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Cited by 60Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Dispositional Mindfulness Uncouples Physiological and Emotional Reactivity to a Laboratory Stressor and Emotional Reactivity to Executive Functioning Lapses in Daily Life

Open access
Feldman, Greg, Lavallee, Jayne, Gildawie, Kelsea, Greeson, Jeffrey M.·2016·Mindfulness
DOI 10.1007/s12671-015-0487-3PMC PMC4831864
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Abstract

Both dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness training may help to uncouple the degree to which distress is experienced in response to aversive internal experience and external events. Because emotional reactivity is a transdiagnostic process implicated in numerous psychological disorders, dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness training could exert mental health benefits, in part, by buffering emotional reactivity. The present studies examine whether dispositional mindfulness moderates two understudied processes in stress reactivity research: the degree of concordance between subjective and physiological reactivity to a laboratory stressor (study 1) and the degree of dysphoric mood reactivity to lapses in executive functioning in daily life (study 2). In both studies, lower emotional reactivity to aversive experiences was observed among individuals scoring higher in mindfulness, particularly non-judging, relative to those scoring lower in mindfulness. These findings support the hypothesis that higher dispositional mindfulness fosters lower emotional reactivity. Results are discussed in terms of implications for applying mindfulness-based interventions to a range of psychological disorders in which people have difficulty regulating emotional reactions to stress.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Across two studies with female undergraduates, higher trait mindfulness was linked to weaker coupling between physiological arousal and negative affect after a laboratory stressor and weaker end-of-day dysphoric mood after daily executive-function lapses. The buffering was most consistent for the non-judging and non-reactivity facets of mindfulness.

Key findings

  • Study 1 (N = 97 analyzed): the lab stressor increased skin conductance (ΔSCL M = 2.46, p < .001) and negative affect (ΔNA M = 2.79, p < .001), but mean heart-rate change was not significant (ΔHR M = 0.66, p = .14; 41% showed at least a 1-bpm decrease). Mindfulness moderated the heart-rate–negative-affect link: at low CAMS-R, slope = 0.45, p = .002, versus high CAMS-R, slope = 0.01, p = .96; at low FFMQ non-judging, slope = 0.53, p < .001, versus high non-judging, slope = −0.01, p = .97. Skin-conductance interactions were not significant.
  • Study 2 (N = 224; 7 nightly surveys; average 6.7 diaries completed): all mindfulness scales predicted lower daily dysphoric affect, and within-person executive-function lapses predicted higher dysphoric affect in 7 of 8 models. After controlling for prior-day mood, FFMQ non-judging and non-reactivity moderated the lapse–mood association: low non-judging slope = 0.59, p < .001, versus high non-judging slope = 0.09, p = .59; low non-reactivity slope = 0.57, p < .001, versus high non-reactivity slope = 0.12, p = .45.
  • Across both studies, non-judging was the most consistent moderator; acting with awareness was less consistent (Study 1 interaction p = .051; Study 2 did not significantly moderate within-person EF-lapse reactivity).

Methods

  • Study 1: 100 female undergraduates were recruited, with 97 analyzed after psychophysiological data loss. Participants completed baseline heart rate and skin conductance, pre- and post-task negative affect, and the Mirror Tracing Persistence Task–Computerized Version. Hierarchical regressions tested whether CAMS-R or FFMQ facets moderated the association between physiological reactivity (ΔHR or ΔSCL) and change in negative affect, followed by simple-slope analyses.
  • Study 2: 224 female undergraduates completed baseline CAMS-R and short-form FFMQ measures, then 7 nightly surveys assessing end-of-day dysphoric affect and a 5-item executive-function lapse checklist. Multilevel models separated between-person and within-person EF lapses, tested mindfulness × within-person EF-lapse interactions, and repeated models controlling for prior-day dysphoric affect.
  • Measures included the CAMS-R, FFMQ acting with awareness/non-judging/non-reactivity facets, PANAS negative or dysphoric affect, and BDEFS-adapted daily EF-lapse items.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: Study 1’s stressor produced variable heart-rate responses, including decelerations, and the heart-rate moderation did not parallel skin-conductance findings; distress timing could not isolate reactions to physiological arousal versus the task itself. Both studies used female college-student samples, limiting generalizability, and did not collect formal mindfulness practice data. Study 2’s daily EF-lapse measure had low reliability (α = .44–.68), and possible mediators such as self-compassion or rumination were not assessed.
  • Evident from the text: the designs are correlational/non-experimental for dispositional mindfulness, so causal effects of mindfulness training are not directly tested; samples are non-clinical female undergraduates; and Study 1 is described as a re-analysis of data previously reported in Feldman et al. (2014).

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s12671-015-0487-3

Cites

93 of 93 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 94 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The interaction between change in heart rate and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire non-reactivity facet was not statistically significant (p = .16).

    “in the final step of the fourth model, the ΔHR X FFMQ – Non-reactivity (NR) interaction term was not statistically significant (p = .16).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The interaction between change in heart rate and the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised was statistically significant.

    “In the final step of the first model, the ΔHR X CAMS-R interaction term was statistically significant, consistent with a moderating effect of mindfulness of thoughts and feelings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire act with awareness facet was not a significant predictor of change in negative affect in its model.

    “In the second step, CAMS-R, FFMQ-NJ, and FFMQ-NR each explained additional significant variance in ΔNA in their respective models (small to medium effects); whereas FFMQ-AWA was not a significant predictor in its model.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The interaction between change in heart rate and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire non-judging facet was statistically significant.

    “in the final step of the third model, the ΔHR X FFMQ – Non-judging (NJ) interaction term was statistically significant, indicating a moderating effect of the non-judging quality of mindfulness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Negative affect increased significantly following the stressor task.

    “following the task, significant increases were observed in negative affect (ΔNA = 2.79 (4.46), Mbaseline = 12.47 (3.00), Mtask = 15.26 (4.87), t(96) = −6.12, p < .001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 49
  • May combine two claims. 36
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

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    Findingown data

    The interaction between change in heart rate and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire act with awareness facet approached statistical significance (p = .051).

    “In the final step of the second model, ΔHR X FFMQ –Act With Awareness (AWA) interaction term approached statistically significance (p = .051), suggesting a possible moderating effect of mindfully acting with awareness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The MTPT-C successfully increased subjective distress and skin conductance level across participants.

    “The MTPT-C was successful in evoking increased subjective distress and increased SCL across participants”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All four mindfulness scales had a significant main effect on daily dysphoric affect in all models, with higher dispositional mindfulness associated with lower dysphoric affect.

    “all four mindfulness scales exhibited a significant main effect on daily dysphoric affect in all models, such that higher levels of dispositional mindfulness were associated with lower levels of dysphoric affect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The overall effect size of each model with change in skin conductance level was in the small range.

    “The overall effect size of each model was in the small range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both the CAMS-R and the FFMQ Non-Judging scale moderated the association between heart rate reactivity and emotional reactivity.

    “Specifically, both the CAMS-R and the FFMQ Non-Judging scale moderated the association of heart rate reactivity and emotional reactivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Many participants in this sample showed a heart rate decrease, consistent with Ellis et al. (2013), who observed an overall heart rate decrease to this task in young adults with and without major depressive disorder.

    “Many in this sample showed a heart rate decrease, a result consistent with Ellis et al. (2013) who also observed overall heart rate decrease in response to this task in a sample of young adults with and without Major Depressive Disorder.”
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    • cites Ellis et al. (2013) source

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    Findingown data

    The moderation graphs suggest that the key emotional reactivity difference is between high and low mindfulness at high levels of increased physiological arousal, with no evident difference among those who had heart rate deceleration.

    “The graph of the moderation analyses suggest the key difference in emotional reactivity is between individuals high and low in mindfulness at a high level of increased physiological arousal, whereas differences in emotional reactivity were not evident among those individuals who experienced HR deceleration during the stressful task”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among those low in FFMQ Non-Judging, executive functioning lapses were positively correlated with dysphoric affect, whereas among those high in FFMQ Non-Judging the correlation was not significant.

    “among those low in FFMQ-NJ (−1 SD), EF Lapses were positively correlated with dysphoric affect (slope = 0.59, p <.001); whereas for those high in FFMQ-NJ (+1 SD), EF Lapses were not significantly correlated with dysphoric affect (slope = .09, p = .59)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Total time spent on the MTPT-C was significantly associated with skin conductance level reactivity but not with heart rate reactivity or negative affect reactivity.

    “total time spent on task was significantly associated ΔSCL (r = −.26, p = .009) but not ΔHR (r = −.06, p = .56) and ΔNA (r = −.02, p = .88).”
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    • cites Feldman et al., 2014 source

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    Findingown data

    The overall effect size of Models 1, 3, and 4 were in the medium effect size range whereas Model 2 was in the small range.

    “The overall effect size of Models 1 (CAMS-R), 3 (FFMQ – NJ), and 4 (FFMQ – NR) were in the medium effect size range whereas Model 2 (AWA) was in the small range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Act with Awareness scale had only a marginally significant buffering effect on the association between physiological and subjective arousal in Study 1 and did not significantly reduce the effects of daily increases in executive functioning lapses on distress in Study 2, replicating a similar daily diary study using the FFMQ.

    “In contrast, the Act with Awareness scale exhibited only a marginally significant buffering effect on the association of physiological and subjective arousal in Study 1 and did not significantly mitigate the effects of daily increases in EF lapse on distress in Study 2—the latter replicating the results of a similar daily diary study using the FFMQ (Ciesla et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ciesla et al. (2012) source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Although the Act with Awareness facet of the FFMQ did not moderate the effect of daily executive lapses on dysphoric affect, it was a significant moderator of between-subjects mean executive lapses in Models 2a and 2b.

    “Although the Act with Awareness facet of the FFMQ did not moderate the effect of daily executive lapses on dysphoric affect, it was a significant moderator of between-subjects mean executive lapses (Models 2a and 2b) in the present study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The non-reactivity facets of the FFMQ predicted greater emotional reactivity after the laboratory stressor, although they did not moderate subjective-physiological concordance, and they also moderated the effect of daily executive functioning lapses on dysphoric affect above and beyond prior-day mood.

    “The non-reactivity facets of the FFMQ predicted greater emotional reactivity following the laboratory stressor (although did not moderate subjective-physiological concordance) and also moderated the effect of daily EF lapses on dysphoric affect above and beyond the effect of prior day mood.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The CAMS-R total score moderated subjective-physiological concordance in Study 1 and the relationship between executive functioning lapses and emotional reactivity, but not when prior-day dysphoric affect was controlled.

    “The CAMS-R total score, which also contains items assessing non-judging and non-reactivity, moderated subjective-physiological concordance in Study 1 and the relationship between EF lapses and emotional reactivity (but not when prior day dysphoric affect was controlled).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Despite conceptual differences between the mindfulness measures, results replicated in Study 1 and partially replicated in Study 2 across both measures.

    “Despite these conceptual differences, results replicated (Study 1) and partially replicated (Study 2) across both measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Across the two studies, greater affective-physiological concordance in Study 1 and emotional reactivity to executive functioning lapses in Study 2 were observed among individuals low in mindfulness.

    “Across the two studies, greater affective-physiological concordance (Study 1) and emotional reactivity to EF lapses (Study 2) were observed among individuals who were low in mindfulness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A brief 15-minute mindfulness induction reduces emotional reactivity to repetitive thoughts in college students.

    “a brief 15-minute mindfulness induction helped to reduce emotional reactivity to repetitive thoughts in college students (Feldman, Greeson, & Senville, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Feldman, Greeson, & Senville, 2010 source

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    Premisecitation

    Daily mood reactivity to stressful events prospectively predicts increases in depression symptoms.

    “daily mood reactivity to stressful events has been shown to prospectively predict increases in depression symptoms (O’Neill, Cohen, Tolpin, & Gunthert, 2004; Parrish, Cohen, & Laurenceau, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites O’Neill, Cohen, Tolpin, & Gunthert, 2004 source

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    • cites Parrish, Cohen, & Laurenceau, 2011 source

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    Premisecitation

    Emotional reactivity to stress is a transdiagnostic process that mindfulness-based interventions may successfully target.

    “Emotional reactivity to stress is a transdiagnostic process that may be successfully targeted by mindfulness-based interventions (Greeson et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Greeson et al., 2014

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    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness training of various lengths can reduce emotional reactivity.

    “Second, mindfulness training of various lengths can aid in reducing emotional reactivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Lower levels of mindfulness may contribute to greater reactivity to stress and could increase vulnerability to psychological disorders involving excessive emotional reactivity.

    “Conversely, lower levels of mindfulness may contribute to greater reactivity to stress, and, by extension, could increase vulnerability to psychological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and substance use, which involve excessive emotional reactivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A frequent finding in laboratory stressor research is a relatively modest correlation between physiological markers of arousal and subjective distress.

    “a frequent finding in laboratory stressor research more broadly is the relatively modest correlation between physiological markers of arousal (e.g., heart rate) and subjective distress (e.g., self-report measures of negative affect) (P. Feldman et al., 1999).”
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    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness as assessed by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire act with awareness and non-reactivity scales moderates the association of perceived stress with depression symptoms and perceived physical health in a large adult sample.

    “Bränström, Duncan, and Moskowitz (2011) found that mindfulness (assessed with FFMQ act with awareness and non-reactivity scales) moderated the association of perceived stress with depression symptoms and perceived physical health in a large adult sample.”
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    • cites Bränström, Duncan, and Moskowitz (2011) source

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    Study design and conductown data

    The Positive and Negative Affect Scale demonstrated acceptable internal consistency at pre-task and post-task.

    “The PANAS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency at both pre-task (α = .71) and post-task (α = .81).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Individuals who experience greater executive function difficulties report elevated depression symptoms in cross-sectional studies.

    “Individuals who experience greater EF difficulties report elevated depression symptoms in cross-sectional studies (Feldman, Knouse, & Robinson, 2013; Knouse, Barkley, & Murphy, 2012; Wingo et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Feldman, Knouse, & Robinson, 2013

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    • cites Knouse, Barkley, & Murphy, 2012

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    • cites Wingo et al., 2013 source

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    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness-based relapse prevention attenuates the association between residual depression symptoms and subsequent cravings and use compared to treatment-as-usual.

    “the association of residual depression symptoms post-treatment predicted cravings and subsequent use in the treatment as usual group; however, the depression-craving association was attenuated in the group who received mindfulness training.”
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    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness as assessed by the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised moderates the positive association of adverse childhood events and poor adult health-related quality of life in a large sample of mostly female adult public service providers.

    “the positive association of adverse childhood events and poor adult health-related quality of life was moderated by mindfulness as assessed by the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R; Feldman et al., 2007) (Whitaker et al., 2014).”
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    • cites Whitaker et al., 2014 source

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    • cites Feldman et al., 2007 source

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    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy moderates the effect of post-treatment cognitive reactivity on subsequent depression severity at 15-month follow-up compared to maintenance anti-depressant medication.

    “the effect of post-treatment cognitive reactivity (increases in negative thoughts following a laboratory sad mood induction) on severity of subsequent depression symptoms at 15-month follow-up was moderated by treatment condition.”
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    • cites Kuyken et al., 2010 source

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    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness is regarded as an adaptive response to unwanted internal events in theoretical accounts and meditation practice.

    “in both theoretical accounts and in meditation practice, mindfulness is regarded as an adaptive response to unwanted internal events (Baer, 2010; Dorjee, 2010; Grabovac, Lau & Willett, 2011; Hayes & Feldman, 2004).”
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    • cites Baer, 2010

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    • cites Grabovac, Lau & Willett, 2011 source

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    Study design and conductcitation

    The Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire facets have evidence of internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and clinical utility.

    “Both measures have evidence of internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity (Baer et al., 2006; Feldman et al., 2007) and clinical utility in terms of sensitivity to change and association with symptom improvement in mindfulness-based interventions (Carmody et al., 2009; Greeson et al., 2011).”
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    • cites Baer et al., 2006 source

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    • cites Feldman et al., 2007 source

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    • cites Carmody et al., 2009 source

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    Premisecitation

    Rates of physiological-subjective concordance are higher in clinical versus non-clinical samples, high versus low trait anxious undergraduates, children genetically at-risk for psychopathology versus low risk, and individuals with PTSD versus without PTSD.

    “Previous research suggests that rates of physiological-subjective concordance are higher in clinical vs. non-clinical samples (Sallis, Lichstein & McGlynn, 1980), high vs. low trait anxious undergraduates (Calvo & Miguel-Tobal, 1999), children genetically at-risk for psychopathology vs. children at low genetic risk (Zahn, Nurnberger, Berrettini, & Robinson, 1991), and individuals with PTSD”
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    • cites Sallis, Lichstein & McGlynn, 1980 source

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    • cites Zahn, Nurnberger, Berrettini, & Robinson, 1991 source

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    Premisecitation

    Previous laboratory studies have established that both dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness training are associated with lower reactivity to standardized laboratory stressors.

    “Previous laboratory studies have established that both dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness training are associated with lower reactivity to standardized laboratory stressors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Dispositional mindfulness as assessed by the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale moderates the effect of recent hassles on depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in an adolescent sample.

    “cross-sectional studies also showed that dispositional mindfulness (assessed with the MAAS) moderated the effect of recent hassles on depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in an adolescent sample (Marks et al., 2010)”
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    Premisenone given

    No studies to date have investigated whether dispositional mindfulness can uncouple emotional reactions from executive functioning lapses in everyday life.

    “no studies to date have investigated whether dispositional mindfulness can uncouple emotional reactions from executive functioning lapses in everyday life.”
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    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness training of various lengths produces reduced physiological and subjective reactivity to various laboratory stressors.

    “mindfulness training of various lengths has also been found to produce reduced physiological and subjective reactivity to various laboratory stressors (Creswell et al., 2014; Britton et al., 2012; Hoge et al., 2013, Nyklíček et al, 2013, Steffen & Larson, 2014).”
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    • cites Creswell et al., 2014 source

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    • cites Britton et al., 2012 source

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    Premisecitation

    A recent prospective study in college students found that executive functioning deficits precede worsening depression symptoms over three months, while depression symptoms did not predict worsening executive functioning deficits.

    “One recent prospective study in a college student sample found that EF deficits precede the worsening of depression symptoms over a three-month period but depression symptoms did not predict worsening EF deficits (Letkiewicz et al., 2014).”
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    • cites Letkiewicz et al., 2014 source

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    Premisereasoning

    The causal direction of the association between executive functioning and depression symptoms in cross-sectional studies is unclear.

    “The causal direction of the association of EF and depression symptoms reported in these cross-sectional studies is unclear.”
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    Study design and conductown data

    The average number of diaries submitted was 6.7 out of 7, indicating a high rate of compliance.

    “The average number of diaries submitted was 6.7 out of 7, indicating a high rate of compliance.”
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    Interpretationcitation

    The lack of parallel skin conductance findings may reflect parasympathetic regulation of heart rate but not skin conductance, and mindfulness may be especially relevant to concordance involving parasympathetic regulation.

    “This may be attributable to the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in regulating HR but not SC (Diamond & Otter-Henderson, 2007) and it is possible the construct of mindfulness is particularly salient to concordance between subjective distress and physiological reactivity in which there is parasympathetic regulation (Brosschot, Verkuil & Thayer, 2010; Williams & Thayer, 2009).”
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    • cites Diamond & Otter-Henderson, 2007

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    Interpretationreasoning

    The CAMS-R and FFMQ Non-Judging scale share items that capture reacting to internal experience with acceptance.

    “What these two measures share are items that capture the tendency to react to internal experience with an attitude of acceptance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-reported executive functioning deficits are associated with dysphoric affect and depression symptoms among college students and with greater depression severity among treatment-seeking individuals with ADHD.

    “Self-reported deficits in EF are associated with dysphoric affect and depression symptoms among college students (Bridgett et al, 2013; Feldman, Knouse, & Robinson, 2013; Wingo, Kalkut, Tuminello, Asconape, & Han, 2013) and greater depression symptom severity among individuals seeking treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Knouse, Barkley, & Murphy, 2012).”
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    • cites Bridgett et al, 2013 source

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    • cites Feldman, Knouse, & Robinson, 2013

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    • cites Wingo, Kalkut, Tuminello, Asconape, & Han, 2013 source

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    Premisecitation

    A cross-sectional study suggests that dispositional mindfulness partly explains the association between cognitive failures and depression symptoms.

    “The relevance of mindfulness in mood reactivity to EF lapses is suggested by a cross-sectional study that found that the association between the tendency to experience cognitive failures (a concept similar to EF lapses) and depression symptoms was explained in part by dispositional mindfulness (Carriere, Cheyne,& Smilek, 2008).”
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    • cites Carriere, Cheyne,& Smilek, 2008 source

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    Premisecitation

    Bolger and Laurenceau suggest that the analytic approach can provide a sufficiently strong test of the causal effect of a daily event on an end-of-day psychological state if the event temporally precedes the dependent variable.

    “Bolger & Laurenceau (2013) suggest that the analytic approach described above can provide a sufficiently strong test of the causal effect of a daily event (in this case, EF lapse) on an end-of-day psychological state (in this case, dysphoric affect) even if the two variables are assessed at the same time point provided the event temporally precedes the dependent variable.”
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    • cites Bolger & Laurenceau (2013)

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    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness training improves selected laboratory measures of executive functioning and self-reported executive functioning.

    “Mindfulness training has been found to enhance select laboratory measures of executive functioning (EF) (Chiesa et al., 2011; Jha, Stanley & Baime, 2010; Teper, Segal & Inzlicht, 2013; Zeidan et al, 2010) as well as self-reported EF (Mitchell et al., 2013).”
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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Individuals who are more mindful of their thoughts and feelings and less judgmental toward inner experience may show less emotional reactivity to heart-rate changes during a stressful task.

    “One possible interpretation is that individuals who are more mindful of their thoughts and feelings and are less judging toward their own inner experience may have demonstrated less emotional reactivity to changes in heart rate experienced in response to the stressful task.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A more conservative follow-up analysis added prior-day dysphoric affect as an additional covariate in Models 1b through 4b.

    “we performed a more conservative follow-up analysis in which analyses were repeated with an additional covariate added: prior day dysphoric affect (Models 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The moderating effects of non-judging and non-reactivity held after controlling for prior-day mood, which helps rule out the possibility that greater emotional reactivity among less mindful individuals is simply due to a tendency to report greater dysphoric affect across study days.

    “Like Ciesla et al. (2012), the moderating effects of non-judging and non-reactivity held after controlling for prior day mood, helping to rule out the possibility that the greater emotional reactivity of less mindful individuals is simply due a tendency to report greater dysphoric affect across study days.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ciesla et al. (2012) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A central aim of MBSR programs is to replace habitual stress reactivity with more intentional, flexible responding, and to apply bare attention so that moment-to-moment experience is perceived directly rather than through narrative, evaluative processing.

    “Broadly, the idea of replacing habitual reactivity to stressors with more intentional and flexible responding is a central aim of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programs, as is an ability to apply “bare attention” in order to directly perceive one’s moment-by-moment experience, uncoupled from more narrative, evaluative processing of these experiences (Kabat-Zinn, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kabat-Zinn, 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because the MAAS assesses mindful attention or awareness across more daily contexts than the briefer FFMQ Act with Awareness scale, it may be more robust for detecting reactivity to various stressors.

    “It may be that because the MAAS assesses mindful attention/awareness (or its absence) in a larger variety of daily contexts than the briefer FFMQ Act with Awareness scale, it is more robust to detecting reactivity to a variety of stressors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prior cross-sectional studies show an association between more trait-like measures of executive functioning dysfunction and depression symptoms.

    “with the results of prior cross-sectional studies showing an association between more trait like measures of EF dysfunction and depression symptoms (Bridgett et al, 2013; Feldman et al., 2013; Knouse et al., 2012; Wingo et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bridgett et al, 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Feldman et al., 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Knouse et al., 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The present study helps further establish that executive functioning lapses impact daily variation in dysphoric affect, consistent with recent evidence that executive functioning dysfunction temporally precedes depression symptom development.

    “However, the present study helps to further establish the role of EF lapses in impacting daily variation in dysphoric affect, consistent with recent evidence that EF dysfunction temporally precedes depression symptom development (Letkiewicz et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Letkiewicz et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Earlier studies of undergraduates at the same institution suggest that regular formal meditation is relatively uncommon in unselected samples; in one such study only 4.8% reported meditating daily.

    “Prior studies conducted with undergraduate students at the institution where the present studies were conducted suggest that regular formal meditation practice in an unselected sample may be relatively rare (e.g., in Feldman et al., 2010, only 4.8% of participants reported meditating daily).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Feldman et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    MBIs typically ask participants to attend to bodily discomfort with openness, acceptance and curiosity so as to lower emotional reactivity.

    “Typically, MBIs encourage participants to attend to physiological discomfort with openness, acceptance, and curiosity to reduce emotional reactivity (Roemer & Orsillo, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Roemer & Orsillo, 2009

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    A strength of the present study is using two distinct mindfulness questionnaires, whereas prior laboratory and naturalistic research on emotional reactivity largely used only one.

    “Indeed, a strength of the present study is the use of two distinct questionnaires to measure mindfulness whereas prior laboratory and naturalistic research on emotional reactivity have largely included only a single questionnaire (see Kadziolka et al. (2015) for a recent exception).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kadziolka et al. (2015)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The current findings agree with two earlier studies in which the Act with Awareness facet moderated the link between stress and distress when stress was measured with a single summary score of daily hassles or of perceived stress.

    “these results are consistent with two prior studies that found that measures tapping the Act with Awareness facet of mindfulness moderated the stressor-distress association in studies using a single summary score of daily hassles (Marks et al., 2010) and perceived stress (Bränström et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Marks et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bränström et al., 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In MBCT for depression, self-critical judgments are treated as mere mental events to be observed dispassionately, which helps reduce further rumination and negative affect; comparable techniques have been adapted for ADHD.

    “In mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression, judgments about personal short-comings are treated as simply mental events that can be observed dispassionately to help reduce a cascade of further ruminative thoughts and negative affect (Segal et al., 2002) and similar techniques have been adapted for the treatment of ADHD (Mitchell et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Segal et al., 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mitchell et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results generalize across broad assessments of negative affective states in Study 1 and more focused measures of depressed or dysphoric mood in Study 2.

    “The results also generalize across both broad assessments of negative affective states (Study 1) and more focused measures of depressed/dysphoric mood (Study 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The CAMS-R may reflect willingness and ability to be mindful rather than realization of mindfulness experience during the day, which may more closely describe FFMQ items.

    “As noted by Bergomi et al. (2013), the CAMS-R may reflect “the willingness and ability to be mindful rather than as a realization of mindfulness experience during the day” which may more closely describe items in the FFMQ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bergomi et al. (2013) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The present study measured emotional reactivity only by self-report.

    “Finally, the present study relied on self-reported measures of emotional reactivity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The present studies help clarify mechanisms of emotional reactivity that may matter for several psychological disorders affecting younger women and other demographic groups.

    “Nevertheless, the present studies help to elucidate mechanisms of emotional reactivity that may be relevant for a range of psychological disorders that affect younger women and many other demographic subgroups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Day-to-day increases in mindfulness facets during mindfulness training predict day-to-day improvements in negative affect.

    “Furthermore, daily increase in mindfulness facets occurring during mindfulness training predicts daily improvements in negative affect (Snippe et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Snippe et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Decoupling effects of this kind have been identified as a promising mechanism to study in acceptance- and mindfulness-based therapy research and as a potentially useful way to analyze clients' self-monitoring data in clinical practice.

    “however decoupling effects such as these have been highlighted as both a promising mechanism of action to examine in research on acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies as well as a potentially informative approach to analyzing client self-monitoring assessments in clinical practice (Levin, Luoma, & Haeger (2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Levin, Luoma, & Haeger (2015) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Because both samples were entirely female college students, the results cannot be generalized to men, to people of other ages and educational levels, or to clinical samples.

    “First, the use of entirely female samples of college students limits generalizability to men, individuals with more diverse ages and levels of educational attainment, and importantly, clinical samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    People with low MAAS scores tend to appraise stressors as less benign and to cope with them in ways that are less active and more avoidant.

    “Previous research shows that individuals who score low on the MAAS tend to make less benign appraisals of stressors and tend to cope with stressors in less active and more avoidant ways (Weinstein, Brown, & Ryan 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Weinstein, Brown, & Ryan 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    As of the paper's writing, neither emotional reactivity to physiological arousal nor emotional reactivity to executive-functioning lapses had been examined in research on the mechanisms of MBIs.

    “To date, neither process has been studied in the growing literature on psychological mechanisms of MBIs (see Chiesa, Anselmi, & Serretti, 2014; Gu, Strauss, Bond, & Cavanagh, 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chiesa, Anselmi, & Serretti, 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gu, Strauss, Bond, & Cavanagh, 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    The present study helps address recent calls to examine equanimity as an outcome in mindfulness research by focusing on emotionally even responding to stressors and repeated measures of emotional distress.

    “The present study also helps to address recent calls to examine the construct of equanimity as an outcome in research on mindfulness (Desbordes et al., 2015) by focusing on emotionally-even responding to stressors and examining the time-course of stress response by including repeated measures of emotional distress to assess change following exposure to stressful experiences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Desbordes et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present study strengthens the case that low dispositional mindfulness is a risk factor for emotional reactivity across a range of stressful experiences, and that high dispositional mindfulness buffers stress.

    “In summary, the present study helps to further establish the relevance of low dispositional mindfulness as a risk factor for emotional reactivity to a variety of stressful experiences, and the stress buffering effect of high dispositional mindfulness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Evidence indicates that cultivating mindful states over time fosters more trait-like mindfulness.

    “with recent evidence supporting the notion that cultivating mindful states, over time, fosters more mindful traits (Kiken et al. 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kiken et al. 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Evidence from neuroimaging and other laboratory work is accumulating that mindfulness may promote a shift toward reappraisal after emotional perturbation.

    “There is growing evidence from both neuroimaging and other laboratory studies that mindfulness may facilitate a shift to reappraisal following emotional perturbation (See Greeson et al., 2014 for a review).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Greeson et al., 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The study did not collect information about participants' formal mindfulness practice.

    “A further limitation is that information on the participants’ formal practice of mindfulness was not collected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The present study's assessment timing and specificity could not capture the separate stages of coping that the mindful coping model proposes.

    “The timing and specificity of the assessments in the present study were not sufficient to capture the distinct stages of coping proposed by this model.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The present study examined only emotional reactivity to stressors.

    “Another important limitation that can be addressed in future research is the exclusive focus on emotional reactivity to stressors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness-based interventions can raise dispositional mindfulness.

    “Mindfulness-based interventions can increase dispositional mindfulness (Bränström et al., 2010; Carmody et al., 2009; Greeson et al., 2011; Nyklíček et al., 2008)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bränström et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Carmody et al., 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Greeson et al., 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

73 of 73

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Everyday executive functioning lapses can produce transient negative emotions such as shame, disappointment, or frustration.

    “Everyday EF lapses such as arriving late for a meeting, forgetting to do something important, or blurting out an inappropriate comment in a social context can give rise to transient negative emotions such as shame, disappointment, or frustration.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some people continue to have elevated dysphoric mood at the end of the day after executive functioning lapses, indicating prolonged emotional reactivity to a common everyday stressor.

    “Some individuals may recover their mood shortly after experiencing the EF lapses; however, some may continue to experience elevated dysphoric mood at the end of the day following EF lapses, a sign of prolonged emotional reactivity to a common, everyday stressor.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The between-subjects executive functioning lapse variable largely accounts for an individual's general tendency to experience or report executive functioning lapses.

    “The between-subjects variable is largely a covariate that accounts for an individuals’ general tendency to experience/report EF lapses.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The within-subjects executive functioning lapse term reflects the unique effect of lapses that exceed or fall below a person's typical daily experience.

    “The within-subjects term is of greater interest as it reflects the unique effect of EF lapses that exceed or fall below a person’s typical daily experience of EF lapses.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    In the follow-up models, the dependent variable can be treated as change in daily dysphoric affect over the day in which executive functioning lapses may have occurred.

    “In each of these four models, the dependent variable can be conceptualized as change in daily dysphoric affect over the course of the day in which the EF lapse(s) may have occurred.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Laboratory studies found that people higher in habitual acceptance who were exposed to a negative emotion induction experienced lower negative emotion.

    “Individuals who habitually accept their mental experiences more (vs. less), and who were then exposed to a negative emotion induction, experienced lower levels of negative emotion.”

    From The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence (2018) · cites this paper as Feldman, Lavalle, Gildawie, & Greeson, 2016

    In Study 1 (Method and Results; page unavailable), participants completed a stressful mirror-tracing task, and higher non-judging—a measure of acceptance—buffered the relationship between heart-rate increases and increases in negative affect. The claim omits that this finding was conditional on physiological arousal: the Discussion says differences in emotional reactivity were not evident among participants whose heart rates fell. It also calls the stress task a negative-emotion induction, which is less precise than the paper’s description. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Feldman et al. (2016) found that undergraduates higher in habitual acceptance felt less sad on days with more frequent stress-inducing executive functioning lapses.

    “in a sample of undergraduates who completed seven daily diaries, students higher (vs. lower) in habitual acceptance felt less sad on days when they had more frequent stress-inducing ‘executive functioning lapses’ (e.g., being late for something important) (Feldman et al., 2016).”

    From The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence (2018) · cites this paper as Feldman et al., 2016

  • In theory, mindfulness skills such as non-judgmental observation without reacting can uncouple emotional reactions from physical sensations, aiding coping and resilience.

    “In theory, when confronted with physical symptoms triggered or exacerbated by stress, mindfulness skills like non-judgmentally observing, without reacting, can help “uncouple” emotional reactions from physical sensations, thereby facilitating coping and increasing resilience [63].”

    From Mindfulness and physical disease: a concise review (2019) · cites this paper as [63]

  • One possible mechanism through which dispositional mindfulness buffers stress is by improving emotional regulation.

    “It appears that one of the possible mechanisms through which DM does this is by improving emotional regulation (Coffey and Hartman 2008; de Frias 2014; Feldman et al. 2016; Kadziolka et al. 2016; McDonald et al. 2016; Prakash et al. 2015).”

    From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Feldman et al. 2016

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(96) = -1.5reported p = .14 · recomputed p = .137

    “t(96) = −1.50, p = .14”

  • Consistentt(96) = -12.88reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(96) = −12.88, p < .001”

  • Consistentt(96) = -6.12reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(96) = −6.12, p < .001”

3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Segal and colleagues' citation year differs from the reference list

    Minor

    The text cites this source as 2002, but its reference entry is dated 2001.

  • Knouse and colleagues' citation year differs from the reference list

    Minor

    The text cites the Knouse, Barkley, and Murphy source as 2012, whereas the corresponding reference entry gives 2013.

  • Weinstein and colleagues' citation year differs from the reference list

    Minor

    The in-text citation gives 2012, while the corresponding reference entry gives 2009.

  • Gerin citation year differs from the reference list

    Minor

    The in-text citation dates Gerin's source to 2011, but the listed reference is dated 2010.

  • Calvo and Miguel-Tobal citation year differs from the reference list

    Minor

    The text gives 1999 for this source, while its reference entry gives 1998.

  • Bergomi citation year differs from the reference list

    Minor

    The text cites Bergomi and colleagues as a 2012 source, but the corresponding reference entry is dated 2013.

6 of 6

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 94 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Baer, R. A. (2010). Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions and processes of change. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Assessing mindfulness & acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory & practice of change (pp. 1–21). Oakland: New Harbinger.
  2. Barkley, R. A. (2012b). The Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale. New York: Guilford Press.
  3. Feldman, G., Knouse, L. E., & Robinson, A. (2013). Executive functioning difficulties and depression symptoms: multidimensional assessment, incremental validity, and prospective associations. Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 13(2).
  4. Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., & Baime, M. J. (2010). What does mindfulness training strengthen? Working memory capacity as a functional marker of training success. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Assessing mindfulness & acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change (pp. 207–221). New York: New Harbinger.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Feldman, G., Lavallee, J., Gildawie, K., & Greeson, J. M.
Affiliations
  • Simmons University (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author
Feldman, Greg
ORCID
Venue
Mindfulness
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-01-09
Volume
7
Issue
2
Pages
527-541
ISSN
  • 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
  • 1868-8535
DOI
10.1007/s12671-015-0487-3
PMC
PMC4831864
OpenAlex
W2230593591
Semantic Scholar
b7e6c983a6c2ce92f8e9ad425e1a310304dbadd9
Cited by
59
References
94
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 11
FWCI
7.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Rowan Digitals Works (Rowan University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R00 AT004945)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
trait mindfulness, emotional reactivity, stress reactivity, laboratory stressor, physiological reactivity, dysphoric mood, non-judgment, mindfulness training, emotion regulation, mindfulness-based interventions

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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