Cited by 268Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchGender, Health, and Social InequalityMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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“It’s The Skin You’re In”: African-American Women Talk About Their Experiences of Racism. An Exploratory Study to Develop Measures of Racism for Birth Outcome Studies

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Nuru-Jeter, Amani, Dominguez, Tyan Parker, Hammond, Wizdom Powell, Leu, Janxin, Skaff, Marilyn, Egerter, Susan, Jones, Camara P., Braveman, Paula·2009·Maternal and Child Health Journal

DOI 10.1007/s10995-008-0357-xPMC PMC3051354

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Abstract

Objectives Stress due to experiences of racism could contribute to African-American women's adverse birth outcomes, but systematic efforts to measure relevant experiences among childbearing women have been limited. We explored the racism experiences of childbearing African-American women to inform subsequent development of improved measures for birth outcomes research.Methods Six focus groups were conducted with a total of 40 socioeconomically diverse African-American women of childbearing age in four northern California cities.Results Women reported experiencing racism (1) throughout the lifecourse, with childhood experiences seeming particularly salient and to have especially enduring effects (2) directly and vicariously, particularly in relation to their children; (3) in interpersonal, institutional, and internalized forms; (4) across different life domains; (5) with active and passive responses; and (6) with pervasive vigilance, anticipating threats to themselves and their children.Conclusions This exploratory study's findings support the need for measures reflecting the complexity of childbearing African-American women's racism experiences. In addition to discrete, interpersonal experiences across multiple domains and active/passive responses, which have been measured, birth outcomes research should also measure women's childhood experiences and their potentially enduring impact, perceptions of institutionalized racism and internalized negative stereotypes, vicarious experiences related to their children, vigilance in anticipating future racism events, as well as the pervasiveness and chronicity of racism exposure, all of which could be sources of ongoing stress with potentially serious implications for birth outcomes. Measures of racism addressing these issues should be developed and formally tested.

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Authors: Nuru-Jeter, A., Dominguez, T. P., Hammond, W. P., Leu, J., Skaff, M., Egerter, S., Jones, C. P., & Braveman, P.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author: Braveman, Paula
ORCID: Dominguez, Tyan Parker
Egerter, Susan
Jones, Camara P.
Braveman, Paula
Venue: Maternal and Child Health Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-05-08
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 29-39
ISSN: 1092-7875 (ISSN-L)
1573-6628
DOI: 10.1007/s10995-008-0357-x
PMC: PMC3051354
OpenAlex: W2096982585
Cited by: 268
References: 127
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 26.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Maternal and Child Health Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (TS-842)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD002605)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042828)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: racism, African American women, childbearing women, birth outcomes, vicarious racism, institutional racism, internalized racism, sustained attention, stress, adverse birth outcomes, racial discrimination
MeSH terms: Adult, Black or African American, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Prejudice, Research Design, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Program Development, Nutritional Support, Young Adult

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“It’s The Skin You’re In”: African-American Women Talk About Their Experiences of Racism. An Exploratory Study to Develop Measures of Racism for Birth Outcome Studies

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