Minding one’s emotions: Mindfulness training alters the neural expression of sadness.
Open accessAbstract
Recovery from emotional challenge and increased tolerance of negative affect are both hallmarks of mental health. Mindfulness training (MT) has been shown to facilitate these outcomes, yet little is known about its mechanisms of action. The present study employed functional MRI (fMRI) to compare neural reactivity to sadness provocation in participants completing 8 weeks of MT and waitlisted controls. Sadness resulted in widespread recruitment of regions associated with self-referential processes along the cortical midline. Despite equivalent self-reported sadness, MT participants demonstrated a distinct neural response, with greater right-lateralized recruitment, including visceral and somatosensory areas associated with body sensation. The greater somatic recruitment observed in the MT group during evoked sadness was associated with decreased depression scores. Restoring balance between affective and sensory neural networks-supporting conceptual and body based representations of emotion-could be one path through which mindfulness reduces vulnerability to dysphoric reactivity.
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Recent research suggests that MT attenuates activation in the medial prefrontal cortex, which instantiates self-referential linguistic processing during negative affective experience, while enhancing activation in the insula, a region subserving interoception.
“Recent research suggests that MT attenuates activation in brain areas (i.e., medial prefrontal cortex) that instantiate self-referential, linguistic processing during negative affective experience while enhancing activation in brain regions subserving interoception (i.e., insula) (Farb et al., 2010).”
From Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations. (2012) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis pattern of activation suggests that MT promotes interoceptive recovery from emotional distress, a refocusing from affective to viscerosensory aspects of a distressing experience that allows the emotion to return to baseline rather than being perpetuated through rumination.
“This pattern of activation suggests that MT promotes interoceptive recovery from emotional distress, that is, a refocusing from the affective to viscerosensory aspects of a distressing experience that allows for the emotion to follow its natural time course and return to baseline, rather than being perpetuated through rumination (Farb et al., 2010).”
From Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations. (2012) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMindfully engaging attention toward gastrointestinal symptoms may objectify visceral sensations as innocuous sensory data rather than as an emotionally salient threat to physical wellbeing.
“Mindfully engaging attention toward gastrointestinal symptoms may objectify visceral sensations as innocuous sensory data rather than as an emotionally salient threat to physical wellbeing (Farb et al., 2010).”
From Therapeutic mechanisms of a mindfulness-based treatment for IBS: effects on visceral sensitivity, catastrophizing, and affective processing of pain sensations. (2012) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
The Discussion says mindfulness may shift attention toward less-valenced visceral information and describes emotions being viewed as innocuous sensory information rather than a threat to the self. The study concerns responses to sadness, however; it does not establish this mechanism for gastrointestinal symptoms or threats to physical wellbeing. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDysphoric mood induction has been linked to both activation of the prefrontal cortex and deactivation of the right middle insula.
“Dysphoric mood induction has been linked to both activation of the PFC and deactivation of the right middle insula (Farb et al., 2010)”
From Static and treatment-responsive brain biomarkers of depression relapse vulnerability following prophylactic psychotherapy: Evidence from a randomized control trial (2022) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
The Results section, “Neural Correlates of Sadness Provocation” (page unavailable), reports prefrontal activation and deactivation peaking in the right insula during sadness provocation. It does not identify the deactivated region as the right middle insula; it also reports deactivation in some prefrontal regions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGreater numbers of past episodes and concurrent residual symptoms were each linked with greater deactivation of the somatosensory cortex and insula.
“Greater numbers of past episodes and concurrent residual symptoms were each linked with greater deactivation of the somatosensory cortex and insula, replicating prior findings (Farb et al., 2010).”
From Static and treatment-responsive brain biomarkers of depression relapse vulnerability following prophylactic psychotherapy: Evidence from a randomized control trial (2022) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
The Results (Effects of MT on the Neural Correlates of Sadness Provocation; page unavailable) link higher BDI depressive-symptom scores to greater right-insula deactivation. They do not report a link with the number of past episodes or a symptom–deactivation link in the somatosensory cortex; the study used a mixed community sample, so its BDI scores are not identified as residual symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
MBSR participation is associated with reduced activation in brain regions involved in conceptual processing, cognitive elaboration, and reappraisal.
“reduced activation in brain regions implicated in conceptual processing, cognitive elaboration, and reappraisal (Farb et al., 2010; Ochsner & Gross, 2008)”
From Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies (2011) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
The dysphoric mood induction task has been previously validated.
“The dysphoric mood induction task has been previously validated (Farb et al., 2010, Farb et al., 2011)”
From Static and treatment-responsive brain biomarkers of depression relapse vulnerability following prophylactic psychotherapy: Evidence from a randomized control trial (2022) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
The insula is related to body awareness and associated with both mindfulness training and traumatic re-experiencing.
“The insula is related to body awareness and associated with both mindfulness training [58–60], and traumatic re-experiencing [61–63].”
From Childhood trauma and subclinical PTSD symptoms predict adverse effects and worse outcomes across two mindfulness-based programs for active depression (2025) · cites this paper as [58]
The planned threshold was successfully employed in past studies using this film-based mood induction paradigm, and control for Type-1 error was maintained using the cluster correction algorithms built into SPM12.
“Our planned threshold was successfully employed in past studies using this film-based mood induction paradigm (Farb et al., 2010, Farb et al., 2011); control for Type-1 error was still maintained using the cluster correction algorithms built into SPM12.”
From Static and treatment-responsive brain biomarkers of depression relapse vulnerability following prophylactic psychotherapy: Evidence from a randomized control trial (2022) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
The MBSR program led to reduced activation in regions associated with autobiographical memory and increased activity in the right insula.
“the MBSR program led to reduced activation in regions associated with autobiographical memory and increased activity in the right insula (Farb et al., 2010).”
From Impact of mindfulness on the neural responses to emotional pictures in experienced and beginner meditators (2011) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
Mindfulness practice can improve interoceptive awareness.
“There is also evidence that mindfulness practice can improve interoceptive awareness.”
From Effects of Mindfulness Training on Body Awareness to Sexual Stimuli: Implications for Female Sexual Dysfunction (2011) · cites this paper as [47]
MBSR training can modulate neural reactivity in response to sadness provocation.
“Farb et al. [34] revealed that mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) [35] training could modulate neural reactivity in response to sadness provocation.”
From Potential therapeutic effects of meditation for treating affective dysregulation (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
Mindfulness meditation has been associated with increased cortical thickness and gray matter concentration in the insula cortex.
“Mindfulness meditation has been associated with increased cortical thickness and gray matter concentration in the insula cortex (43-47)”
From Effects of Mindfulness Training on Body Awareness to Sexual Stimuli: Implications for Female Sexual Dysfunction (2011) · cites this paper as [47]
The Methods (Image Analysis; page unavailable) describe fMRI measurements of neural activity, and the Results and Discussion discuss insula activation during sadness provocation. Our copy does not report cortical thickness or gray matter concentration in the insula; searches for those structural measures found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies have found increased activation or gray matter density in tonic alertness-related areas in meditators, including the thalamus, basal ganglia, and arousal-related brainstem areas such as the reticular formation.
“Studies of subcortical structures have found increased activation or gray matter density in tonic alertness–related areas in meditators, such as the thalamus,83,87,88 basal ganglia,48,88,109,110 and arousal-related areas of the brainstem, such as the reticular formation.111”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [87]
Buddhist meditation practices are associated with increases in dACC activation during meditation and during tasks.
“Buddhist meditation practices have been found to be associated with increases in activation in the dACC both during meditation45,65,76,78,86 and during tasks.70,80,81,87–89”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [87]
Converging evidence suggests meditation training may be associated with decreased default mode network activity.
“Converging evidence suggests that meditation training may be associated with decreased DMN activity,67, 70, 87, 94, 97–99”
From Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness (2014) · cites this paper as [87]
In distressing contexts, monitoring without acceptance encourages a narrow focus on negative stimuli while excluding neutral sensory cues.
“In distressing contexts, monitoring momentary experiences in the absence of acceptance encourages a narrow focus on negative stimuli while excluding available neutral sensory cues (Farb et al., 2010).”
From Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT (2017) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
Other studies also found no difference in the magnitude of immediate emotional response to provocation following eight weeks of mindfulness training or control treatment.
“Similarly, other studies (Farb et al., 2010; Kuyken et al., 2010) also found no difference in the magnitude of immediate emotional in response to provocation following eight weeks of mindfulness training or control treatment.”
From Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Improves Emotional Reactivity to Social Stress: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
After MBSR intervention, the mindfulness group changed the activation pattern in key emotion regulation regions: comparatively increased activation in the right AI, right LPFC and sg-ACC.
“After the intervention, the mindfulness group changed the activation pattern in key diverse emotion regulation regions: comparatively increased activation in the right AI, right LPFC and sg-ACC.”
From Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: Insights from Neurobiological, Psychological, and Clinical Studies (2017) · cites this paper as Farb et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Farb, N. A. S., Anderson, A. K., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., & Segal, Z. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Emory University (US)
- St Joseph's Health Centre (CA)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-33
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- PMC
- PMC5017873
- OpenAlex
- W2106277531
- Cited by
- 521
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 47.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2010-04-05)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH66992)
- Ontario Mental Health Foundation
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Advanced Neuromodulation Systems
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, sadness, self-referential processing, somatosensory cortex, laterality, depression, emotion regulation, bodily sensations
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Bereavement, Brain, Depression, Emotions, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Meditation
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