Changes in spirituality partly explain health-related quality of life outcomes after Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

“The following recommended values were used as criteria for good model fit: (1) non-significant v2 value; (2) comparative fit index (CFI) [ .95; (3) root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) \ .06; and (4) standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) \ .08 (Hu and Bentler 1999; Kline 2004).”

“Meditation and mindfulness have roots in various religious traditions (Kabat-Zinn 2003; Walsh and Shapiro 2006), and this study found that over 50% of survey respondents said that taking Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction deepened their sense of spirituality.”

“Effect sizes for prepost change scores were determined using the formula for paired samples (d = t/Hdf) ( Rosenthal 1991 ).”

“Recent reviews of clinical and non-clinical populations report that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training enhances mental health and quality of life (Baer 2003; Bohlmeijer et al. 2010; Chiesa and Serretti 2009; Greeson 2009; Grossman et al. 2004; Hofmann et al. 2010).”

“Recent reviews of clinical and non-clinical populations report that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training enhances mental health and quality of life (Baer 2003; Bohlmeijer et al. 2010; Chiesa and Serretti 2009; Greeson 2009; Grossman et al. 2004; Hofmann et al. 2010).”

“While there is some controversy over the precise usage of the term spirituality, a functional definition includes ‘‘the personal quest for understanding answers to ultimate questions about life, about meaning, and about relationship to the sacred or transcendent’’ (Koenig et al. 2001).”

“…meditation can foster an increased sense of spirituality by disengaging from a narrow self-focus, and engaging a much broader view of interconnectedness in which oneself is not seen as separate from everyday activities, other people, or the world (Kabat-Zinn 1994; Kristeller and Johnson 2005).”

“least two previous outcome studies (Carmody and Baer 2008; Carmody et al. 2008) documented a significant association between increased mindfulness following Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and reduced selfreported medical symptoms, the current study did not find a significant relationship between increased mindfuln…”

“Recent reviews of clinical and non-clinical populations report that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training enhances mental health and quality of life (Baer 2003; Bohlmeijer et al. 2010; Chiesa and Serretti 2009; Greeson 2009; Grossman et al. 2004; Hofmann et al. 2010).”

“6) was nearly one standard deviation below the validation sample mean (Feldman et al. 2007).”

“The present findings are consistent with previous reports that mindfulness meditation training can enhance certain aspects of spirituality (Astin 1997; Shapiro et al. 1998), and that increases in spirituality following Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction are associated with greater levels of mindfulness and mental heal…”

“While expectancy may be considered a component of the placebo response, it is also closely related to motivation and may direct intentions and behavior (Delsignore and Schnyder 2007; Maddux et al. 1986; Wigfield 1994).”

“There is consistent evidence that spirituality can contribute to emotional well-being and can provide resilience to stress (Southwick et al. 2005).”

“Recent reviews of clinical and non-clinical populations report that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training enhances mental health and quality of life (Baer 2003; Bohlmeijer et al. 2010; Chiesa and Serretti 2009; Greeson 2009; Grossman et al. 2004; Hofmann et al. 2010).”

“Self-report of spirituality using the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale may have been confounded by items such as gratitude, peace, and harmony, which can contribute to both spirituality and positive mental health (Koenig 2008).”

“These positive outcomes have been related in part to enhanced mindfulness (Carmody and Baer 2008; Carmody et al. 2008; Nyklı́ček and Kuijpers 2008; Shapiro et al. 2008).”

“Meditation and mindfulness have roots in various religious traditions (Kabat-Zinn 2003; Walsh and Shapiro 2006), and this study found that over 50% of survey respondents said that taking Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction deepened their sense of spirituality.”

“These findings are consistent with a wealth of medical literature, which reports an association between positive expectancy and non-specific treatment effects (Harrington 1999; Stewart-Williams and Podd 2004).”

“The present findings are consistent with previous reports that mindfulness meditation training can enhance certain aspects of spirituality (Astin 1997; Shapiro et al. 1998), and that increases in spirituality following Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction are associated with greater levels of…”

“The possibility that enhanced attention to and awareness of the divine, the transcendent, and the interconnectedness of all things engenders greater mindfulness and mental health is consistent with both Eastern contemplative traditions and Western psychological theory ( Wallace and Shapiro 2006 ).”

“A small number of clinical studies have shown that Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction is associated with increased aspects of spirituality, including personal faith, meaning and peace, and a sense of engagement and closeness with some form of higher power or God (Astin 1997; Birnie et al. 2010; Carmody et al. 2008; Sh…”

“These characteristics were consistent with the general demographics of the Duke Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program and were similar to those reported in previous outcome studies at large academic medical centers (Carmody and Baer 2008; Carmody et al. 2009; Reibel et al. 2001).”

“Several previous studies of self-selected community Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program participants with lower levels of self-rated physical health at study entry reported significant improvement in physical health-related quality of life following mindfulness meditation training (Reibel et al. 2001; Rosenzwei…”

“Self-report of mindfulness may not provide accurate assessment, particularly for individuals with little to no meditation experience (Grossman 2008).”

“Future studies are needed to formally assess this possibility, since religious and spiritual beliefs and their associated behaviors and biology may represent an important mechanism linking contemplative practices to improved mental and physical health (Park 2007; Wachholtz et al. 2007).”

“These characteristics were consistent with the general demographics of the Duke Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program and were similar to those reported in previous outcome studies at large academic medical centers (Carmody and Baer 2008; Carmody et al. 2009; Reibel et al. 2001).”

“least two previous outcome studies (Carmody and Baer 2008; Carmody et al. 2008) documented a significant association between increased mindfulness following Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and reduced selfreported medical symptoms, the current study did not find a significant relationship between increased mindfuln…”

“…training can enhance certain aspects of spirituality (Astin 1997; Shapiro et al. 1998), and that increases in spirituality following Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction are associated with greater levels of mindfulness and mental health (Birnie et al. 2010; Carmody et al. 2008; Garland et al. 2007).”

“12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12)—The SF-12 is a valid and reliable means of assessing health-related quality of life in both normative and clinical samples (Gandhi et al. 2001).”

“Items were reverse scored so that higher total scores indicated increased perceptions of self-transcendence and daily spiritual experiences (Underwood 2006).”

“While expectancy may be considered a component of the placebo response, it is also closely related to motivation and may direct intentions and behavior (Delsignore and Schnyder 2007; Maddux et al. 1986; Wigfield 1994).”

“Several previous studies of self-selected community Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program participants with lower levels of self-rated physical health at study entry reported significant improvement in physical health-related quality of life following mindfulness meditation training (Reibel et al. 2001; Rosenzwei…”

“In theory, mindfulness meditation can foster an increased sense of spirituality by disengaging from a narrow selffocus, and engaging a much broader view of interconnectedness in which oneself is not seen as separate from everyday activities, other people, or the world (Kabat-Zinn 1994; Kristeller and Johnson 2005).”

“Alternatively, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction as an intervention may not have a strong effect on the physical component of the Short Form Health Survey (Plews-Ogan et al. 2005).”

“closely related to motivation and may direct intentions and behavior (Delsignore and Schnyder 2007; Maddux et al. 1986; Wigfield 1994).”

“Scores on this well-validated scale have previously been related to quality of life and positive psychosocial status in normative samples (McCauley et al. 2007; Underwood and Teresi 2002).”

“As such, the experience of mindfulness has been described as a method of self-transcendence (Phelan 2010; Singh 2010).”

“As such, the experience of mindfulness has been described as a method of self-transcendence (Phelan 2010; Singh 2010).”

“It is assumed that mindfulness is a central mechanism of MBT (e.g., Bränström, Kvillemo, Brandberg, & Moskowitz, 2010; Greeson et al., 2011; Kuyken et al., 2010; Shahar, Britton, Sbarra, Figueredo, & Bootzin, 2010) that might enhance positive affect, decrease negative affect, and reduce maladaptive…”

“Total sample sizes (n) were typically between 30 and 155, with 3 studies having sample sizes less than 30(60,67) and 3 studies with sample sizes more than 155.(69,75,78) The samples with which the mindfulness-based stress reduction interventions for stress management were conducted were in undergraduate students (n 1⁄…”