Challenges Faced by Refugee New Parents from Africa in Canada
Abstract
This study examines challenges faced by refugee new parents from Africa in Canada. Refugee new parents from Zimbabwe (n = 36) and Sudan (n = 36) were interviewed individually about challenges of coping concurrently with migration and new parenthood and completed loneliness and trauma/stress measures. Four group interviews with refugee new parents (n = 30) were subsequently conducted. Participants reported isolation, loneliness, and stress linked to migration and new parenthood. New gender roles evoked marital discord. Barriers to health-related services included language. Compounding challenges included discrimination, time restrictions for financial support, prolonged immigration and family reunification processes, uncoordinated government services, and culturally insensitive policies. The results reinforce the need for research on influences of refugees' stressful experiences on parenting and potential role of social support in mitigating effects of stress among refugee new parents. Language services should be integrated within health systems to facilitate provision of information, affirmation, and emotional support to refugee new parents. Our study reinforces the need for culturally appropriate services that mobilize and sustain support in health and health related (e.g., education, employment, immigration) policies.
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Many migrant families continue to support family via sending remittances and this may affect them financially.
“Many migrant families continue to support family via sending remittances and this may affect them financially [2, 13–16].”
From Transnationalism and care of migrant families during pregnancy, postpartum and early-childhood: an integrative review (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
Immigration and settlement can lead to economic uncertainty, poor living conditions, social isolation, and loss of traditional forms of support.
“Immigration and settlement is a complex process that can lead to economic uncertainty, poor living conditions, social isolation and loss of traditional forms of support from extended family and friends [7, 8].”
From La Maison Bleue: Strengthening resilience among migrant mothers living in Montreal, Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
For very young children (0-5 years), stresses during this sensitive stage may have long-term implications including mental health issues and delays in language and social development.
“For very young children (0–5 years), during this sensitive stage, stresses may have long-term implications including mental health issues and delays in language and social development [7, 8, 14].”
From La Maison Bleue: Strengthening resilience among migrant mothers living in Montreal, Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
For migrant families, the stresses of raising children in a new environment may be amplified in the face of linguistic, cultural, social and financial struggles.
“For migrant families, the stresses of raising children in a new environment may be amplified in the face of these linguistic, cultural, social and financial struggles [8].”
From La Maison Bleue: Strengthening resilience among migrant mothers living in Montreal, Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
Participants reported language barriers, isolation, loss of support for child-rearing, and cultural and environmental stresses.
“Similar to previous studies, participants reported language barriers, isolation, a loss of support for child-rearing, and cultural and environmental stresses [8–10, 16].”
From La Maison Bleue: Strengthening resilience among migrant mothers living in Montreal, Canada (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
Language barriers and precarious immigration status further intensify the situation by reducing access to support.
“Language barriers, and having a precarious immigration status, further intensify the situation by reducing access to support (8, 10, 41).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
For many migrant women, especially single mothers, refugees and asylum-seekers, the protective support system is lost with migration.
“However, for many migrant women, like the women in our study, especially single mothers, refugees and asylum-seekers, the protective support system is lost with migration (8, 10, 41).”
From Social Isolation, Loneliness and Health: A Descriptive Study of the Experiences of Migrant Mothers With Young Children (0–5 Years Old) at La Maison Bleue (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
Parents in several studies reported needing to prepare and support their children to deal with discrimination.
“Parents in several studies reported needing to prepare and support their children to deal with discrimination”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In studies with refugee families, the main contributors to their sense of loss and adversity were the forced nature of their migration and experiences of war, violence and the death of family members and friends.
“In studies with refugee families, the main contributors to their sense of loss and to the adversity that they faced, were the forced nature of their migration and experiences of war, violence and the death of family members and friends”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Migrant parents in almost all studies described resettlement challenges (financial, housing, employment, access to services), which left them feeling overwhelmed.
“Migrant parents in almost all studies described resettlement challenges (financial, housing, employment, access to services) [19, 23–25, 38, 39, 42, 47–50, 52–54, 56, 60, 63, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81–83, 88, 89, 91, 92, 99, 103, 108, 112, 114, 119, 125, 127–129, 133, 139, 149, 155, 158, 161], which left them feeling overwhelmed.”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Financial strain was common and caused parents to be consumed by work in order to provide for the family.
“Financial strain was also common and caused parents to be consumed by work in order to provide for the family”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Like undocumented families, asylum-seeking families' precariousness and difficult circumstances caused strain and affected the well-being of the whole family.
“Like undocumented families the precariousness and difficult circumstances caused strain and affected the well-being of the whole family”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Access to services and rights, such as being allowed to work, varied depending on the receiving-country.
“Access to services and rights, such as being allowed to work, varied depending on the receiving-country”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Discrimination and exclusion, especially due to migration status, were frequently described as issues.
“Discrimination and exclusion, especially due to their migration status, were frequently described as issues”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Asylum-seeking parents worried about being returned to an unsafe country with their children.
“They worried about being returned to an unsafe country with their children”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Changing roles and relationships due to cultural/linguistic shifts and because of changes in family structures related to migration emerged across studies.
“Changing roles and relationships due to cultural/linguistic shifts and because of changes in family structures related to migration, was also an experience that emerged across studies”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In almost every study, parents described experiences of having to manage different languages, traditions, beliefs and ways of doing, including navigating new systems such as education, healthcare and child welfare services.
“In almost every study parents described experiences of having to manage different languages, traditions, beliefs and ways of doing, including navigating new ‘systems’ (e.g., education, healthcare, child welfare services)”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
A number of studies suggest that fathers struggled more with shift in gender roles and social expectations.
“A number of studies suggest that fathers struggled more with shift in gender roles and social expectations”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Resettlement difficulties, particularly for undocumented migrants, hindered families from advancing as they would have liked, and parents reported disappointment and needing to adjust their expectations due to these challenges.
“Resettlement difficulties, particularly for undocumented migrants, hindered families from advancing as they would have liked and parents reported disappointment and needing to adjust their expectations due to these challenges”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
New roles and relationships sometimes caused tension within families and within the larger community.
“New roles and relationships sometimes caused tension within families and within the larger community”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Transmitting language, culture, values and religion was described as a form of building social, economic and cultural capital, keeping children safe by being strict, and maintaining an identity for families.
“Transmitting language, culture, values and religion was not only described as a form of building capital (social, economic, cultural), keeping children safe (by being strict), and maintaining an identity for families”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In many studies, families described their parenthood experience as having a continuing and pervasive transnational dimension, i.e., links with their home country.
“In many studies families described their parenthood experience as having a continuing and pervasive transnational dimension (i.e., links with their home country)”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Family separation, including parents' separation from their children, was common across all classes of migrants and was a major source of concern.
“Family separation, including parents’ separation from their children, was common across all classes of migrants and was a major source of concern”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Education was viewed across studies as the primary means for children to have a better life in the new country, and parents put a lot of emphasis on the importance of their children obtaining an education to optimize their employment prospects.
“Education was viewed across studies as the primary means for children to have a better life in the new country and parents put a lot of emphasis on the importance of their children obtaining an education to optimize their employment prospects”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
Migrant parents were supporting family members by sending remittances and also parenting children who remained in their countries of origin.
“Migrant parents were supporting these family members by sending remittances and also parenting children who remained in their countries of origin”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In other instances, families lived with the hope of eventual migration of family members but were uncertain if it would ever be realized because of their precarious migration status or because of administrative and financial challenges encountered in sponsoring family members.
“In other instances, families lived with the hope of eventual migration of family members but were uncertain if it would ever be realized because of their precarious migration status or because of the administrative and financial challenges encountered in sponsoring family members”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In some studies, families and parents spent years separated before spouses, children and/or other family members would join them.
“In some studies families and parents spent years separated before spouses, children and/or other family members would join them”
From Refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants and the experience of parenthood: a synthesis of the qualitative literature (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
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Altınay, L., Alrawadıeh, Z., Hudec, O., Urbančíková, N., & Arıcı, H. E. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113901 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lim, M., Van Hulst, A., Pisanu, S., & Merry, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Global Women's Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2022.823632 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Language barriers, and having a precarious immigration status, further intensify the situation by reducing access to support (8, 10, 41).”
BackgroundMalebranche, M. E., Norrie, E., Hao, S., Brown, G. E., Talavlikar, R., Hull, A., Vetten, G. D., Nerenberg, K. A., Metcalfe, A., & Fabreau, G. E. (2019) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-019-00961-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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“Additionally, bibliographies of other systematic reviews and meta-analyses were reviewed (i.e., Demazure et al., 2018; Nocon et al., 2017; Sullivan & Simonson, 2016).”
BackgroundCanada’s Sub-Saharan African migrants: A scoping review
Okeke‐Ihejirika, P., Yohani, S. C., Salami, B. O., & Rzeszutek, N. (2020) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.10.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Saunders, N. R., Macpherson, A., Guan, J., et al. (2017) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042276 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Parenting challenges of African immigrants in Alberta, Canada
Salami, B. O., Alaazi, D. A., Okeke‐Ihejirika, P., Yohani, S. C., Vallianatos, H., Tetreault, B., & Nsaliwa, C. (2020) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12725 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Refugee maternal and perinatal health in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective population-based study
Wanigaratne, S., Shakya, Y. B., Gagnon, A. J., Cole, D. C., Rashid, M., Blake, J. M., Dastoori, P., Moineddin, R., Ray, J. G., & Urquia, M. L. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018979 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“birth(49) and experienced culturally insensitive policies.(48) Indeed, such healthcare deficiencies may have contributed to the one-third of outcomes where refugee and non-refugee immigrant mothers experienced greater odds when compared with Canadian-born mothers.”
BackgroundSocial support needs of Sudanese and Zimbabwean refugee new parents in Canada
Stewart, M., Kushner, K. E., Dennis, C., Kariwo, M., Letourneau, N., Makumbe, K., Makwarimba, E., & Shizha, E. (2017) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-07-2014-0028 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Health Services for Refugees in the United States: Policies and Recommendations
Pace, M. N., Al-Obaydi, S., Nourian, M. M., et al. (2015) · Public Policy and Administration Research · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lin, S. (., Kobayashi, K., Tong, H., Davison, K. M., Arora, S. R. A., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2020) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-020-00980-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Papazian-Zohrabian, G., Mamprin, C., Lemire, V., & Turpin-Samson, A. (2018) · Alterstice Revue internationale de la recherche interculturelle · doi:10.7202/1066956ar · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sim, A. L., Puffer, E. S., Ahmad, A., Hammad, L., & Georgiades, K. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15300-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In a study with refugee new parents from Africa in Canada, participants described how lack of social support, shifting gender roles, and acculturative and parenting stress linked to parenting in a new culture contributed to marital conflict and strained family relationships [13].”
BackgroundKhawaja, N. G., Hebbani, A., Obijiofor, L., & Gallois, C. (2017) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2017.1362409 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“These variables have also been linked to family relations and communication (Lin, Suyemoto, & Kiang, 2009; Stewart et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDeslandes, C., Kaufmann, L. M., & Anderson, J. (2021) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.12.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Baghdasaryan, Z., Lampa, E., & Osman, F. A. (2021) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.02.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Community-Based Interventions With Refugee Families Using a Family Systems Approach
Pejic, V., Alvarado, A. E., Hess, R. S., & Groark, S. (2016) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/1066480716680189 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These challenges include learning a new language, negotiating a new culture, juggling work demands and parenting, and navigating a foreign educational and health system (Mohamed & Yusuf, 2011; Stewart et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSocial Consequences of Forced and Refugee Migration
Kraly, E. P., Abbasi‐Shavazi, M. J., Colón, L. T., & Reed, H. E. (2023) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-090221-040023 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Shaw, S. A., Ward, K. P., Pillai, V., Ali, L. M., & Karim, H. (2020) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12592 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Merry, L., Villadsen, S. F., Sicard, V., & Lewis-Hibbert, N. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05632-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In three papers, care-providers actively encouraged families to speak their native language and to pass it on to their children [31, 101, 105]; in one of these, maintaining culture was also promoted [2].”
BackgroundImpacts of a Support Intervention for Zimbabwean and Sudanese Refugee Parents: “I Am Not Alone”
Stewart, M., Makwarimba, E., Letourneau, N. L., Kushner, K. E., Spitzer, D. L., Dennis, C.-L., & Shizha, E. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/084456211504700409 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationForget, G., Correa‐Velez, I., & Dee, M. (2018) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/fey029 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
African Immigrant Parents’ Perspectives on the Factors Influencing Their Children’s Mental Health
Salami, B. O., Alaazi, D. A., Ibrahim, S., Yohani, S. C., Scott, S. D., Vallianatos, H., Urichuk, L., & Islam, B. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02130-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Alaazi, D. A., Ahola, A. N., Okeke‐Ihejirika, P., et al. (2020) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2020.1798746 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Studies examining the challenges confronting African immigrants in Canada are surprisingly rare (e.g. Francis and Yan 2016; Stewart et al. 2015).”
BackgroundZivot, C., Dewey, C. E., Heasley, C., Srinivasan, S., & Little, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207511 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Parenting in exile: Refugee parents’ multivoiced narratives
Bergset, K., & Ulvik, O. S. (2019) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872819825778 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Consumption coping strategies and well‐being among refugee consumers
Zourrig, H., & Hedhli, K. E. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12494 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Seo, J. Y., Kuerban, A., Bae, S., & Strauss, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7532 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“4,12,16,19 In addition, many Asian immigrant women work for small businesses, often in the services arena, with low rates of pay and limited or no health insurance.”
Parenting Among Rohingya and Afghan Refugee Parents Residing in Malaysia
Shaw, S. A., Pillai, V., Yang, C., & Saasa, S. (2020) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12518 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Immigration stress among refugees resettled in the United States
Kamimura, A., Weaver, S., Sin, K., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020939611 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“For instance, some professional credentials do not generally translate internationally (Leblanc et al., 2013; Stewart et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSaunders, N. R., Guan, J., Macpherson, A., Lu, H., & Guttmann, A. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0375 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Refugee parents’ experiences of coming to Sweden: A qualitative study
Västhagen, M., Özdemir, M., Ghaderi, A., Kimber, B., Giles, C. J., Özdemir, S. B., Oppedal, B., & Enebrink, P. (2022) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.08.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Samnani, F., Deering, K., King, D., Magagula, P., Braschel, M. C., Shannon, K., & Krüsi, A. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20439-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“African, Carib-bean, and Black women face unique individual, social, and structural challenges throughout their resettlement journey into Canada [4, 5].”
Infant Care Practices among Resettled Refugee Mothers from East and Central Africa
Bader, L. R., Ward, J., Fouts, H. N., & Jaekel, J. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7060063 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This is the case especially considering that the context of resettlement for refugees is one of dynamic change and stress that can impact children and families [2,11].”
BackgroundInfluentialSystems of support for foreign-born TB patients and their family members
Bedingfield, N., Lashewicz, B., Fisher, D., et al. (2022) · Public Health Action · doi:10.5588/pha.21.0081 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zivot, C., Dewey, C. E., Brockington, M., Nwebube, C., Asfour, G., Vattikonda, N., Bell, D., Srinivasan, S., & Little, M. (2022) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2022036 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Freeman, M., Beaulieu, L., & Crawley, J. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/084456211504700407 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Frensch, K. M., & Akesson, B. (2025) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2025.100267 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ashbourne, L. M., Atalla, S., Jamal, A. A., & Baobaid, M. (2020) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2019.1700852 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Researchers have also considered parents’ experiences, identifying, for example, the cultural conflict, gender role changes, and marital conflicts that refugee new parents experience (Stewart et al., 2015); the challenges of finding a workable balance between traditional and post-settlement expectations for parenting…”
BackgroundPsychosocial and behavioral health indicators among immigrant and non-immigrant recent mothers
Ewesesan, R., Chartier, M., Nickel, N. C., Wall‐Wieler, E., & Urquia, M. L. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04937-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“African men have reportedly shown low involvement and support towards home care or responsibilities [55].”
BackgroundResultBulford, E., Fogarty, A., Giallo, R., Brown, S., Szwarc, J., & Riggs, E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116940 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Qualitative studies from Canada and Sweden that included both mothers and fathers have described how challenges of settlement such as securing housing and employment and learning a new language led to stress and uncertainty for refugee parents, as well as experiences of loneliness and isolation [28,29].”
BackgroundGervais, C., Côté, I., Souza, S. L., & Tardif‐Grenier, K. (2021) · Service social · doi:10.7202/1087192ar · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…pays d’accueil comme une menace (Bacallao et Smokowski, 2007 ; Perreira et al. , 2006, Renzaho et al. , 2017) et craignent qu’en les adoptant leurs enfants perdent leur héritage culturel (Stewart et al. , 2015), ce qui génère des conflits familiaux (Moskal, 2014 ; Lee, 2018 ; Patel et al. , 2016).”
InfluentialKissi, E., & Ewan, A. (2023) · Journal of Childhood Studies · doi:10.18357/jcs20746 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Parenting among Settled Migrants from Southern Africa: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis
Machaka, R., Barley, R., Serrant, L., Furness, P. J., & Dunham, M. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02013-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“, 2015), other fathers valued partnership in childrearing and they evolved from the assigned gender roles they were raised into (Stewart et al., 2015; Williams et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe health of foreign-born homeless families living in the family shelter system
Polillo, A., Kerman, N., Sylvestre, J. C., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-11-2017-0048 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
van Es, C. M., Boelen, P. A., Zwaanswijk, M., Brake, H. T., & Mooren, T. T. M. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12539 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Parents’ life satisfaction prior to and following preterm birth
Eves, R., Baumann, N., Bilgin, A., Schnitzlein, D. D., Richter, D., Dieter Wolke, C., & Lemola, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48582-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Green, D. S., Chuang, S. S., & Goldstein, A. L. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02811-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…in the current study raised several other concerns that have been discussed as parenting challenges by others in the literature, including effects on the biological system (e.g., physical and mental health challenges of children) (Patel & Mavungu, 2016; Roberts et al., 2014; Stewart et al., 2015).”
International Displacement and Family Stress in Latin America
Weitzman, A., Huss, K., Blanton, M., Swindle, J., Camacho, G. B., & Robles, A. (2023) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x231151291 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Fourth, MNP also contend with social stressors like atrophied social networks and acculturation (Dow, 2011; Stewart et al., 2015).”
BackgroundOnyango, E. O., Mori, K., Jirel, B., et al. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118185 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Amare, S., Adamek, M. E., & Minaye, A. (2024) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2342597 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…et al., 2021; Jiwrajka et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2017; Makwarimba et al., 2013; Munyaneza & Mhlongo, 2019; Nara et al., 2020; Schmidt et al., 2018; Stewart et al., 2015), refugee women face barriers when trying to access health services in host countries due to their difficulty to understanding…”
Punjani, N. S., Okeke‐Ihejirika, P., Salami, B. O., Yohani, S. C., & Olukotun, M. (2024) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-024-01598-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“It’s hard because it’s something new”: challenges for forcibly displaced parents upon resettlement
Rao, N., Kumar, J. L., Weeks, E. A., Self‐Brown, S., Willging, C. E., O’Connor, M. H., & Whitaker, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/jcs-01-2023-0002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Life as struggle: a narrative of coping strategies of elderly refugees in South Africa
Yusuf, M. S., & Umejesi, I. (2024) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2334115 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Besides, Bazzi and chemali (2016) and Stewart et al. (2015) note that most elderly refugees lack access to medication and social support in their host countries. in South africa, existing literature shows that elderly refugees are perceived to contribute little or nothing to the South african…”
Parenting practices of Somali immigrant mothers in Alberta
Tetreault, B., Salami, B. O., Mohamud, H., & Sánchez, H. F. (2021) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/imig.12817 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
In Pursuit of Development: Post-Migration Stressors among Kenyan Female Migrants in Austria
Stuhlhofer, E. W. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11010001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
‘Here, parents become nothing’: ‘Unparenting’ in Israel's policies toward Eritrean refugees
Birger, L., Kedem, O., & Nadan, Y. (2022) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12907 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Krüsi, A., Samnani, F., Deering, K., et al. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4492324 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Resilience among refugee mothers: scoping review of promotion and hindrance factors
Zecchinato, F., Iusmen, I., Walker, D., Riggirozzi, P., & Brackstone, K. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10781 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mbakogu, I. A. (2025) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth5030100 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…normally taken-for-granted support mechanisms (such as extended family members, neighbors, and friends), rebuilding these lost support systems (Stewart et al., 2015), navigating unemployment or low-paying jobs, and non-acceptance of their academic credentials (Galabuzzi, 2005), which affect…”
Wollersheim, D., Koh, L., Walker, R., & Liamputtong, P. (2017) · The Journal of Community Informatics · doi:10.15353/joci.v13i1.3293 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-Reported Health of Working-Age Refugees, Immigrants, and the Canadian-Born
McAlpine, A., Kobayashi, K. M., George, U., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2022) · Advances in Public Health · doi:10.1155/2022/9429242 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“One Canadian study found that refugees from Africa described experiencing discrimination on the basis of race within employment and daycare settings [20].”
BackgroundLa Star de soccer, figure de « la diversité » au Canada
Sirois-Moumni, B., & St-Louis, J.-C. (2023) · International Journal of Canadian Studies · doi:10.3138/ijcs-2022-0005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Byamukama, G., Mutto, M., Osunsan, O. K., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research · doi:10.56293/ijmsssr.2022.4731 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Olukotun, M., Mason, A., Fouché, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2023.2283493 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Although most participants migrated with professional postsecondary degrees, they were unable to fi nd jobs in their fi eld commensurate with their high levels of education (Ba ff oe, 2010; Okeke-Ihejirika et al., 2019; Salami et al., 2020a; Stewart et al., 2015).”
2.11-P13Understanding the needs of refugee women in navigating the Canadian healthcare system
Anteh, E. (2018) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky048.085 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Settlement Experiences of Syrian Refugees
Perkins, J. (2018) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fatores de risco e proteção para imigrantes venezuelanos: papel das políticas públicas
Cunha, M. P., Machado, N. M., Bossardi, C. N., et al. (2024) · Revista Subjetividades · doi:10.5020/23590777.rs.v24i1.e13560 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Labour Market Transition: Barriers and Supports for First Generation Immigrant and Refugee Youth
Shalileh, H. (2017) · doi:10.22215/etd/2017-11928 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ghazyani, R. (2018) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3pg1j453 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An Exploration of Integration Journeys, Identity, and Well-Being with Syrian Refugee Youth
Rabiah-Mohammed, F., Oudshoorn, A., & Hussain, Y. (2025) · Refuge Canada s Journal on Refuge · doi:10.25071/1920-7336.41395 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“On average, it takes refugee youth an additional 10 years to achieve the same occupational outcomes as their Canadian-born peers (Statistics Canada, 2025; Stewart et al., 2015).”
Resettled Refugee Families: Parenting Practices and Educational Involvement
Huang, G. C., & Lam, E. T. C. (2022) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2022.106015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cultural Identity as a Determinant of Health among South Sudanese in Sydney, Australia
Vaughan, G. A., Nyanhanda, T., Rawal, L. B., et al. (2023) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/2023/4981800 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Sirois-Moumni, B. (2025) · International Review for the Sociology of Sport · doi:10.1177/10126902251357384 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Davies ’ family ’ s story, for example, resembles those common to many recent African refugees and immigrants in Canada, characterized by employment challenges, discrimination, cultural adaptation, and family separation (Stewart et al., 2015).”
Parenting Values of African Immigrants
Amodu, O. C., Armoush, N., & Salami, B. O. (2025) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x251362450 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Stewart et al. (2015) discusses how African refugee parents experience challenges with fi nding a balance between African and Canadian culture.”
Zohar, S., Yuval, K., Gebremariam, S. G., Goldberg, S. B., Aviad, N., Baldwin, S. A., & Bernstein, A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02675-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tuyishimire, B., Kwaks, J., & Berckmoes, L. H. (2024) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy8030119 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…(El-Khani et al. 2016; Leyendecker et al. 2018; Eltanamly et al. 2021), leading to what some have called “unengaged parenting” (Cramsey 2024)—although post-traumatic growth may also occur, leading to increased warmth and engagement in some parents (Eltanamly et al. 2021; Stewart et al. 2015).”
In the shadow of multiculturalism: leisure, gender, and race in the refugee experience in Canada
Shahzeidi, M., & Norman, M. E. (2025) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2025.2555568 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…approach is the government’s strategy of distributing refugees to smaller, less populated communities, which is not solely motivated by integration goals, but is a pragmatic measure to address population loss and labour shortages in these areas (Guo & Guo, 2016; Stewart et al., 2015; Zhuang, 2023).”
An Incomplete Jigsaw Puzzle: A Narrative Study on Arab Refugees in Canada
Alhawsaw, H. Y. (2016) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Refugee smartphone access to health care in Canada: Concept analysis
Epstein, I., Balaquiao, L., Chang, K. Y., & Nguyen, J. (2018) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v9n1p78
“1151).[48] Author suggested to support clients on how technology can be further used.”
BackgroundParenting styles and practices of East African newcomer women in Winnipeg, Manitoba
Ola, O. O. (2018) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
Senthanar, S. (2019) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Mahajan, S. (2019) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Epling, S. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/t6z2-q355
Researching Migrant Motherhood Using the Drawing Method
Benza, S., & Liamputtong, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_73-1
Nho, C. R., & Kang, H. (2021) · Korean Journal of Human Ecology · doi:10.5934/kjhe.2021.30.3.441
Kent‐Marvick, J., Simonsen, S. E., Pentecost, R., Taylor, E., & McFarland, M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-812280/v1
Researching Migrant Motherhood Using the Drawing Method
Benza, S., & Liamputtong, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_73-2
- Authors
- Stewart, M., Dennis, C. L., Kariwo, M., Kushner, K. E., Letourneau, N., Makumbe, K., Makwarimba, E., & Shizha, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Alberta Health Services (CA)
- Wilfrid Laurier University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kushner, K. E.
- Venue
- Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
- Published
- 2014-07-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1146-1156
- ISSN
- 1557-1912 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1920
- OpenAlex
- W2059046128
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Keywords
- African refugees, Sudanese refugees, loneliness, social isolation, stress, trauma, gender roles, marital conflict
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Canada, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Parents, Refugees
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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