The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 18 of the 51 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations.
Open accessAbstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional disorder characterized by abdominal pain and hypervigilance to gastrointestinal sensations. We hypothesized that mindfulness training (MT), which promotes nonreactive awareness of emotional and sensory experience, may target underlying mechanisms of IBS including affective pain processing and catastrophic appraisals of gastrointestinal sensations. Seventy five female IBS patients were randomly assigned to participate in either 8 weeks of MT or a social support group. A theoretically grounded, multivariate path model tested therapeutic mediators of the effect of MT on IBS severity and quality of life. Results suggest that MT exerts significant therapeutic effects on IBS symptoms by promoting nonreactivity to gut-focused anxiety and catastrophic appraisals of the significance of abdominal sensations coupled with a refocusing of attention onto interoceptive data with less emotional interference. Hence, MT appears to target and ameliorate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of IBS.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Own result · 20 Own interpretation · 19 Own method · 14 No full text of the sources · 10 Partly supported · 6 Supported · 6 Sources not found · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, selective attention to visceral sensations and heightened threat appraisals may maintain IBS symptoms in lieu of present stressors (Naliboff et al., 2008).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Naliboff et al., 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction links hypervigilance to GI sensations and symptom-specific fears with visceral hypersensitivity, which it says may underlie IBS discomfort. The Discussion links hypersensitivity to symptom generation, but does not establish that these processes maintain symptoms without present stressors; the heightened response observed in this study occurred in a threat context after aversive stimulation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Indeed, reduced cognitive elaboration of the sensory experience of pain through meditation has been shown to decrease pain unpleasantness (Perlman et al., 2010).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Perlman et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports reduced pain-unpleasantness ratings in long-term meditators practicing open monitoring. It says the results “appear to support” reduced cognitive elaboration as an explanation; it does not establish that mechanism as the cause, as the citing sentence implies. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“One such condition, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), remains refractory for a substantial number of patients receiving usual medical care, yet seems to be especially tractable to psychological treatments like cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) (Lackner et al., 2007), clinical hypnosis (Whorwell et al., 1984), and mindfulness-based therapy (Gaylord et al., 2011; Ljotsson et al., 2010).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lackner et al., 2007 source
Lackner et al. is cited for CBT, not for hypnosis or mindfulness-based therapy. The Introduction says conventional medical treatments often fall short for more severely affected patients, and the Results report significantly greater GI-symptom improvement with CBT than with the control conditions. The copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Whorwell et al., 1984 source
- Supportedcites Gaylord et al., 2011 source
The Introduction states that a substantial proportion of patients do not obtain adequate relief from conventional medical care and describes CBT and hypnosis as among the most successful IBS treatments. The Discussion reports that mindfulness training substantially reduced IBS symptom severity compared with a support group. The mindfulness trial included women only, but the citing sentence presents a hedged, general characterization rather than claiming a demonstrated effect in every patient. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, path analyses of CBT as a treatment for IBS conducted by Lackner and colleagues (2007) found no evidence for such a presumed meditational effect.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lackner et al., 2007 source
The Discussion states that structural equation analyses found CBT-related improvements in IBS symptoms were not mediated by changes in psychological distress. The Results likewise report no evidence of a direct effect of distress on global GI improvement after other variables were held constant. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One explanation for this discrepancy may be that CBT and MT operate through distinct therapeutic mechanisms, where the former targets distressing cognitive-emotional content while the latter targets a maladaptive cognitive-emotional process (Hayes & Wilson, 2003), that is, conflating cognitive evaluations of sensory experience with the actual experience in and of itself.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hayes & Wilson, 2003 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Mindfully engaging attention toward gastrointestinal symptoms may objectify visceral sensations as innocuous sensory data rather than as an emotionally salient threat to physical wellbeing (Farb et al., 2010).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Farb et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says mindfulness may shift attention toward less-valenced visceral information and describes emotions being viewed as innocuous sensory information rather than a threat to the self. The study concerns responses to sadness, however; it does not establish this mechanism for gastrointestinal symptoms or threats to physical wellbeing. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the pathway between change in reinterpretation of pain sensations and visceral sensitivity was not significant.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Test of the hypothesized model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants in the MT group experienced significant improvements in IBS severity, IBS-related quality of life, nonreactivity, nonjudgment of experience, observing and attending to experience, visceral sensitivity, pain catastrophizing, psychiatric distress, and cognitive coping via reinterpretation of pain sensations from pre- to post-treatment.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Pre-post intervention changes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our hypothesized model (Figure 1) exhibited good fit: χ2/df = 1.26, p = .24; RMSEA = .05 (.00, .13), CFI = .96, AIC = 61.83.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Test of the hypothesized model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, neither the MT group nor the SG reported significant increases in acting with awareness, and thus this mindfulness facet could also not serve as a mediator the effects of MT on IBS-related clinical outcomes.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This pattern of activation suggests that MT promotes interoceptive recovery from emotional distress, that is, a refocusing from the affective to viscerosensory aspects of a distressing experience that allows for the emotion to follow its natural time course and return to baseline, rather than being perpetuated through rumination (Farb et al., 2010).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Farb et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Findings from our recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) demonstrate that MT results in statistically and clinically significant improvements in bowel symptoms, affective symptoms, and IBS-related quality-of-life (Gaylord et al., 2011).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Gaylord et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Outcomes; page unavailable) report statistically significant improvements in IBS severity, psychological symptoms, and IBS-related quality of life, with the latter two showing greater improvement than the control group at the three-month follow-up. The Discussion calls the reduction in IBS severity clinically significant, but our copy does not establish clinical significance for the affective-symptom or quality-of-life improvements. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In this trial, patients receiving MT exhibited significantly larger reductions in IBS severity after treatment (an average 38.2% reduction in symptom scores) and significantly greater improvements in quality of life than those participating in a support group.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Gaylord et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent research suggests that MT attenuates activation in brain areas (i.e., medial prefrontal cortex) that instantiate self-referential, linguistic processing during negative affective experience while enhancing activation in brain regions subserving interoception (i.e., insula) (Farb et al., 2010).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Farb et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hypervigilance to visceral sensations and gut-focused anxiety were assessed with the Visceral Sensitivity Index (VSI), a validated 15-item scale (Labus et al., 2004).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Labus et al., 2004 source
The Discussion describes the VSI as a validated, unidimensional 15-item questionnaire measuring gastrointestinal symptom-specific anxiety, including hypervigilance to GI sensations. The Final item selection section also confirms the 15-item scale. Page numbers are not supplied in the excerpts. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Instead, in their model CBT was directly associated with improvement in GI symptoms which, in turn, was associated with increased quality of life.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lackner et al., 2007 source
The Results section (Structural Equation Analysis) states that CBT was associated with improvement in global GI symptoms, which in turn was associated with improved quality of life. It also reports a statistically significant indirect effect through GI symptom improvement. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Enhancements in quality of life were reciprocally linked with reductions in psychological distress, but no evidence was found for a direct effect of CBT on psychological distress.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lackner et al., 2007 source
The Results (Structural Equation Analysis; page not supplied) report a bidirectional relationship between quality of life and psychological distress. They also report no evidence for a direct effect of CBT on distress once GI improvement and quality of life were held constant. The paper does report an overall difference in distress between the CBT and control groups, so the claim is correctly limited to the direct effect. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The VSI has been shown to be a strong predictor of symptom severity (Labus et al., 2004), and evidenced excellent internal consistency in this sample (α = 0.91).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Labus et al., 2004 source
The Validity section reports that the VSI was the strongest independent predictor of current IBS symptom severity among the three anxiety scales tested, accounting for 24% of the variance. The cited claim refers to that finding; the sentence’s α = 0.91 describes the citing authors’ own sample, not a result attributed to Labus et al. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We examined the construct of dispositional mindfulness via the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al., 2006), a validated, 39-item Likert-type scale that assesses five internally-consistent factors of mindfulness”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Baer et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Participants and Procedures (p. 10) identifies the FFMQ as a 39-item questionnaire using a five-point Likert-type scale. Deriving Mindfulness Facets (p. 10) reports adequate-to-good internal consistency for all five facet scales. But the General Discussion (p. 17) says the FFMQ requires extensive additional validation, so calling it a validated scale overstates the paper's conclusion. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Our research suggests that MT substantially attenuates IBS symptoms and ameliorates the often severe impairments in quality of life that characterize this disorder (Gaylord et al., 2011).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Gaylord et al., 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports substantial reductions in IBS symptom severity and quality-of-life benefits at the three-month follow-up. However, the trial included only women, and the Discussion explicitly says whether the benefits extend to men is unknown; the citing sentence does not retain that population limit. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Earlier, we (2007; Garland et al., 2009) asserted that disengagement from negative appraisals of aversive stimuli in favor of attending to the raw sensorium of present moment experience allows for the generation of new, more adaptive appraisals rather than reprocessing an existing cognitive set already tainted by negative emotional judgments.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2007]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Garland et al., 2009 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results suggest that MT exerts significant therapeutic effects on IBS symptoms by promoting nonreactivity to gut-focused anxiety and catastrophic appraisals of the significance of abdominal sensations coupled with a refocusing of attention onto interoceptive data with less emotional interference.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, increases in nonreactivity mediated reductions in pain catastrophizing, which, along with reductions in visceral sensitivity and IBS severity, mediated improvements in IBS-related quality of life.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Test of the hypothesized model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The causal ordering in the path model—treatment precedes mediators, which precede outcomes—is correct.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results indicated that the therapeutic effect of MT on IBS severity was mediated by increasing reinterpretation of pain sensations and decreasing visceral sensitivity, the latter being mediated, in turn, by improvements in nonreactivity.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Test of the hypothesized model
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The causal ordering in the path model—treatment precedes mediators, which precede outcomes—is correct.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The non-significant chi-square value obtained (p = .31) indicated that the additional direct effects of MT on IBS severity and IBS-related quality of life should not be retained in the final model, and that a full mediation model with only indirect effects of MT on IBS severity and IBS-related quality of life was more parsimonious.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Tests of alternative models
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither of the other two alternative models fit the data as well as the final model presented in Figure 3 (model four: χ2/df = 2.69, p = .001; RMSEA = .13 (.08, .19), CFI = .74, AIC = 78.28; model five: χ2/df = 1.74, p = .05; RMSEA = .09 (.00, .15), CFI = .89, AIC = 66.83)”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Tests of alternative models
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the presence of nonsignificant paths and decrements in model fit, our original (yet trimmed) hypothetical model was retained as the final model.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Tests of alternative models
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor did the parameter estimates derived contradict the basic conclusions made in the results and discussion sections of this paper.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Tests of alternative models
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Given the established physiological linkages between the enteric and central nervous systems, enhanced responsiveness to psychosocial stressors and perturbations of visceral homeostasis may result in exaggerated autonomic reactions, altered bowel habits, hyperalgesia, and hypervigilance towards interoceptive signals from the gut (Mayer, 1999).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mayer, 1999 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“IBS is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by abdominal pain, heightened visceral sensitivity, and in some cases, altered gastrointestinal motility”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mayer & Tillisch, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency in this sample was high (α = 0.92).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In studies of hypnosis, significant reductions in maladaptive IBS-related cognitions, affective symptoms, and somatization are frequently reported along with improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms (Gonsalkorale et al., 2004; Palsson et al., 2002).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine subjects withdrew from the study during the intervention, 5 in the MT group and 4 in the SG (Figure 2).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Study Procedure
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, the global severity index, which evidenced high internal consistency (α = 0.87), was used as an overall measure of psychological distress.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present sample, internal consistency was high (α = 0.95).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“corroborating findings of decreased chronic pain in clinical research (Grossman et al., 2004; Rosenzweig et al., 2010).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evidence from a number of laboratories suggests that both brief (Zeidan et al., 2009) and long-term mindfulness meditation (Grant & Rainville, 2009; Zeidan et al., in press) are associated with decreased pain and increased pain thresholds during experimental pain stimulation”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant differences between MT and SG participants on any of the demographic variables.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Pre-post intervention changes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the control intervention, clinical social workers facilitated a support group to control for expectations of benefit and amount of group contact.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Support Group intervention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The support group actually controls for expectations of benefit and amount of group contact.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present sample, the reinterpretation of pain sensations subscale demonstrated high internal consistency (α = 0.88).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency of the scale in our study sample was acceptable (α = 0.72).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Changes in physical and psychosocial functioning as a result of IBS were measured with the IBS-Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) scale, a 34-item scale that is responsive to therapeutic change (Drossman et al., 2000), and has high test-retest reliability (Patrick et al., 1998).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The VSI has been shown to be a strong predictor of symptom severity (Labus et al., 2004), and evidenced excellent internal consistency in this sample (α = 0.91).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These psychological changes may mediate the robust therapeutic effects of clinical hypnosis on IBS observed across multiple clinical trials (Miller & Whorwell, 2009).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miller & Whorwell, 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A previous clinical trial of CBT for IBS used a similar support group as a control condition (Payne & Blanchard, 1995).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Support Group intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Payne & Blanchard, 1995 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Given the growing body of research demonstrating the therapeutic effects of MT on stress and pain symptoms (Grossman et al., 2004; Rosenzweig et al., 2010) in chronic functional disorders such as fibromyalgia and depression (Kaplan et al., 1993; Teasdale et al., 2000)”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Catastrophizing was assessed with the six-item pain catastrophizing subscale of the Coping Strategy Questionnaire (CSQ) (Rosenstiel & Keefe, 1983), which has been shown to correlate with measures of pain intensity and functional impairment (Robinson et al., 1997).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Measures
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 210 women assessed for eligibility, 97 were found to be eligible, and were enrolled. Seventy-five (76.5%) began treatment after randomization - 39 in MT and 36 in the SG (see the CONSORT diagram in Figure 2).”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Study Procedure
plainn = 210- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a study by Jones et al. (2011) identified an indirect effect of CBT on IBS symptoms, such that improvement in mood led to the perception of improved IBS symptoms.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jones et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, two key therapeutic mechanisms identified in the present investigation, nonreactivity and reinterpretation of pain sensations, are both process-level factors.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By coping with abdominal pain in this manner, cognitive elaboration on the unpleasantness of pain is reduced while attention to interoceptive signals is increased.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such a shift from affective to sensory processing may result in interoceptive recovery from experiences of emotional distress stemming from abdominal pain.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, although our overall model fit was excellent, the specified pathways explained only a modest (yet statistically significant) amount of variance in IBS severity, which implies that variables were omitted from the present investigation that may have contributed significantly to the therapeutic effect of mindfulness on IBS.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lackner and colleagues (2007) identified a feedback loop between changes in psychological distress and IBS-related quality of life.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lackner and colleagues (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MT appears to result in nonreactivity to gut-focused anxiety and catastrophic appraisals of the significance of abdominal sensations coupled with a refocusing of attention onto interoceptive data with less affective interference.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of path analysis are “data driven,” that is, dependent on the particular set of experimental observations to support the explanatory model.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cultivating nonreactivity may also lead to less catastrophic primary appraisals of the threat value of painful sensations in the gut while increasing veracity of secondary appraisals of one’s ability to manage those sensations.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A third primary limitation of the study relates to its reliance on self-report data.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With regard to both IBS severity and the effect of IBS on quality of life, cultivating a nonreactive mindset toward potentially distressing thoughts, affective states, and somatic symptoms appears to be a key process.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Jones et al. (2009) identified indirect effects of CBT on IBS symptoms that were partially mediated by changes in anxiety and depression.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jones et al. (2009)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on our path analyses, it appears that as IBS patients learn through MT to let go of visceral sensations and their worried thoughts about such sensations and observe them with a dispassionate attentional stance, anxiety over sensations of gastrointestinal distention decreases, leading to reductions in abdominal pain and IBS-related impairments in quality of life.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study has substantial strengths, including the simultaneous estimation of multiple causal pathways and outcomes within the same model and the use of an active and credible control condition.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The support group actually controls for expectations of benefit and amount of group contact.
“For the control intervention, clinical social workers facilitated a support group to control for expectations of benefit and amount of group contact.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The mindfulness intervention's explicit training in reinterpretation of pain sensations is a distinct technique from cultivating nonreactivity, so there is a direct pathway from treatment to change in reinterpretation of pain sensations.
“we presumed a priori that because the mindfulness intervention offered explicit training in reinterpretation of pain sensations as a distinct technique from the cultivation of nonreactivity to thoughts and emotions, there would be a direct pathway from the treatment variable to change in reinterpretation of pain sensations.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Reductions in catastrophizing are more directly linked with IBS-related quality of life than with IBS severity.
“A priori, we reasoned that reductions in catastrophizing would be more directly linked with IBS-related quality of life than IBS severity, given that catastrophizing has been robustly associated with quality of life among IBS patients (Seres et al., 2008).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The causal ordering in the path model—treatment precedes mediators, which precede outcomes—is correct.
“Pre-post changes in reinterpretation of pain sensations, nonreactivity, visceral sensitivity, IBS severity, and IBS-related quality of life were measured concurrently and thus true causal order of the hypothesized pathways cannot be ascertained.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Particularly well-supported change processes from newer forms of CBT include cognitive defusion 74 (which is the ability to experience thoughts with a sense of distance from them, so as to diminish their automatic behavioral impact) and non-reactivity 75,76 (which is allowing cognitive or other experiences to come and go without reacting in an effort to change them).”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Randomized trials indicate that mindfulness alleviates pain by facilitating a shift from affective to sensory processing of pain sensations 13”
From Randomized Controlled Trial of Brief Mindfulness Training and Hypnotic Suggestion for Acute Pain Relief in the Hospital Setting. (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Mindfulness meditation is a technique that has been found to significantly reduce pain in experimental and clinical settings.”
From Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Following the first trial of MORE, it was found that mindfulness reduces pain severity by fostering a shift from affective to sensory processing of pain as innocuous sensory information [74].”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, our findings are aligned with a growing body of evidence showing that in patients with chronic pain, mindfulness and participation in mindfulness-based interventions are related to decreases in pain catastrophizing (e.g., Schutze et al., 2010; Cassidy et al., 2012; Garland et al., 2012; Day et al., 2014) but see (de Boer et al., 2014).”
From Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on body awareness in patients with chronic pain and comorbid depression (2016) · cites this paper as Garland et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > RESULTS > Test of the hypothesized model
“Given that this model (Figure 2) was more parsimonious and fit our a priori hypotheses, we henceforth report its parameter estimates in detail.”
§ Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: Effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Study Procedure
“see the CONSORT diagram in Figure 2”
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
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The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine
Engel, G. L. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.847460 · Cited by 12,887
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7 · Cited by 3,958
Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236 · cited 2×
“, 2010) in chronic functional disorders such as fibromyalgia and depression (Kaplan et al., 1993; Teasdale et al., 2000), MT may be an effective treatment for IBS, a condition often rendered refractory by stress (Lea & Whorwell, 2004).”
Pain Affect Encoded in Human Anterior Cingulate But Not Somatosensory Cortex
Rainville, P., Duncan, G. H., Price, D. D., Carrier, B., & Bushnell, M. C. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.968 · Cited by 2,629 · cited 1×
“It is possible that the nonreactive awareness engendered by MT may influence the affective modulation of pain via increases in lateral PFC and ACC activity, brain structures which appear to subserve hypnosis-induced decreases in pain unpleasantness (Rainville et al., 1997).”
Rosenstiel, A. K., & Keefe, F. J. (1983) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90125-2 · Cited by 2,314 · cited 2×
“Pain Catastrophizing—Catastrophizing was assessed with the six-item pain catastrophizing subscale of the Coping Strategy Questionnaire (CSQ) (Rosenstiel & Keefe, 1983), which has been shown to correlate with measures of pain intensity and functional impairment (Robinson et al., 1997).”
Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7 · Cited by 1,823
FRANCIS, C. Y., MORRIS, J., & WHORWELL, P. J. (1997) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x · Cited by 1,708 · cited 1×
“P A A uthor M anuscript of a state characterized by an attentive and nonjudgmental metacognitive monitoring of moment-by-moment cognition, emotion, perception, and sensation without fixation on thoughts of past and future (Garland, 2007).”
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Derogatis, L. R. (2000). BSI-18: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Interoception, contemplative practice, and health
Farb, N., Daubenmier, J., Price, C. J., Gard, T., Kerr, C., Dunn, B. D., Klein, A. C., Paulus, M. P., & Mehling, W. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00763 · Cited by 650
“…appears to alter interoceptive attention tendencies, focusing attention on interoceptive sensations rather than cognitive appraisals of such sensations (Garland et al., 2012), in keeping with a model in which contemplative practices shift regulatory strategy from active to perceptual inference.”
BackgroundGarland, E. L., Manusov, E. G., Froeliger, B., Kelly, A., Williams, J. M., & Howard, M. O. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035798 · Cited by 431
“Our prior path analytic research indicated that mindfulness training may alleviate chronic pain by enhancing nonreactivity toward distressing thoughts and emotions, as well as by promoting a shift from affective to sensory processing of pain sensations (Garland et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationStress and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Visceral Pain: Relevance to Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Moloney, R. D., Johnson, A. C., O’Mahony, S. M., Dinan, T. G., Meerveld, B. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2015) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12490 · Cited by 412
Zeidan, F., Emerson, N. M., Farris, S. R., Ray, J. N., Jung, Y., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2542-15.2015 · Cited by 369
“…to alleviate pain across experimental and clinical settings (Kabat-Zinn, 1982; Kabat-Zinn et al., 1985; Grant and Rainville, 2009; Brown and Jones, 2010; Zeidan et al., 2010a; Gard et al., 2012; Garland et al., 2012; Grant et al., 2011; Zeidan et al., 2011; MacCoon et al., 2012; Lutz et al., 2013).”
Pain Processing in the Human Nervous System
Garland, E. L. (2012) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2012.06.013 · Cited by 403
“Concomitantly, reinterpreting pain as a harmless sensation (eg, warmth or tightness) predicts higher perceived control over pain,(37) and psychological interventions have been shown to reduce pain severity by increasing reinterpretation of pain sensations as innocuous sensory information.(38) By contrast, pain catastr…”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., Palsson, O., Faurot, K., Douglas Mann, J., & Whitehead, W. E.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garland, Eric L.
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine
- Published
- 2011-12-08
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 591-602
- ISSN
- 0160-7715 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3521
- PMC
- PMC3883954
- OpenAlex
- W2058447512
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 9.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R03DA032517)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK031369, R24DK067674)
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT003619, T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- irritable bowel syndrome, mindfulness training, visceral sensitivity, pain catastrophizing, interoception, quality of life, abdominal pain, functional gastrointestinal disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Anxiety, Attention, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Young Adult, Catastrophization, Pain Management, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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