005
Self-citationScientific Justification as the Basis of Scientific Testimony
Gerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.003.0004
Self-citationGerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.002.0006
Self-citationGerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.003.0001
Self-citationGerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.002.0003
Self-citationTestimony and the Scientific Enterprise
Gerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.003.0002
Self-citationThe Significance of Scentific Testimony
Gerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.003.0008
Self-citationGerken, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198857273.002.0004
Self-citationThe Epistemic Benefits of Social Justice
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0010
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.002.0003
The Rise of Free Market Thinking
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0004
Putting the Market in Its Place
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0007
Markets, Deliberators, Experts
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0003
The Epistemic Infrastructure of Democracy
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0009
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0011
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0008
Herzog, L. M. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197681718.003.0002
A Note to the Reader about the Book’s Cover
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.002.0008
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.002.0003
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.002.0005
Ballantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.002.0004
Trust and Its Significance in Social Epistemology
Carter, J. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190949945.013.9
It’s not just the Web, It’s the Spider as well: Prioritising Education over Structural Changes
Pavličić, J., & Nedeljković, A. (2025) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2025.27
Herzog, L. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198928188.003.0010
What Groups Can Tell Us About Expertise
Leitgeb, B. (2025) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2025.2559269
Dilemmas in Science Communication
Gerken, M. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780192585325.003.0015
Self-citationBuilding Public Trust in Science: A Team Task
Herzog, L. M. (2026) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2026.10121
From Expertise to Trustworthiness: What Laypeople Can Really Assess about Experts
Mirkin, J., & Sojka, M. M. (2026) · Episteme · doi:10.1017/epi.2026.10118
Mode 3 knowledge production, Helix models and hospesism as a structural element of innovation
Đorđević, S., Horváth, Á., & Pavličić, J. (2026) · Theoria Beograd · doi:10.2298/theo2603061d
- Authors
- Gerken, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Gerken, Mikkel
- ORCID
- Gerken, Mikkel
- Venue
- Journal for General Philosophy of Science
- Published
- 2018-06-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 299-318
- ISSN
- 0044-2216 (ISSN-L)
- 0925-4560
- 1572-8587
- OpenAlex
- W2885667318
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 18
- FWCI
- 37.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal for General Philosophy of Science (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Education, Healthcare and Sociology Research
- Keywords
- expert testimony, ethics of science communication, public deliberation, public trust in science, division of cognitive labor, expert recommendations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review