The Visceral Sensitivity Index: development and validation of a gastrointestinal symptom‐specific anxiety scale
Open accessAbstract
Summary: Background : Anxiety related to gastrointestinal sensations, symptoms or the contexts in which these may occur is thought to play a significant role in the pathophysiology as well as in the health outcomes of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aim : To develop a valid and reliable psychometric instrument that measures gastrointestinal symptom‐specific anxiety. Methods : External and internal expert panels as well as a patient focus group evaluated a large pool of potential item stems gathered from the psychological and gastrointestinal literature. Potential scale items were then administered to 96 patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome along with a set of validating questionnaires. Final item selection was based upon rigorous empirical criteria and the psychometric properties of the final scale were examined. Results : A final unidimensional 15‐item scale, the Visceral Sensitivity Index, demonstrated excellent reliability as well as good content, convergent, divergent and predictive validity. Conclusions : The findings suggest that the Visceral Sensitivity Index is a reliable, valid measure of gastrointestinal symptom‐specific anxiety that may be useful for clinical assessment, treatment outcome studies, and mechanistic studies of the role of symptom‐related anxiety in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
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GSA is a key feature in IBS symptom maintenance, and higher GSA is related to higher symptom severity and lower quality of life.
“GSA is a key feature in IBS symptom maintenance, by acting as an endogenous stressor, and higher levels of GSA have consistently been shown to be related to higher symptom severity and lower quality of life (Jerndal et al., 2010;Labus et al., 2004Labus et al., , 2007)).”
From Pilot study of acceptance and commitment therapy for irritable bowel syndrome: A preliminary analysis of treatment outcomes and processes of change. (2018) · cites this paper as Labus et al., 2004
The Validity section reports that higher GSA, measured by the VSI, was associated with greater IBS symptom severity. The Introduction describes GSA as a possible endogenous stressor and a possible contributor to impaired quality of life, but the Proposed use section says its role in symptom maintenance had not been directly tested. This study does not establish a direct association between higher GSA scores and lower quality of life. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral studies have confirmed the impact of symptom-related fear and avoidance behaviors on symptom severity and quality of life in IBS.
“Several studies have confirmed the impact of symptom-related fear and avoidance behaviors on symptom severity and quality of life in IBS [24,27-30].”
From Acceptability, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of internet-based exposure treatment for irritable bowel syndrome in a clinical sample: A randomized controlled trial (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
The Validity section reports that the Visceral Sensitivity Index predicted current IBS symptom severity, and Table 2 includes items on symptom-related fear and food avoidance. But the study measured these together in one scale, so it does not establish their separate or causal impacts. The Introduction reports another analysis linking symptom worries to quality-of-life impairment; this paper does not directly test that outcome. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe VSI has demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .90-.92).
“The VSI has demonstrated high internal consistency (Chronbach's α = .90 - .92) [28]”
From Acceptability, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of internet-based exposure treatment for irritable bowel syndrome in a clinical sample: A randomized controlled trial (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
The Reliability section reports high internal consistency for the VSI, but gives Cronbach’s alpha as 0.93, not 0.90–0.92. The Proposed use for the VSI section reports 0.94 for a slightly modified version. The claim is supported in substance, but its numerical range is not. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Visceral Sensitivity Index is a 15-item questionnaire with established psychometric properties.
“The Visceral Sensitivity Index (VSI) is a psychometrically well-established 15-item questionnaire designed to measure aspects of fear, anxiety, and hypervigilance that accompany misappraisals of visceral sensations and comfort(36).”
From Randomised clinical trial: Symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome are improved by a psycho-education group intervention (2013) · cites this paper as [36]
The VSI has been shown to be a strong predictor of symptom severity.
“The VSI has been shown to be a strong predictor of symptom severity (Labus et al., 2004), and evidenced excellent internal consistency in this sample (α = 0.91).”
From Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations. (2012) · cites this paper as Labus et al., 2004
The VSI is a validated 15-item scale that assesses hypervigilance to visceral sensations and gut-focused anxiety.
“Hypervigilance to visceral sensations and gut-focused anxiety were assessed with the Visceral Sensitivity Index (VSI), a validated 15-item scale (Labus et al., 2004).”
From Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations. (2012) · cites this paper as Labus et al., 2004
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Gillanders, D., Ferreira, N. B., Angioni, E., Carvalho, S. A., & Eugenicos, M. P. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.04.006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yu, L., Inspector, Y., & McCracken, L. M. (2021) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/2049463720926559 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lövdahl, J., Blomqvist‐Storm, M., Palsson, O. S., Ringström, G., Törnblom, H., Simrén, M., & Trindade, I. A. (2025) · United European Gastroenterology Journal · doi:10.1002/ueg2.70060 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The IBS severity scoring system (IBS‐SSS) [26, 27], the visceral sensitivity index (VSI) [28, 29], and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) [30] questionnaires were used (for details, see Supporting Information S2).”
- Authors
- Labus, J. S., Bolus, R., Chang, L., Wiklund, I., Naesdal, J., Mayer, E. A., & Naliboff, B. D.
- Affiliations
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (US)
- AstraZeneca (Sweden) (SE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mayer, E. A.
- Venue
- Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-06-14
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 89-97
- ISSN
- 0269-2813 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2036
- OpenAlex
- W2026222517
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR007768, NR007768)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P50DK064539, P-50DK64539)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- irritable bowel syndrome, psychometric scale development, anxiety assessment, visceral sensitivity, scale validation, content validity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viscera, Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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