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Psychiatric Co-Morbidities in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Detailed Findings from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey in the English Population
Open accessAbstract
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition which causes great sufferance to the individuals affected. The occurrence of comorbidities in PTSD is a frequent event with a negative impact on outcome. This study investigated the frequency of PTSD in relation to comorbidities by analyzing the results of the 2007 'Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey' in the English population, which included data on comorbidities. A population study conducted in the United Kingdom, this survey investigated the frequency of PTSD in the community and the relationship to comorbidities by adopting a random design to minimize selection bias, stratified by region and socioeconomic characteristics, and weighted according to design and non-response. The survey interviewed 7403 adults living in private households. Socio-demographic characteristics and psychiatric morbidity were systematically assessed. Results indicated that PTSD prevalence was 2.9%, with an excess in women (3.3%) compared to men (2.4%) as reported by the 2007 survey. Comorbidity was a very frequent occurrence in PTSD reaching 78.5% in affected cases. Major depression was the commonest condition and its frequency increased with symptoms severity up to 54%. Among anxiety disorders, social phobia was the most frequent, followed by generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia and panic disorder. Substance use disorders were also common. The presence of psychotic symptoms was particularly significant with over 30% prevalence in PTSD. These results indicate that attention needs to be devoted to the presence of comorbidities. In view of the impact of comorbidities on PTSD severity, chronicity and functional impairment, early detection and treatment are likely to improve outcome.
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Efficacy of fluoxetine and (R,S)-ketamine in attenuating conditioned fear behaviors in male mice
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Benfield, R. D., Dingley, C., Reyes, A. T., Serafica, R. C., & Brown, A. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/08445621241309148 · Cited by 1
“Some regional studies, such as one conducted in 7400 adults in England, revealed comorbidity reaching 78.5% (Qassem et al., 2021).”
InfluentialPosttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Mitochondria
Strilbytska, O. M., Koliada, O., Lushchak, V. I., & Lushchak, O. V. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32035-4_143-1 · Cited by 1
Bridges‐Curry, Z., Meckes, S. J., Fountain, C., Wagner, H. R., Calhoun, P. S., Kimbrel, N. A., Rowland, J. A., Dedert, E. A., Ponzini, G. T., & Workgroup, V. M.-A. M. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02864-w · Cited by 2
“PTSD is typically characterized by significant functional impairment, high rates of comorbidity with other mental disorders [2], and risk for poor physical health outcomes [3, 4].”
Iglesias, L. P., Coelho, A. A., da Silva, N. R., Müller, H. K., Moreira, F. A., Wegener, G., & Joca, S. R. L. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.507883 · Cited by 1
“Consequently, studies of responses to traumatic events in animals that display proper endophenotypic characteristics of resilience or susceptibility to stress may provide valuable information about the neurobiology of PTSD and PTSD-MDD comorbidity.”
BackgroundInfluentialAnsari, A. (2023) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-2354-7.ch011
Biomedical and public health studies on susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder
Jowf, G. I. A. (2023) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20230906ga
Dutta, A., & Manohar, H. (2024) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/09731342241252207
Link Between PTSD and Autoimmune Diseases: A Path to Effective Treatment. Literature review
Kajka, A., Antczak, J., Wojtczak, K., Lipska, J., Fenrych, U., Hamerska, L., Hamerska, J., Bocianiak, B., Ruta, D., & Skupińska, O. (2024) · Quality in Sport · doi:10.12775/qs.2024.20.53147
Narcolepsy-related nightmares: a distinct type of nightmares in need of further study
Mundt, J. M. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae197
Kamstra, A. C., de Vries, S. O., Brilman, M. F., Vasilev, P., Alma, M., van Asselt, A. D. I., Wolf, M., Schoevers, R. A., & Jörg, F. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5330950/v1
Kamstra, A. C., de Vries, S. O., Brilman, M. F., Vasilev, P., Alma, M., van Asselt, A. D. I., Wolf, M., Schoevers, R. A., & Jörg, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1538267 · Cited by 3
Perrault‐Sequeira, L., Pugliese, M., MacDonald‐Spracklin, R., Xiao, J., McCarthy, S. D. S., & Myran, D. T. (2025) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.70014
“2,3 There is increasing interest in the use of cannabis to manage symptoms of PTSD, especially as its cannabidiol (CBD) component helps to increase serotonin and dopamine levels.”
Nguyen, B. T., Phung, T. L., Giang, L. T., Le, N. Q., Blizzard, C. L., Palmer, A. J., Nguyen, H. T., Cooling, N., Skinner, M., Perndt, H., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00068-025-03019-x
“Pre-injury Pre-injury morbidity also has an important negative impact [9].”
Traumafokussierte Psychotherapie der (komplexen) Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung
Priebe, K. (2025) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-025-00818-w
Sex differences in the coherence of PCL5 and CAPS-5 assessments for post-traumatic stress disorder
Bakshi, B., Nalloor, R. I., McCall, W. V., & Vazdarjanova, A. I. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116890 · Cited by 1
Maeder, S., Fahim, C., & Martin-Söelch, C. (2025) · Cortica · doi:10.26034/cortica.2025.8925
“Individuals with PTSD often report elevated comorbidities, up to 78.5%, including depression, anxiety disorders, substance use, and chronic pain (Afari et al., 2014; Qassem, 2021).”
InfluentialPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF PTSD WITH PSYCHEDELICS: A FUTURE OUTLOOK
Gorski, M., Januszkiewicz, A., Januszkiewicz, W., Machulski, W., Ciarkowska, M., Makulski, J. K., Franczyk, K., Swierk, K., Podkościelny, D., & Gierasimiuk, M. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4392
Ainamani, H., Mbwayo, A., Mathai, M., Hall, J., Rukundo, G. Z., & Scharpf, F. (2026) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2026.152672 · Cited by 1
“These high rates of PTSD comorbidity align with research in non-refugee populations [19,44,72,96] and adult refugees in HICs and LMICs [5,8,40,66].”
Roebuck, G., Parkin, G. M., O'Donnell, M. L., Khanna, R., Forbes, D., Lau, W., Serpell, S., Al-Azzawi, H., Santamaria, E., Mohebbi, M., et al. (2026) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-026-05312-7
“The rationale for including persons with comorbid disorders is that comorbidity is extremely common in PTSD, occurring in nearly 80% of cases [45].”
Moon, Y. K., Song, K., Lee, S., & Choi, H. (2026) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0403
“The prevalence of psychotic symptoms in patients with PTSD exceeds 30%, 5 and some studies have linked the symptoms of PTSD with the negative symptomatology of schizophrenia.”
The perspectives of personalizing therapy for PTSD based on coping strategies
Zakurazhnaya, V., Tsurina, A. M., Zimina, P. A., Khamidova, A., Riabinina, D. A., Vasilishena, T. E., Andreyuk, D., Reznik, A. M., Kostyuk, G. P., & Fedotova, J. (2026) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2026.2645597
“Population-based analyses further suggest that PTSD is also associated with elevated rates of sleep disorders, personality disorders, and somatic symptom disorder, highlighting the broad clinical burden of trauma-related psychopathology (Qassem et al., 2021).”
The Role of Medication in Treatment of Trauma-related Disorders
Santamaria, A., & Döring‐Brandl, E. J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-21028-9_17
Spezifisch Belastungs-assoziierte Störungen
Kapfhammer, H., Eberle, D. J., & Maercker, A. (2026) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_71-2
van der Velden, P. G., Contino, C., Kempe, S., Das, M., & Wittmann, L. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107136
Schuler, C., McAlister, M., Ellis, J., & Lovelady, N. N. (2026) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-026-00694-1
“This research could also be extended to other mental health disorders such as depression and other anxiety disorders, which commonly coexist with PTSD [35].”
Posttraumatic stress disorder in women
Suliman, S., Olff, M., & Seedat, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45863-7.00092-5
OnTEPT: a multimodal OWL ontology for post-traumatic stress disorder
Salazar-Castro, J. A., Bobillo, F., López, D. M., Peluffo-Ordóñez, D. H., & Blobel, B. G. M. E. (2026) · Journal of Biomedical Semantics · doi:10.1186/s13326-026-00361-w
Metadata
- Authors
- Qassem, T., Aly-ElGabry, D., Alzarouni, A., Abdel-Aziz, K., & Arnone, D.
- Affiliations
- Ain Shams University (EG)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Arnone, Danilo
- Venue
- Psychiatric Quarterly
- Published
- 2020-07-23
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 321-330
- ISSN
- 0033-2720 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6709
- PMC
- PMC7904722
- OpenAlex
- W3044333918
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 3.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychiatric Quarterly (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- King's College London
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, prevalence, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, substance use disorders, psychotic symptoms, sex differences, symptom severity, community mental health, Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Panic Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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