The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Challenges Faced by Refugee New Parents from Africa in Canada
Abstract
This study examines challenges faced by refugee new parents from Africa in Canada. Refugee new parents from Zimbabwe (n = 36) and Sudan (n = 36) were interviewed individually about challenges of coping concurrently with migration and new parenthood and completed loneliness and trauma/stress measures. Four group interviews with refugee new parents (n = 30) were subsequently conducted. Participants reported isolation, loneliness, and stress linked to migration and new parenthood. New gender roles evoked marital discord. Barriers to health-related services included language. Compounding challenges included discrimination, time restrictions for financial support, prolonged immigration and family reunification processes, uncoordinated government services, and culturally insensitive policies. The results reinforce the need for research on influences of refugees' stressful experiences on parenting and potential role of social support in mitigating effects of stress among refugee new parents. Language services should be integrated within health systems to facilitate provision of information, affirmation, and emotional support to refugee new parents. Our study reinforces the need for culturally appropriate services that mobilize and sustain support in health and health related (e.g., education, employment, immigration) policies.
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In the citing paper
“Many migrant families continue to support family via sending remittances and this may affect them financially [2, 13–16].”
From Transnationalism and care of migrant families during pregnancy, postpartum and early-childhood: an integrative review (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Immigration and settlement is a complex process that can lead to economic uncertainty, poor living conditions, social isolation and loss of traditional forms of support from extended family and friends [7, 8].”
From La Maison Bleue: Strengthening resilience among migrant mothers living in Montreal, Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“For very young children (0–5 years), during this sensitive stage, stresses may have long-term implications including mental health issues and delays in language and social development [7, 8, 14].”
From La Maison Bleue: Strengthening resilience among migrant mothers living in Montreal, Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“For migrant families, the stresses of raising children in a new environment may be amplified in the face of these linguistic, cultural, social and financial struggles [8].”
From La Maison Bleue: Strengthening resilience among migrant mothers living in Montreal, Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Similar to previous studies, participants reported language barriers, isolation, a loss of support for child-rearing, and cultural and environmental stresses [8–10, 16].”
From La Maison Bleue: Strengthening resilience among migrant mothers living in Montreal, Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Language barriers, and having a precarious immigration status, further intensify the situation by reducing access to support (8, 10, 41).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“However, for many migrant women, like the women in our study, especially single mothers, refugees and asylum-seekers, the protective support system is lost with migration (8, 10, 41).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Parents in several studies reported needing to prepare and support their children to deal with discrimination”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“In studies with refugee families, the main contributors to their sense of loss and to the adversity that they faced, were the forced nature of their migration and experiences of war, violence and the death of family members and friends”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Migrant parents in almost all studies described resettlement challenges (financial, housing, employment, access to services) [19, 23–25, 38, 39, 42, 47–50, 52–54, 56, 60, 63, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81–83, 88, 89, 91, 92, 99, 103, 108, 112, 114, 119, 125, 127–129, 133, 139, 149, 155, 158, 161], which left them feeling overwhelmed.”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Financial strain was also common and caused parents to be consumed by work in order to provide for the family”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Like undocumented families the precariousness and difficult circumstances caused strain and affected the well-being of the whole family”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Access to services and rights, such as being allowed to work, varied depending on the receiving-country”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Discrimination and exclusion, especially due to their migration status, were frequently described as issues”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“They worried about being returned to an unsafe country with their children”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Changing roles and relationships due to cultural/linguistic shifts and because of changes in family structures related to migration, was also an experience that emerged across studies”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“In almost every study parents described experiences of having to manage different languages, traditions, beliefs and ways of doing, including navigating new ‘systems’ (e.g., education, healthcare, child welfare services)”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“A number of studies suggest that fathers struggled more with shift in gender roles and social expectations”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Resettlement difficulties, particularly for undocumented migrants, hindered families from advancing as they would have liked and parents reported disappointment and needing to adjust their expectations due to these challenges”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“New roles and relationships sometimes caused tension within families and within the larger community”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Transmitting language, culture, values and religion was not only described as a form of building capital (social, economic, cultural), keeping children safe (by being strict), and maintaining an identity for families”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“In many studies families described their parenthood experience as having a continuing and pervasive transnational dimension (i.e., links with their home country)”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Family separation, including parents’ separation from their children, was common across all classes of migrants and was a major source of concern”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Education was viewed across studies as the primary means for children to have a better life in the new country and parents put a lot of emphasis on the importance of their children obtaining an education to optimize their employment prospects”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Migrant parents were supporting these family members by sending remittances and also parenting children who remained in their countries of origin”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“In other instances, families lived with the hope of eventual migration of family members but were uncertain if it would ever be realized because of their precarious migration status or because of the administrative and financial challenges encountered in sponsoring family members”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“In some studies families and parents spent years separated before spouses, children and/or other family members would join them”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
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BackgroundCanada’s Sub-Saharan African migrants: A scoping review
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van Es, C. M., Boelen, P. A., Zwaanswijk, M., Brake, H. T., & Mooren, T. T. M. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12539 · Cited by 4
Parents’ life satisfaction prior to and following preterm birth
Eves, R., Baumann, N., Bilgin, A., Schnitzlein, D. D., Richter, D., Dieter Wolke, C., & Lemola, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48582-8 · Cited by 4
Green, D. S., Chuang, S. S., & Goldstein, A. L. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02811-4 · Cited by 4
“…in the current study raised several other concerns that have been discussed as parenting challenges by others in the literature, including effects on the biological system (e.g., physical and mental health challenges of children) (Patel & Mavungu, 2016; Roberts et al., 2014; Stewart et al., 2015).”
International Displacement and Family Stress in Latin America
Weitzman, A., Huss, K., Blanton, M., Swindle, J., Camacho, G. B., & Robles, A. (2023) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x231151291 · Cited by 4
“Fourth, MNP also contend with social stressors like atrophied social networks and acculturation (Dow, 2011; Stewart et al., 2015).”
BackgroundOnyango, E. O., Mori, K., Jirel, B., et al. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118185 · Cited by 3
Amare, S., Adamek, M. E., & Minaye, A. (2024) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2342597 · Cited by 3
“…et al., 2021; Jiwrajka et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2017; Makwarimba et al., 2013; Munyaneza & Mhlongo, 2019; Nara et al., 2020; Schmidt et al., 2018; Stewart et al., 2015), refugee women face barriers when trying to access health services in host countries due to their difficulty to understanding…”
Punjani, N. S., Okeke‐Ihejirika, P., Salami, B. O., Yohani, S. C., & Olukotun, M. (2024) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-024-01598-2 · Cited by 3
“It’s hard because it’s something new”: challenges for forcibly displaced parents upon resettlement
Rao, N., Kumar, J. L., Weeks, E. A., Self‐Brown, S., Willging, C. E., O’Connor, M. H., & Whitaker, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/jcs-01-2023-0002 · Cited by 3
Life as struggle: a narrative of coping strategies of elderly refugees in South Africa
Yusuf, M. S., & Umejesi, I. (2024) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2334115 · Cited by 3
“Besides, Bazzi and chemali (2016) and Stewart et al. (2015) note that most elderly refugees lack access to medication and social support in their host countries. in South africa, existing literature shows that elderly refugees are perceived to contribute little or nothing to the South african…”
Parenting practices of Somali immigrant mothers in Alberta
Tetreault, B., Salami, B. O., Mohamud, H., & Sánchez, H. F. (2021) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/imig.12817 · Cited by 4
In Pursuit of Development: Post-Migration Stressors among Kenyan Female Migrants in Austria
Stuhlhofer, E. W. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11010001 · Cited by 3
‘Here, parents become nothing’: ‘Unparenting’ in Israel's policies toward Eritrean refugees
Birger, L., Kedem, O., & Nadan, Y. (2022) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12907 · Cited by 4
Krüsi, A., Samnani, F., Deering, K., et al. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4492324 · Cited by 3
Resilience among refugee mothers: scoping review of promotion and hindrance factors
Zecchinato, F., Iusmen, I., Walker, D., Riggirozzi, P., & Brackstone, K. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10781 · Cited by 2
Mbakogu, I. A. (2025) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth5030100 · Cited by 3
“…normally taken-for-granted support mechanisms (such as extended family members, neighbors, and friends), rebuilding these lost support systems (Stewart et al., 2015), navigating unemployment or low-paying jobs, and non-acceptance of their academic credentials (Galabuzzi, 2005), which affect…”
Wollersheim, D., Koh, L., Walker, R., & Liamputtong, P. (2017) · The Journal of Community Informatics · doi:10.15353/joci.v13i1.3293 · Cited by 2
Self-Reported Health of Working-Age Refugees, Immigrants, and the Canadian-Born
McAlpine, A., Kobayashi, K. M., George, U., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2022) · Advances in Public Health · doi:10.1155/2022/9429242 · Cited by 1
“One Canadian study found that refugees from Africa described experiencing discrimination on the basis of race within employment and daycare settings [20].”
BackgroundLa Star de soccer, figure de « la diversité » au Canada
Sirois-Moumni, B., & St-Louis, J.-C. (2023) · International Journal of Canadian Studies · doi:10.3138/ijcs-2022-0005 · Cited by 2
Byamukama, G., Mutto, M., Osunsan, O. K., & Byamukama, V. (2023) · International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research · doi:10.56293/ijmsssr.2022.4731 · Cited by 2
Olukotun, M., Mason, A., Fouché, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2023.2283493 · Cited by 2
“Although most participants migrated with professional postsecondary degrees, they were unable to fi nd jobs in their fi eld commensurate with their high levels of education (Ba ff oe, 2010; Okeke-Ihejirika et al., 2019; Salami et al., 2020a; Stewart et al., 2015).”
2.11-P13Understanding the needs of refugee women in navigating the Canadian healthcare system
Anteh, E. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky048.085 · Cited by 2
Settlement Experiences of Syrian Refugees
Perkins, J. (2018) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 2
Fatores de risco e proteção para imigrantes venezuelanos: papel das políticas públicas
Cunha, M. P., Machado, N. M., Bossardi, C. N., et al. (2024) · Revista Subjetividades · doi:10.5020/23590777.rs.v24i1.e13560 · Cited by 2
Labour Market Transition: Barriers and Supports for First Generation Immigrant and Refugee Youth
Shalileh, H. (2017) · doi:10.22215/etd/2017-11928 · Cited by 2
Ghazyani, R. (2018) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3pg1j453 · Cited by 2
An Exploration of Integration Journeys, Identity, and Well-Being with Syrian Refugee Youth
Rabiah-Mohammed, F., Oudshoorn, A., & Hussain, Y. (2025) · Refuge Canada s Journal on Refuge · doi:10.25071/1920-7336.41395 · Cited by 2
“On average, it takes refugee youth an additional 10 years to achieve the same occupational outcomes as their Canadian-born peers (Statistics Canada, 2025; Stewart et al., 2015).”
Resettled Refugee Families: Parenting Practices and Educational Involvement
Huang, G. C., & Lam, E. T. C. (2022) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2022.106015 · Cited by 1
Cultural Identity as a Determinant of Health among South Sudanese in Sydney, Australia
Vaughan, G. A., Nyanhanda, T., Rawal, L. B., et al. (2023) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/2023/4981800 · Cited by 1
Caveny, K., Tipping, S., Rezaei, E., Akimana, S., Brooks, H., Flihan, R., Khanijou, S. (., Kuyang, M., McBride, K., Mitchell, E., et al. (2024) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/anzf.1613 · Cited by 1
Sirois-Moumni, B. (2025) · International Review for the Sociology of Sport · doi:10.1177/10126902251357384 · Cited by 1
“Davies ’ family ’ s story, for example, resembles those common to many recent African refugees and immigrants in Canada, characterized by employment challenges, discrimination, cultural adaptation, and family separation (Stewart et al., 2015).”
Parenting Values of African Immigrants
Amodu, O. C., Armoush, N., & Salami, B. O. (2025) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x251362450 · Cited by 1
“Stewart et al. (2015) discusses how African refugee parents experience challenges with fi nding a balance between African and Canadian culture.”
Zohar, S., Yuval, K., Gebremariam, S. G., Goldberg, S. B., Aviad, N., Baldwin, S. A., & Bernstein, A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02675-9 · Cited by 1
Tuyishimire, B., Kwaks, J., & Berckmoes, L. H. (2024) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy8030119 · Cited by 1
“…(El-Khani et al. 2016; Leyendecker et al. 2018; Eltanamly et al. 2021), leading to what some have called “unengaged parenting” (Cramsey 2024)—although post-traumatic growth may also occur, leading to increased warmth and engagement in some parents (Eltanamly et al. 2021; Stewart et al. 2015).”
In the shadow of multiculturalism: leisure, gender, and race in the refugee experience in Canada
Shahzeidi, M., & Norman, M. E. (2025) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2025.2555568 · Cited by 2
“…approach is the government’s strategy of distributing refugees to smaller, less populated communities, which is not solely motivated by integration goals, but is a pragmatic measure to address population loss and labour shortages in these areas (Guo & Guo, 2016; Stewart et al., 2015; Zhuang, 2023).”
An Incomplete Jigsaw Puzzle: A Narrative Study on Arab Refugees in Canada
Alhawsaw, H. Y. (2016) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Vaughan, G. A., Nyanhanda, T., Kaphle, S., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1112825/v1 · Cited by 1
Anokye, E. (2014) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/27928
Greenwood, H. (2017) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-20897
Refugee smartphone access to health care in Canada: Concept analysis
Epstein, I., Balaquiao, L., Chang, K. Y., & Nguyen, J. (2018) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v9n1p78
“1151).[48] Author suggested to support clients on how technology can be further used.”
BackgroundParenting styles and practices of East African newcomer women in Winnipeg, Manitoba
Ola, O. O. (2018) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Senthanar, S. (2019) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Mahajan, S. (2019) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Epling, S. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/t6z2-q355
Researching Migrant Motherhood Using the Drawing Method
Benza, S., & Liamputtong, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_73-1
Nho, C. R., & Kang, H. (2021) · Korean Journal of Human Ecology · doi:10.5934/kjhe.2021.30.3.441
Kent‐Marvick, J., Simonsen, S. E., Pentecost, R., Taylor, E., & McFarland, M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-812280/v1
Researching Migrant Motherhood Using the Drawing Method
Benza, S., & Liamputtong, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_73-2
Metadata
- Authors
- Stewart, M., Dennis, C. L., Kariwo, M., Kushner, K. E., Letourneau, N., Makumbe, K., Makwarimba, E., & Shizha, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Alberta Health Services (CA)
- Wilfrid Laurier University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kushner, K. E.
- Venue
- Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
- Published
- 2014-07-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1146-1156
- ISSN
- 1557-1912 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1920
- OpenAlex
- W2059046128
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Keywords
- African refugees, Sudanese refugees, loneliness, social isolation, stress, trauma, gender roles, marital conflict, language barriers, health care access, discrimination, family reunification, immigration policy, culturally appropriate services, social support, parenting
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Canada, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Parents, Refugees, Social Isolation, Social Support, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Parenting, Racism
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