Cited by 906Misinformation and Its ImpactsElectoral Systems and Political ParticipationMedia Influence and Politics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence

Open access

Wood, Thomas, Porter, Ethan·2019·Political Behavior

DOI 10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y

Cites

52 of 52 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The weirdest people in the world?
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999152x · Cited by 12,641
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion
Zaller, J. R. (1992) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818691 · Cited by 7,785 · cited 1×
“Developing counter-arguments would be unusually effortful, as sophisticated respondents can simply filter out, rather than counterargue, unwelcome facts (Zaller 1992).”
Background
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion.
Kenski, H. C., & Zaller, J. R. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074664 · Cited by 5,150
The American Voter. By A. Campbell, P. Converse, W. Miller, and D. Stokes. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1960. Pp. viii, 573. $8.50.)
Eulau, H. H. F. (1960) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952653 · Cited by 4,744
Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 · Cited by 4,583
Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x · Cited by 4,344
WEIRD languages have misled us, too
Majid, A., & Levinson, S. C. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1000018x · Cited by 4,177
Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.293 · Cited by 3,991
When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · Cited by 3,173
Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2365 · Cited by 1,300

Show all 53 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
Cochran, W. G., & Cox, G. M. (1957). Experimental designs. New York: Wiley.
Lippman, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Edelman, C., Passo, W., Banks, A., Boston, E., et al. (2015). Answering on cue?. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College.
Prior, M. (2007). Is partisan bias in perceptions of objective conditions real? The effect of an accuracy incentive on the stated beliefs of partisans. In Annual conference of the Midwestern Political Science Association.

Sorted by citations

Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z · Cited by 4,964
Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization
Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., Bumpus, J. P., Chen, H., Hunzaker, M. B. F., Lee, J., Mann, M., Merhout, F., & Volfovsky, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1804840115 · Cited by 1,863
The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions
Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. G. (2018) · European Journal of Communication · doi:10.1177/0267323118760317 · Cited by 1,934
The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., Kendeou, P., Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y · Cited by 1,372
The Psychology of Fake News
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007 · Cited by 1,360
“Despite some early evidence that correction checking could backfire and increase belief in false content [86], recent work has shown that these backfire effects are extremely uncommon and are not a cause for serious concern [87,88].”
Background
Public health and online misinformation: challenges and recommendations
Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2020) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094127 · Cited by 1,170
Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change
van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Rosenthal, S., & Maibach, E. (2017) · Global Challenges · doi:10.1002/gch2.201600008 · Cited by 1,058
Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news
Scheufele, D. A., & Krause, N. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1805871115 · Cited by 878
The evidence for motivated reasoning in climate change preference formation
Druckman, J. N., & McGrath, M. C. (2019) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0360-1 · Cited by 733
Assessing the Effect of 'Disputed' Warnings and Source Salience on Perceptions of Fake News Accuracy
Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Collins, E., & Rand, D. G. (2017) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2019.3478 · Cited by 903
Does Media Literacy Help Identification of Fake News? Information Literacy Helps, but Other Literacies Don’t
Jones-Jang, S. M., Mortensen, T., & Liu, J. (2021) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219869406 · Cited by 685
Misinformation: susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public
van der Linden, S. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01713-6 · Cited by 570
Using Expert Sources to Correct Health Misinformation in Social Media
Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2017) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547017731776 · Cited by 627
Online misinformation about climate change
Treen, K. M. D., Williams, H. T. P., & O’Neill, S. J. (2020) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.665 · Cited by 557
Taking Corrections Literally But Not Seriously? The Effects of Information on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability
Nyhan, B. J., Porter, E. V., Reifler, J., & Wood, T. (2017) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x · Cited by 557
Self-citation
The diffusion of misinformation on social media: Temporal pattern, message, and source
Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., & Bar, F. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.008 · Cited by 436
Does Counter-Attitudinal Information Cause Backlash? Results from Three Large Survey Experiments
Guess, A., & Coppock, A. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123418000327 · Cited by 372
Social Media, Echo Chambers, and Political Polarization
Barberá, P. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.004 · Cited by 373
Searching for the backfire effect: Measurement and design considerations.
Swire-Thompson, B., DeGutis, J., & Lazer, D. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006 · Cited by 360
Misinformation and Polarization in a High-Choice Media Environment: How Effective Are Political Fact-Checkers?
Hameleers, M., & van der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2019) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650218819671 · Cited by 328
Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments.
Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Basol, M., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000315 · Cited by 321
The Authentic Appeal of the Lying Demagogue: Proclaiming the Deeper Truth about Political Illegitimacy
Hahl, O., Kim, M., & Zuckerman, E. W. (2018) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122417749632 · Cited by 305
Misinformation During a Pandemic
Bursztyn, L., Rao, A., Roth, C., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27417 · Cited by 312
How digital media drive affective polarization through partisan sorting
Törnberg, P. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2207159119 · Cited by 288
Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions
Nyhan, B. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1912440117 · Cited by 294
A Picture Paints a Thousand Lies? The Effects and Mechanisms of Multimodal Disinformation and Rebuttals Disseminated via Social Media
Hameleers, M., Powell, T. E., Van Der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Bos, L. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2019.1674979 · Cited by 273
The gateway belief model: a large-scale replication
van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.01.009 · Cited by 262
Anti-Intellectualism, Populism, and Motivated Resistance to Expert Consensus
Merkley, E. (2019) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfz053 · Cited by 303
Political Misinformation
Jerit, J., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032814 · Cited by 263
Does information change attitudes toward immigrants?
Grigorieff, A., Roth, C., & Ubfal, D. (2020) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-020-00882-8 · Cited by 254
Facts and Myths about Misperceptions
Nyhan, B. J. (2020) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.34.3.220 · Cited by 263
The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom
Porter, E. V., & Wood, T. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104235118 · Cited by 275
Self-citation
News media literacy and conspiracy theory endorsement
Craft, S., Ashley, S., & Maksl, A. (2017) · Communication and the Public · doi:10.1177/2057047317725539 · Cited by 261
Believing and sharing misinformation, fact-checks, and accurate information on social media: The role of anxiety during COVID-19
Freiling, I., Krause, N. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Brossard, D. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211011451 · Cited by 267
Rural and Urban Differences in COVID‐19 Prevention Behaviors
Callaghan, T., Lueck, J. A., Trujillo, K. L., & Ferdinand, A. O. (2021) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12556 · Cited by 227
The Effects of Unsubstantiated Claims of Voter Fraud on Confidence in Elections
Berlinski, N., Doyle, M., Guess, A., Levy, G., Lyons, B. A., Montgomery, J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2021.18 · Cited by 135
Cleaning Up Social Media: The Effect of Warning Labels on Likelihood of Sharing False News on Facebook
Mena, P. (2019) · Policy & Internet · doi:10.1002/poi3.214 · Cited by 245
Separating truth from lies: comparing the effects of news media literacy interventions and fact-checkers in response to political misinformation in the US and Netherlands
Hameleers, M. (2020) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2020.1764603 · Cited by 223
Timing matters when correcting fake news
Brashier, N. M., Pennycook, G., Berinsky, A. J., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2020043118 · Cited by 216
Determinants of individuals’ belief in fake news: A scoping review determinants of belief in fake news
Bryanov, K., & Vziatysheva, V. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253717 · Cited by 211
Political Psychology in the Digital (mis)Information age: A Model of News Belief and Sharing
Van Bavel, J. J., Harris, E. A., Pärnamets, P., Rathje, S., Doell, K. C., & Tucker, J. A. (2021) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12077 · Cited by 213
Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda
Guess, A. M., & Lyons, B. A. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.003 · Cited by 284
Social learning and partisan bias in the interpretation of climate trends
Guilbeault, D., Becker, J. A., & Centola, D. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722664115 · Cited by 204
Facts, alternative facts, and fact checking in times of post-truth politics
Barrera, Ó., Guriev, S. M., Henry, E., & Zhuravskaya, E. V. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104123 · Cited by 231
Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of crowds
Allen, J., Arechar, A. A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf4393 · Cited by 234
“Debunking false claims typically reduces incorrect belief ( 5 ) [early concerns about potential “backfire effects” ( 6 , 7 ) have not been supported by subsequent work; for a review, see ( 8 )].”
An Analysis of the Interaction Between Intelligent Software Agents and Human Users
Burr, C., Cristianini, N., & Ladyman, J. (2018) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-018-9479-0 · Cited by 205
Political Attitudes and the Processing of Misinformation Corrections
Ecker, U. K. H., & Ang, L. C. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12494 · Cited by 191
The effectiveness of short‐format refutational fact‐checks
Ecker, U. K. H., O’Reilly, Z., Reid, J. S., & Chang, E. P. (2019) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12383 · Cited by 197
Creating News Literacy Messages to Enhance Expert Corrections of Misinformation on Twitter
Vraga, E. K., Bode, L., & Tully, M. (2020) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650219898094 · Cited by 175
Effects of Credibility Indicators on Social Media News Sharing Intent
Yaqub, W., Kakhidze, O., Brockman, M. L., Memon, N., & Patil, S. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376213 · Cited by 171
“In contrast, more recent studies have shown people heeding factual information even when it challenged their ideological commitments [69].”
Result
Combatting climate change misinformation: Evidence for longevity of inoculation and consensus messaging effects
Maertens, R., Anseel, F., & van der Linden, S. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101455 · Cited by 185
Detecting fake news for reducing misinformation risks using analytics approaches
Zhang, C., Gupta, A., Kauten, C., Deokar, A. V., & Qin, X. (2019) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2019.06.022 · Cited by 167
Testing Logic-based and Humor-based Corrections for Science, Health, and Political Misinformation on Social Media
Vraga, E. K., Kim, S. C., & Cook, J. (2019) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2019.1653102 · Cited by 162
Addressing COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media Preemptively and Responsively
Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2021) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2702.203139 · Cited by 163
Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India
Badrinathan, S. (2021) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055421000459 · Cited by 191
The wisdom of partisan crowds
Becker, J. A., Porter, E. V., & Centola, D. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1817195116 · Cited by 162
Self-citation
Can you believe it? An investigation into the impact of retraction source credibility on the continued influence effect
Ecker, U. K. H., & Antonio, L. (2021) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01129-y · Cited by 158
Beyond (Mis)Representation: Visuals in COVID-19 Misinformation
Brennen, J. S., Simon, F. M., & Nielsen, R. K. (2021) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161220964780 · Cited by 179
Fighting misperceptions and doubting journalists’ objectivity: A review of fact-checking literature
Nieminen, S., & Rapeli, L. (2019) · Political Studies Review · doi:10.1177/1478929918786852 · Cited by 150
The unedited public sphere
Bimber, B., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2020) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819893980 · Cited by 174
Misinformation During a PandemicPreprint
Bursztyn, L., Rao, A., Roth, C., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3580487 · Cited by 142
(Why) Is Misinformation a Problem?
Adams, Z., Osman, M., Bechlivanidis, C., & Meder, B. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221141344 · Cited by 182
How Research Affects Policy: Experimental Evidence from 2,150 Brazilian Municipalities
Hjort, J., Moreira, D., Rao, G., & Santini, J. F. (2021) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20190830 · Cited by 129
Countering Misinformation
Roozenbeek, J., Culloty, E., & Suiter, J. (2023) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000492 · Cited by 151
Effect of Information about COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Side Effects on Behavioural Intentions: Two Online Experiments
Kerr, J. R., Freeman, A. L. J., Marteau, T. M., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9040379 · Cited by 127
Communicating the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of government policies and their impact on public support: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Reynolds, J., Stautz, K., Pilling, M., van der Linden, S., & Marteau, T. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190522 · Cited by 109
Reducing opinion polarization: Effects of exposure to similar people with differing political views
Balietti, S., Getoor, L. C., Goldstein, D. G., & Watts, D. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2112552118 · Cited by 138
Facts and Where to Find Them: Empirical Research on Internet Platforms and Content Moderation
Keller, D., & Leerssen, P. (2020) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · doi:10.1017/9781108890960
Linguistic Signals under Misinformation and Fact-Checking: Evidence from User Comments on Social Media
Jiang, S., & Wilson, C. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274351 · Cited by 125
The COVID-19 Misinfodemic: Moving Beyond Fact-Checking
Chou, W. S., Gaysynsky, A., & Vanderpool, R. C. (2020) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198120980675 · Cited by 123
When and How Different Motives Can Drive Motivated Political Reasoning
Bayes, R., Druckman, J. N., Goods, A., & Molden, D. C. (2020) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12663 · Cited by 119
Fake news agenda in the era of COVID-19: Identifying trends through fact-checking content
Ceron, W., de‐Lima‐Santos, M., & Quiles, M. G. (2020) · Online Social Networks and Media · doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100116 · Cited by 145
The Gateway Belief Model (GBM): A review and research agenda for communicating the scientific consensus on climate change
van der Linden, S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.005 · Cited by 137
Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation—Real-world Autism treatment myth debunking
Paynter, J. M., Luskin-Saxby, S., Keen, D., Fordyce, K., Frost, G., Imms, C., Miller, S., Trembath, D. L., Tucker, M. N., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210746 · Cited by 129
Online Hate Speech
Siegel, A. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.005 · Cited by 123
You Are Here
Phillips, W., & Milner, R. M. (2021) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/12436.001.0001 · Cited by 161
What’s Next? Six Observations for the Future of Political Misinformation Research
Weeks, B. E., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2019) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219878236 · Cited by 131
Birds of a feather don’t fact-check each other: Partisanship and the evaluation of news in Twitter’s Birdwatch crowdsourced fact-checking program
Allen, J. N. L., Martel, C., & Rand, D. G. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3502040 · Cited by 131
Social Media and Morality.
Van Bavel, J. J., Robertson, C. E., del Rosario, K., Rasmussen, J., & Rathje, S. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-022123-110258 · Cited by 121
Understanding and combating misperceived polarization
Lees, J., & Cikara, M. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0143 · Cited by 113
Science beliefs, political ideology, and cognitive sophistication.
Pennycook, G., Bagó, B., & McPhetres, J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001267 · Cited by 109
A Research Agenda for Climate Change Communication and Public Opinion: The Role of Scientific Consensus Messaging and Beyond
Bayes, R., Bolsen, T., & Druckman, J. N. (2020) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2020.1805343 · Cited by 126
The Emerging Science of Content Labeling: Contextualizing Social Media Content Moderation
Morrow, G., Swire‐Thompson, B., Polny, J. M., Kopec, M., & Wihbey, J. (2020) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24637 · Cited by 124
Why So Serious?: Survey Trolls and MisinformationPreprint
Lopez, J., & Hillygus, D. S. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3131087 · Cited by 105
A Note on Increases in Inattentive Online Survey-Takers Since 2020
Ternovski, J., Orr, L., Kalla, J., & Aronow, P. M. (2022) · Journal of Quantitative Description Digital Media · doi:10.51685/jqd.2022.002 · Cited by 103
Citizens and Condemnation: Strategic Uses of International Human Rights Pressure in Authoritarian States
Gruffydd-Jones, J. J. (2018) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414018784066 · Cited by 98
Modeling the emergence of affective polarization in the social media society
Törnberg, P., Andersson, C., Lindgren, K., & Banisch, S. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258259 · Cited by 118
Consuming Cross-Cutting Media Causes Learning and Moderates Attitudes: A Field Experiment with Fox News Viewers
Broockman, D., & Kalla, J. (2024) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/730725 · Cited by 96
Persuading the Enemy: Estimating the Persuasive Effects of Partisan Media with the Preference-Incorporating Choice and Assignment Design
Benedictis-Kessner, J. D., Baum, M., Berinsky, A. J., & Yamamoto, T. (2019) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055419000418 · Cited by 89
Development of a Codebook of Online Anti-Vaccination Rhetoric to Manage COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation
Hughes, B., Miller‐Idriss, C., Piltch-Loeb, R. N., White, K., Creizis, M., Cain, C., & Savoia, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147556 · Cited by 104
Interventions to Mitigate COVID-19 Misinformation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Janmohamed, K., Walter, N., Nyhan, K., Khoshnood, K., Tucker, J. D., Sangngam, N., Altice, F. L., Ding, Q., Wong, A., Schwitzky, Z. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.2021460 · Cited by 91
Countering Fake News
Kirchner, J., & Reuter, C. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3415211 · Cited by 91
Asymmetric adjustment: Partisanship and correcting misinformation on Facebook
Jennings, J. T., & Stroud, N. J. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211021720 · Cited by 92
Misperceived Social Norms and Willingness to Act Against Climate Change
Andre, P., Boneva, T., Chopra, F., & Falk, A. (2024) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01468 · Cited by 97
Does truth matter to voters? The effects of correcting political misinformation in an Australian sample
Aird, M. J., Ecker, U. K. H., Swire‐Thompson, B., Berinsky, A. J., & Lewandowsky, S. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.180593 · Cited by 91
Fighting fake news: a role for computational social science in the fight against digital misinformation
Ciampaglia, G. L. (2017) · Journal of Computational Social Science · doi:10.1007/s42001-017-0005-6 · Cited by 84
The Effects of a News Literacy Video and Real-Time Corrections to Video Misinformation Related to Sunscreen and Skin Cancer
Vraga, E. K., Bode, L., & Tully, M. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1910165 · Cited by 84
Beliefs about public debt and the demand for government spending
Roth, C., Settele, S., & Wohlfart, J. (2021) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.011 · Cited by 84
Something that they never said: Multimodal disinformation and source vividness in understanding the power of AI-enabled deepfake news
Lee, J., & Shin, S. Y. (2022) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2021.2007489 · Cited by 89
The Psychology of Fake News
Greifeneder, R., Jaffé, M. E., Newman, E. J., & Schwarz, N. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429295379 · Cited by 114

Authors: Wood, T., & Porter, E.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
George Washington University (US)
Corresponding author: Wood, Thomas
ORCID: Wood, Thomas
Porter, Ethan
Venue: Political Behavior
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-01-16
Volume: 41
Issue: 1
Pages: 135-163
ISSN: 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
1573-6687
DOI: 10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y
OpenAlex: W3126124149
Cited by: 904
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 31
FWCI: 138.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
Funders: The Cato Institute (ID0EMTAG524)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
Keywords: backfire effect, factual information, partisan attitudes, fact-checking, political polarization

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks