Cited by 906Misinformation and Its ImpactsElectoral Systems and Political ParticipationMedia Influence and Politics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence

Open access

Wood, Thomas, Porter, Ethan·2019·Political Behavior

DOI 10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y

Cites

52 of 52 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The weirdest people in the world?
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999152x · Cited by 12,641
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion
Zaller, J. R. (1992) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818691 · Cited by 7,785 · cited 1×
“Developing counter-arguments would be unusually effortful, as sophisticated respondents can simply filter out, rather than counterargue, unwelcome facts (Zaller 1992).”
Background
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion.
Kenski, H. C., & Zaller, J. R. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074664 · Cited by 5,150
The American Voter. By A. Campbell, P. Converse, W. Miller, and D. Stokes. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1960. Pp. viii, 573. $8.50.)
Eulau, H. H. F. (1960) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952653 · Cited by 4,744
Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 · Cited by 4,583
Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x · Cited by 4,344
WEIRD languages have misled us, too
Majid, A., & Levinson, S. C. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1000018x · Cited by 4,177
Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.293 · Cited by 3,991
When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · Cited by 3,173
Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2365 · Cited by 1,300

Show all 53 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
Cochran, W. G., & Cox, G. M. (1957). Experimental designs. New York: Wiley.
Lippman, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Edelman, C., Passo, W., Banks, A., Boston, E., et al. (2015). Answering on cue?. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College.
Prior, M. (2007). Is partisan bias in perceptions of objective conditions real? The effect of an accuracy incentive on the stated beliefs of partisans. In Annual conference of the Midwestern Political Science Association.

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 906

Does Momentary Outcome‐Based Reflection Shape Bioethical Views? A Pre‐Post Intervention Design
Isern‐Mas, C., Bystranowski, P., Rueda, J., & Hannikainen, I. R. (2024) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.70009 · Cited by 1
The influence and continued influence of misinformation: A review
Rapp, D. N., Holohan, J. A., & Withall, M. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00069-9 · Cited by 1
Promoting engagement with social fact-checks online: Investigating the roles of social connection and shared partisanship
Martel, C., Mosleh, M., Eckles, D., & Rand, D. G. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319336 · Cited by 6
Blinded by Partisanship? The Limitations of Fact-Checkers in Correcting Misinformation During the 2021 Georgia Senate Runoff Elections
Francia, P. L., Morris, D. S. M., & Morris, J. S. (2025) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x251341893 · Cited by 1
Partisan news users in the United States and India on either side seldom use fact checkers
Ray, R., Bhalla, S., & Taneja, H. (2025) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqaf018 · Cited by 2
Scientific values and value-based science reporting
Gerken, M. (2025) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-025-02346-4 · Cited by 1
What’s in a Label? Propaganda Labels and User Sharing Behavior on Social Media Platforms
Jose, J., Geeng, C., Morales, K. O., McCoy, D., & Greenstadt, R. (2025) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v19i1.35853 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Biases Influencing the Behavior of Online Fraud Victims and Considering Them in the Development of Victimological Prevention Measures
Раднаева, Э. Л., & Semenova, N. (2025) · Russian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.17150/2500-4255.2025.19(2).148-159 · Cited by 1
How Single vs. Multiple-Statement Fact-Checking and Partisan Identity Influence Individuals’ Trust in Counter-Attitudinal Political Fact-Checks
Tran, H. D., Diep, P. P. U., & Kafiliveyjuyeh, S. (2025) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2025.2544832 · Cited by 1
The Power of the Crowd
Stoeckel, F., Stöckli, S., Lyons, B. A., Kroker, H., & Reifler, J. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009677165 · Cited by 1
Restoring institutional confidence in backsliding democracies: Evidence from Mexico
Bessen, B. R., Stokes, S. C., & Uribe, A. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2516520122 · Cited by 1
Republican Pushback on Patriotism-Linked COVID-19 Vaccine Messages: A Note on Moral Reframing
DeMora, S. L., Merolla, J. L., Newman, B., & Zechmeister, E. J. (2025) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfaf057 · Cited by 1
Democratic Falsehoods
Lepoutre, M. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780198916017.001.0001 · Cited by 1
Trust in the Digital Age: Mechanisms of Formation, Erosion, and Restoration in Health Information
Alabri, A. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1013748 · Cited by 1
Truth-Seeking vs. Balance: The Credibility Dilemma in Correcting Political Misinformation
Shin, H. (2026) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2026.2627253 · Cited by 1
Video inoculation against election misinformation across 12 EU nations
Biddlestone, M., Goldberg, B., Basol, M., Washington, K. O., Elnusairi, S., Sharpley, A., Graham, M., van der Linden, S., Green, R., Roozenbeek, J., et al. (2026) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00379-3 · Cited by 1
Conditioning Public Opinion Perceptions by “Survey Methods 101”: Informing, Engaging, and Motivating Individuals for Critical Processing of Public Opinion Polls
Kuru, O. (2026) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfag006 · Cited by 1
Paradoxical thinking and attitudes toward prostitution: preliminary experimental findings
Yaffe, D., Kochav, O., & Lifshin, U. (2026) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2026.2667805 · Cited by 1
AI as a partisan cue: the relational dynamics of AI-assisted campaign messaging in election integrity perceptions
Lee-Geiller, S. (2026) · Journal of Elections, Public Opinion, and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2026.2734815 · Cited by 1
Political Knowledge and Fractured Perceptions
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0012 · Cited by 1
Efficient smart garbage management system using IOT technique
Sri, D. S. H., Krishna, R. V., Surya, M., & Babu, D. V. (2018) · International Journal of Engineering & Technology · doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i2.33.14836 · Cited by 1
Overcoming Biases and Bridging Gaps:The Democratic Dilemma’s Perspective of Hope
Krupnikov, Y. (2019) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096519000957 · Cited by 1
Valores y compromiso organizacional de personal empleado en la Ciudad de Durango
Vela, H. H. (2020) · TRASCENDER CONTABILIDAD Y GESTIÓN · doi:10.36791/tcg.v13i0.77 · Cited by 1
El día después y los liderazgos reparadores: la necesidad de un nuevo liderazgo político para la pospandemia
Albarello, J. G. G. (2021) · Análisis Político · doi:10.15446/anpol.v34n101.96564 · Cited by 1
Are Rumors Always False?: Understanding Rumors Across Domains, Queries, and Ratings
Chau, X. T. D., Nguyên, T. T., Jo, J. H., & Nguyen, Q. V. H. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95405-5_13 · Cited by 1
Foundations of Political Psychology
(2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.001 · Cited by 1
Påvirker mediedækning af fake news borgeres modtagelighed for misinformation og korrektioner?
Hjorth, F., & Adler‐Nissen, R. (2021) · Politica · doi:10.7146/politica.v53i2.130384 · Cited by 1
Persuading partisans
Peterson, E. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01552-6 · Cited by 1
Misinformation in Open and Closed Online Platforms: Impacts and Countermeasures
Butler, L. H., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2023) · Mobile communication in Asia · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2225-2_15 · Cited by 3
Barriers to the Introduction of Artificial Intelligence to Support Communication Experts in Media and the Public Sector to Combat Fake News and Misinformation
Seböck, W., Biron, B., & Lampoltshammer, T. J. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41617-0_5 · Cited by 5
„Értelmezni se tudom, mi az a liberális tényellenőr”
Német, S. (2023) · Médiakutató · doi:10.55395/mk.2023.3.9 · Cited by 1
Muzzling Misinformation: Drawing from Other Disciplines and Engaging Health and Science Journalists as Research Collaborators
Reid, C. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49084-2_7 · Cited by 1
Diversity and Political Problem-Solving
Benson, J. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197767283.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Do Subsidized Rice and Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Affect Poor Households’ Food Consumption Expenditures? A Difference-in- Differences Approach
Hudang, A. K., & Setyarini, Y. (2024) · Journal of Economic Sociology · doi:10.17323/1726-3247-2024-3-229-246 · Cited by 2
How Should We Address Medical Conspiracy Theories? An Assessment of Strategies
Andrade, G., & Lugo-Ocando, J. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.7202/1112277ar · Cited by 1
Media sources, partisanship, and public support for self-defense in Taiwan
Yeh, Y., Lin, H.-Y., & Wu, C. K. S. (2024) · Media War & Conflict · doi:10.1177/17506352241268678 · Cited by 1
The impact of situational context and dispositions on costly signals of reassurance: Experimental evidence from Taiwan
Fu, R. T.-M., & Lee, E. I. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.13018 · Cited by 1
How Does Topical Diversity Affect Source Credibility? Fact-Checking Coverage of Politics, Science, and Popular Culture
Shin, H. (2024) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612241277137 · Cited by 1
Introduction
Fuerstein, M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197784280.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Battling misinformation
Smith, M. R., & Backer, C. B. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23901-4.00027-1 · Cited by 1
The power of empirical evidence: assessing changes in public opinion on constitutional emergency provisions
Iwasaki, M. (2024) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-024-01252-3 · Cited by 1
Social Media and the Scholar in an Era of Hyper-Nationalism and Fake News
Busby, J. W. (2017) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s1049096517001160 · Cited by 1
Modeling voting dynamics in a two-party system
Phan, T., Navas-Zuloaga, M. G., Ignace, C., Castillo-Garsow, C. W., Moreno, V. M., & Kribs, C. M. (2019) · Revista de Matemática Teoría y Aplicaciones · doi:10.15517/rmta.v27i1.39970 · Cited by 1
Will improvements in health journalism improve health literacy?
Oransky, I. (2020) · Information Services & Use · doi:10.3233/isu-200081 · Cited by 1
Fact or Fiction
Redlawsk, D. P., Mattes, K., & Menco, K. S. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108774871.013 · Cited by 1
Discursos de ódio no contexto da desordem informacional: como resolver?
Forster, R., & de Carvalho, R. M. (2022) · Revista SOLETRAS · doi:10.12957/soletras.2022.64759
Comunicación de riesgo: El miedo durante el confinamiento en España y Argentina.
Amado, A., & Pérez, G. (2023) · Comunicación y Hombre · doi:10.32466/eufv-cyh.2023.19.352.77-90 · Cited by 1
Extended Exposure to Diverse News: Evidence from a Campus ProjectPreprint
Stone, D. F., Kuiken, D. V., & Wallace, J. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3049015 · Cited by 1
Pseudoscience, snake oil, and indoor air quality
Morrison, G. (2018) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12455 · Cited by 1
Review of Maik Fielitz and Nick Thurston (Eds.). (2019). Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US
Wright, J. (2020) · Postdigital Science and Education · doi:10.1007/s42438-020-00201-9 · Cited by 1
Political Overconfidence Inhibits the Effectiveness of Inoculations Against MisperceptionsPreprint
Anson, I. G. (2021) · doi:10.33774/apsa-2021-w1b25 · Cited by 1
Identifying trusted sources of Lyme disease prevention information among internet users connected to academic public health resources (Preprint)Preprint
Kopsco, H. L., Krell, R. K., Mather, T. N., & Connally, N. P. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.37871 · Cited by 1
(Why) Is misinformation a problem?Preprint
Osman, M., Adams, Z., Meder, B., & Bechlivanidis, C. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xvhbs · Cited by 1
Misinformation on the Facebook News Feed: Experimental EvidencePreprint
Porter, E. V., & Wood, T. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/r3mvw · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Does Information Change Attitudes Towards Immigrants?
Roth, C. (2016) · AEA Randomized Controlled Trials · doi:10.1257/rct.1092 · Cited by 4
Online perspectives of deemed consent organ donation legislation in Nova Scotia: A thematic analysis of commentary in Facebook groups (Preprint)Preprint
Marcon, A. R., Wagner, D. N., Giles, C., & Isenor, C. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.38242 · Cited by 1
Educación en información comunicación: análisis y propuesta para capacitar el consumo responsable de la información
Ferrer, J. (2022) · RiuNet (Universitat Politècnica de València) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/185505 · Cited by 1
Providing Details of Payoff Structure Can Reduce Polarization: Laboratory ExperimentsPreprint
Arai, K., Asako, Y., Hino, A., & Morikawa, S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4684602 · Cited by 1
О слухах и их разоблачениях: как бороться с недостоверной информацией?
Петрова, Д. (2024) · Journal of Economic Sociology · doi:10.17323/1726-3247-2024-3-213-228 · Cited by 1
AI Use in Election Campaigns Alters Voter Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, Driven by Partisan BiasesPreprint
Lee-Geiller, S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4937187 · Cited by 1
How Partisan Crowds Affect News Evaluation
Jakesch, M., Koren, M., Evtushenko, A., & Naaman, M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/baxts
An American in Paris: Investigating the Discourse of "No-Go Zones" Through Documentary Film
Koch, H. M. (2018) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)
Introduction
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0001
Dueling Facts in Political Science
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0003
The Democratic Consequences of Dueling Facts
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0010
Let Facts Be Submitted to a Candid World
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0013
Conclusion
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0016
The Psychology of Fact Perceptions II
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0006
A Theory of Intuitive Epistemology
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0008
Dueling Facts in American Politics
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0004
What Smarter People Have Said About Facts
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0002
Polarized Leaders Versus Polarized Values
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0007
Your Facts or Mine?
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0005
Disdain and Disengagement
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0011
Citizen Reponses to Fact-Checking
Marietta, M., Barker, D. C., Nalder, K., & Martin, D. J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0014
The Roots of Certainty
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0009
Symmetry, Asymmetry, and Durability
Marietta, M., & Barker, D. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0015
Examining Opinion Polarization on Social Media Platform Using a Natural ExperimentPreprint
Lu, Y., Wu, J., Tan, Y., & Chen, J. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3383287
The Problem of Polarization
Talisse, R. B. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190924195.003.0005
Democracy’s Expanding Reach
Talisse, R. B. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190924195.003.0003
Can Democracy Be Overdone?
Talisse, R. B. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190924195.003.0002
The Place of Politics
Talisse, R. B. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190924195.003.0007
The Political Saturation of Social Space
Talisse, R. B. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190924195.003.0004
Do Facts Speak for Themselves? Causes and Consequences of Partisan Bias in Factual Beliefs
Khanna, K. (2019)
Drinnen und draußen: Immigration und Religion
Duffy, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61676-5_4
CITIZENS AND COLLECTIVE DELIBERATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
Brasi, L. D. (2020) · Manuscrito · doi:10.1590/0100-6045.2020.v43n3.lb
"TL;DR:" Out-of-Context Adversarial Text Summarization and Hashtag RecommendationPreprint
Jachim, P., Sharevski, F., & Pieroni, E. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.00782
The Evolution of Rumors on a Closed Platform during COVID-19Preprint
Wen-Yi, A. W., Lan, J.-Y., Yu, C., & Wang, M.-H. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.13816
The Courage to Change Our Mind
Atanasiu, R. (2021) · Management for professionals · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73600-2_14
Ativismo digital e valores democráticos
Casalecchi, G. Á., & Vieira, A. D. O. (2021) · Estudos de Sociologia · doi:10.52780/res.14836
The log in my eye : awareness, acceptance, and correction of partisan political bias
Baker, S. G. (2019) · doi:10.32469/10355/70060
Relationships and Ambiguity
Hunt, D. (2021) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7152-1.ch015
Health MisinformationPreprint
Nan, X., Wang, Y., & Thier, K. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/uzbc7
Teaching Issues of Equity and Oppression in a Business Ethics Course
Sellers, A. E., & Eikenberry, S. M. (2021) · Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.14434/josotl.v21i4.32709
Justifying DissentPreprint
Bursztyn, L., Egorov, G., Haaland, I., Rao, A., & Roth, C. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4028346
Preface
Persily, N., & Tucker, J. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.001
Subjective Reasoning
Madsen, J. K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22145-4_3
Can facts change minds? The case of free tradePreprint
Porter, E. V., & Wood, T. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/d6qvz
Self-citation
By the People
Weinberg, A. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108774871.010
Civic Friendship
Talisse, R. B. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190924195.003.0006

Authors: Wood, T., & Porter, E.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
George Washington University (US)
Corresponding author: Wood, Thomas
ORCID: Wood, Thomas
Porter, Ethan
Venue: Political Behavior
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-01-16
Volume: 41
Issue: 1
Pages: 135-163
ISSN: 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
1573-6687
DOI: 10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y
OpenAlex: W3126124149
Cited by: 904
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 31
FWCI: 138.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
Funders: The Cato Institute (ID0EMTAG524)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
Keywords: backfire effect, factual information, partisan attitudes, fact-checking, political polarization

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks