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The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence
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“Moreover, there is mixed research regarding whether corrections may actually increase belief in the original misinformation 121,124-126 or in other misleading claims that fail to get corrected 127 .”
From Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“This has brought researchers to conclude that negative influence effect is elusive, with limited relevance for politics outside the laboratory (88, 90, 93–95): while we may be less influenced by our political opponents, we are unlikely to be negatively influenced by them.”
From How digital media drive affective polarization through partisan sorting (2022) · cites this paper as [90]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wood, T., & Porter, E.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wood, Thomas
- Venue
- Political Behavior
- Published
- 2018-01-16
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 135-163
- ISSN
- 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6687
- OpenAlex
- W3126124149
- Cited by
- 904
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 31
- FWCI
- 138.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- The Cato Institute (ID0EMTAG524)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Keywords
- backfire effect, factual information, partisan attitudes, fact-checking, political polarization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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