Inflexible parents, inflexible kids: a 6-year longitudinal study of parenting style and the development of psychological flexibility in adolescents

Williams, Kathryn E.; Ciarrochi, Joseph; Heaven, Patrick C. L.

doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0

Cited by 169Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychosocial Factors Impacting YouthMindfulness and Compassion Interventions

Inflexible parents, inflexible kids: a 6-year longitudinal study of parenting style and the development of psychological flexibility in adolescents

Williams, Kathryn E., Ciarrochi, Joseph, Heaven, Patrick C. L.·2012·Journal of Youth and Adolescence

DOI 10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0

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Abstract

Parenting behaviors have been linked to children's self regulation, but it is less clear how they relate to adolescent psychological flexibility. Psychological flexibility is a broad construct that describes an individual's ability to respond appropriately to environmental demands and internal experiences in the service of their goals. We examined the longitudinal relationships between perceived parenting style and psychological flexibility among students at five Australian schools (N= 749) over 6 years, beginning in Grade 7 (50.3% female, mean age 12.39 years). Parenting style was measured in Grades 7 and 12, and psychological flexibility from Grade 9 through 12. Psychological flexibility decreased, on average, with age. Multi-level modelling indicated that authoritarian parenting (low warmth, high control) in Grade 7 predicted later (low) psychological flexibility. Moreover, increases in authoritarian parenting and decreases in authoritative parenting (high warmth and control) were associated with adolescent psychological flexibility across the high school years. Change in parenting predicted future psychological flexibility but did not predict change over time. Structural Equation Modelling revealed that adolescent psychological flexibility in Grade 9 predicted later decreases in authoritarian and increases in authoritative parenting. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding how parenting changes and the consequences of such change for the development of psychological flexibility.

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Psychological inflexibility may develop under difficult life conditions, and this may lead to experiences of psychological distress.
“In line with this, research has suggested that psychological inflexibility may develop under difficult life conditions, and this, in turn, may lead to experiences of psychological distress (e.g., Kurz, Bethay, & LadnerGraham, 2014; Williams, Ciarrochi, & Heaven, 2012).”
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Authors: Williams, K. E., Ciarrochi, J., & Heaven, P. C. L.
Affiliations: University of Wollongong (AU)
Western Sydney University (AU)
Corresponding author: Williams, Kathryn E.
ORCID: Williams, Kathryn E.
Ciarrochi, Joseph
Venue: Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-02-07
Volume: 41
Issue: 8
Pages: 1053-1066
ISSN: 0047-2891 (ISSN-L)
1573-6601
DOI: 10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0
OpenAlex: W2038380281
Cited by: 169
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 10.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Youth and Adolescence (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Keywords: parenting styles, psychological flexibility, authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, adolescent development, self-regulation, longitudinal development
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Psychology, Adolescent, Australia, Authoritarianism, Conflict, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Permissiveness, Personality Development, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors, Parenting, Resilience, Psychological

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Inflexible parents, inflexible kids: a 6-year longitudinal study of parenting style and the development of psychological flexibility in adolescents

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