Cited by 186Psychometric Methodologies and TestingWorkplace Health and Well-beingMedical Practices and Rehabilitation

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Validation of the Swedish translation of the general self-efficacy scale

Löve, Jesper, Moore, Crystal Dea, Hensing, Gunnel·2012·Quality of Life Research

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Abstract

Purpose To study the internal consistency, factorial structure, and convergent validity of the Swedish translation of the General Self-Efficacy scale (S-GSE).Methods The S-GSE and two items on mental and physical work capacity were completed by a randomized population cohort (n = 4,027) and two cohorts (n = 3,310 and n = 498) of incident cases of sick-leave (>14 days).Results S-GSE means were higher among men than women in two of the cohorts and higher in the randomized population cohort than in the two sick-leave cohorts. Internal consistency was high with α = .90. Unidimensionality was indicated and factor loadings ranged between .64 and .80. Moderate correlations (.35-.38) between the S-GSE and mental work capacity were found in all cohorts. Yet, the correlation between S-GSE and physical work capacity was weaker in the sick-leave cohorts. The psychometric properties showed similar patterns across gender.Conclusions Across three cohorts, additionally stratified by gender, the S-GSE comprised one single latent factor and showed high internal consistency. However, since S-GSE was more strongly related to self-assessments of mental work capacity than physical work capacity regardless of sick-leave status, the S-GSE may not be a strong predictor of beliefs about physical work capacity across all populations.

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“Changes in self-efficacy, body awareness and physical fitness Changes in self-efficacy (GSE-10), body awareness (BAS MQE) and measures of physical capacity with handgrip strength with dynamometer and balance test are shown in Table 4, where varied changes in a positive direction could be discerned in the intervention…”
Housing Accessibility at Home and Rehabilitation Outcomes After a Stroke: An Explorative Study
Elf, M., Slaug, B., Ytterberg, C., Heylighen, A., & Kylén, M. (2023) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/19375867231178313 · Cited by 15
“We used the validated Swedish version of the GSE (Carlstedt et al., 2015; Lo¨ve et al., 2012).”
Method
Prevention of sickness absence through early identification and rehabilitation of at-risk patients with musculoskeletal disorders (PREVSAM): short term effects of a randomised controlled trial in primary care
Ekhammar, A., Grimby‐Ekman, A., Bernhardsson, S., Holmgren, K. E., Bornhöft, L., Nordeman, L., & Larsson, M. E. H. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2343424 · Cited by 13
“The Swedish translation of the GSE has proven to be a valid and reliable indicator of perceived general self-efficacy [47].”
Physical activity with person-centred guidance supported by a digital platform for persons with chronic widespread pain: A randomized controlled trial.
Juhlin, S., Bergenheim, A., Gjertsson, I., Larsson, A., & Mannerkorpi, K. (2021) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2796 · Cited by 12
“The Swedish version of GSES has been validated in different cohorts (25).”
Method
Validation of the Spanish version of the five-item General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale in a sample of nursing students: Evidence of validity, reliability, longitudinal invariance and changes in general self-efficacy and resilience in a two-wave cross-lagged panel model
Galiana, L., Sánchez‐Ruiz, J., Gómez-Salgado, J. C., Larkin, P. J., & Sansó, N. (2023) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103865 · Cited by 18
Caring Situation, Health, Self-efficacy, and Stress in Young Informal Carers of Family and Friends with Mental Illness in Sweden
Ali, L., Krevers, B., & Skärsäter, I. (2015) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2014.1002644 · Cited by 12
Strategies for Empowering activities in Everyday life (SEE 1.0): study protocol for a feasibility study of an Internet-based occupational therapy intervention for people with stroke
Larsson-Lund, M., Lexell, E. M., & Nyman, A. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00924-x · Cited by 12
START – physical exercise and person-centred cognitive skills training as treatment for adult ADHD: protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Lindvall, M. A., Lidström-Holmqvist, K., Svedell, L. A., Philipson, A., Cao, Y., & Msghina, M. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05181-1 · Cited by 12
“The instrument is used internationally and has shown good internal reliability; in this study, the Swedish version of the GSES-10 will be used [61].”
Method
Malay Version of Exercise Self-Efficacy: A Confirmatory Analysis among Malaysians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Hidrus, A., Kueh, Y. C., Norsa’adah, B., & Kuan, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030922 · Cited by 12
“Until now, the scale has been adopted on different population such as, African American and Latino elderly in United States of America [15], diabetes patients in Taiwan [16] and Swedish people [17].”
Method
Prevention of sickness absence through early identification and rehabilitation of at-risk patients with musculoskeletal pain (PREVSAM): a randomised controlled trial protocol
Larsson, M. E. H., Nordeman, L., Holmgren, K. E., Grimby‐Ekman, A., Hensing, G. K. E., Björkelund, C., Bergman, S., Ekhammar, A., Dottori, M. G., & Bernhardsson, S. (2020) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03790-5 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Can a single question about family members’ sense of security during palliative care predict their well-being during bereavement? A longitudinal study during ongoing care and one year after the patient’s death
Milberg, A., Liljeroos, M., & Krevers, B. (2019) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-019-0446-1 · Cited by 11
The relationship between mental toughness and subjective mental illness recovery
Ramshaw, G., & Clair‐Thompson, H. S. (2021) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100881 · Cited by 11
Nursing students' expectations of group supervision while writing a bachelor thesis: A pre-post survey
Jaensson, M., Wätterbjörk, I., Isaksson, A., & Falk‐Brynhildsen, K. (2024) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106257 · Cited by 10
The impact of self-efficacy and health literacy on outcome after bariatric surgery in Sweden: a protocol for a prospective, longitudinal mixed-methods study
Jaensson, M., Dahlberg, K., Nilsson, U. G., & Stenberg, E. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027272 · Cited by 10
“There is also support that the GSE is unidimensional.(50)”
Background
Stroke survivors’ preferences regarding study participation in rehabilitation research
Carlstedt, E., Lexell, E. M., Ståhl, A., Lindgren, A. G., & Iwarsson, S. (2022) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-022-01521-z · Cited by 10
An endeavour for change and self-efficacy in transition: patient perspectives on postoperative recovery after bariatric surgery–a qualitative study
Dahlberg, K., Bylund, A., Stenberg, E., & Jaensson, M. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2022.2050458 · Cited by 10
Health literacy in patients with intermittent claudication in relation to clinical characteristics, demographics, self-efficacy and quality of life – A cross-sectional study
Striberger, R., Axelsson, M., Kumlien, C., & Zarrouk, M. (2022) · Journal of Vascular Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jvn.2022.09.001 · Cited by 10
Responses to the Statements of New General Self-Efficacy Scale: The Case of the Arabic–English Bilingual Speaker
Mulhem, H. A., Alaoui, K. E., Alghamdi, A. K. H., Abdul-Rahim, M. B., Pilotti, M., & Tallouzi, E. A. (2018) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022118757915 · Cited by 10
Perceived self-efficacy and specific self-reported outcomes in persons with lower-limb amputation using a non-microprocessor-controlled versus a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee
Möller, S., Hagberg, K., Samulesson, K., & Ramstrand, N. (2017) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2017.1306590 · Cited by 10
“The Swedish translation of the GSE scale [32] has been demonstrated as valid [10,15].”
BackgroundMethod
Study protocol: establishment of a multicentre pre-eclampsia database and biobank in Sweden: GO PROVE and UP MOST, a prospective cohort study
Thorgeirsdottir, L., Andersson, M., Karlsson, O., Thörn, S., Oras, J., Sengpiel, V., Svanvik, T., Elden, H., Lindén, K., Junus, K., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049559 · Cited by 10
Self‐Efficacy in Hypertension Management Using e‐Health Technology: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Primary Care
Hermansson‐Borrebaeck, R., Fors, A., Bengtsson, U., Kjellgren, K. I., Calling, S., & Midlöv, P. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.14981 · Cited by 9
Beyond the Bedside: How Moral Sensitivity and Self‐Efficacy Shape Person‐Centered Care in Nursing
Mousazadeh, N., Rezapour, M., Babaieasl, F., Nia, H. S., & Mivehchi, S. (2025) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/jonm/2823773 · Cited by 9
“Law and colleagues confrmed the validity and reliability of this scale in Sweden in 2011, reporting a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90 [38].”
Influential
Clinical effectiveness of care managers in collaborative primary health care for patients with depression: 12- and 24-month follow-up of a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial
Hammarberg, S. A. W., Björkelund, C., Nejati, S., Magnil, M., Hange, D., Svenningsson, I., Petersson, E., André, M., Udo, C., Ariai, N., et al. (2022) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-022-01803-x · Cited by 9
The construct validity of an abridged version of the general self-efficacy scale for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Hafstad, H., Vaag, J. R., Lara‐Cabrera, M. L., & Havnen, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1212961 · Cited by 12
“The questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency, which is in line with previous studies of the GSE-10, with Cronbach’s α values ranging from 0.78 to 0.95 (22, 24, 40, 41, 63–67).”
MethodResultInfluential
The relationship between self-efficacy and transition to work or studies in young adults with disabilities
Andersén, Å., Larsson, K., Pingel, R., Kristiansson, P., & Anderzén, I. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494817717556 · Cited by 9
“The GSE has been translated into Swedish and validated [15].”
Method
Follow-up after surgical treatment for intermittent claudication (FASTIC): a study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial
Haile, S. T., Linné, A., Johansson, U., & Joelsson‐Alm, E. (2020) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-020-00437-7 · Cited by 9
Person-centred eHealth intervention for patients on sick leave due to common mental disorders: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial and process evaluation (PROMISE)
Cederberg, M., Ali, L., Ekman, I., Glise, K., Jónsdóttir, I. H., Gyllensten, H., Swedberg, K. B., & Fors, A. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037515 · Cited by 9
Predictors of self-efficacy in women on long-term sick leave
Andersén, Å., Larsson, K., Lytsy, P., Kristiansson, P., & Anderzén, I. (2015) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000129 · Cited by 8
“There is no definite cut-off score for GSE, but in a general population the mean was 2.9 (Schwarzer, 2011; Love et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Demographical and psychological determinants of depression, among a sample of Iranian male adolescents.
Ghofranipour, F. F., Saffari, M., Mahmoudi, M., & Montazeri, A. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 8
Self-efficacy and career decision making difficulties in senior high school students
Firdaus, W., & Arjanggi, R. (2020) · Indigenous Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.23917/indigenous.v5i2.8941 · Cited by 8
Protocol of a mixed-method randomised controlled pilot study evaluating a wilderness programme for adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: the WAYA study
Jong, M. C., Mulder, E., Kristoffersen, A. E., Stub, T., Dahlqvist, H. Z., Viitasara, E., Lown, E. A., Schats, W., & Jong, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061502 · Cited by 8
Psychosocial resources predict frequent pain differently for men and women: A prospective cohort study
Samulowitz, A., Haukenes, I., Grimby‐Ekman, A., Bergman, S., & Hensing, G. K. E. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283222 · Cited by 8
“For instance, self-efficacy is, like self-confidence, initiative and decisiveness associated with traditional masculinity [4, 17], which may explain why men generally show higher self-efficacy than women [8, 9].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Outcomes on health, recovery and activity level for mental health service users attending a novel nature-based intervention: a prospective study
Gudmundsson, M., Pálsdóttir, A. M., Bejerholm, U., & Argentzell, E. (2025) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2025.2483736 · Cited by 9
“The instrument has been found to be reliable and valid in different populations and has also shown to be associated with self-assessed mental work capacity [75].”
Prevention of sick leave at the workplace: design of a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a problem-solving intervention among employees with common mental disorders
Brämberg, E. B., Arapovic-Johansson, B., Bültmann, U., Svedberg, P., & Bergström, G. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11786-6 · Cited by 7
“clarify how the intervention is working and is measured by a Swedish-validated version of the General selfefficacy scale [51], at baseline and at 6- and 12-month”
Method
Salud mental y factores de resiliencia durante el confinamiento por COVID-19
Fernández-Millán, J. M., & Bretones, F. D. (2021) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy19.smfr · Cited by 7
The self-efficacy in distress tolerance scale (SE-DT): a psychometric evaluation
Alfonsson, S., Mardula, K., Toll, C., Isaksson, M., & Wolf‐Arehult, M. (2022) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00195-9 · Cited by 8
“Both the original version [45] and the Swedish version [14, 36] of the GSE have been reported to have good psychometric properties.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Does problem-based learning improve patient empowerment and cardiac risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease in a Swedish primary care setting? A long-term prospective, randomised, parallel single randomised trial (COR-PRIM)
Andreae, C., Tingström, P., Nilsson, S., Jaarsma, T., Karlsson, N. E., & Köhler, A. K. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065230 · Cited by 7
Psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Adapted Index of Self-Efficacy (PRAISE) for individuals with COPD
Song, H., & Nam, K. A. (2017) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s142488 · Cited by 7
Widespread skeptic attitudes among people with epilepsy toward generic antiseizure drugs – A Swedish survey study
Olsson, P., Pearson, K., Reimers, A., & Källén, K. (2020) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107554 · Cited by 7
Differences in wellbeing patterns among late adolescent boys and girls with and without experience of out-of-home care
Olsson, T. M., & Skoog, T. (2025) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2025.2548227 · Cited by 6
“By Löve et al. (2012).”
A randomized controlled pilot study assessing feasibility and safety of a wilderness program for childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: the WAYA study
Jong, M. C., Dahlqvist, H. Z., Lown, E. A., Schats, W., Beckman, L., & Jong, M. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16408-x · Cited by 6
“Generalized Self-Efficacy scale (GSE): A 10-item scale measuring general belief in oneself to solve problems and reach goals [56], also translated and validated in the Swedish language [57].”
Background
Use of Self-Efficacy Scale in Mass Casualty Incidents During Drill Exercises
Cardós-Alonso, C., Inzunza, M., Gyllencreutz, L., Ramírez, S. E., Vazquéz-Rodríguez, T., Fernandez, M. A., Blanco, A. G., & Cintora-Sanz, A. M. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11175-w · Cited by 6
“This aligns with previous research in medical education that has explored various instruments to enhance self-efficacy (cf. [53, 54, 55, 56, 57]).”
Result

Authors: Löve, J., Moore, C. D., & Hensing, G.
Affiliations: University of Gothenburg (SE)
Skidmore College (US)
Corresponding author: Löve, Jesper
ORCID: Löve, Jesper
Hensing, Gunnel
Venue: Quality of Life Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-10-08
Volume: 21
Issue: 7
Pages: 1249-1253
ISSN: 0962-9343 (ISSN-L)
1573-2649
DOI: 10.1007/s11136-011-0030-5
OpenAlex: W2142473291
Cited by: 186
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 4.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Quality of Life Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Creative Matter (Skidmore College) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
Keywords: General Self-Efficacy Scale, Swedish translation, psychometric validation, internal consistency, factor structure, convergent validity, sick leave, work capacity, mental work capacity, physical work capacity, gender differences, self-efficacy
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Sweden, Work Capacity Evaluation, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Sick Leave, Self Efficacy, Young Adult

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Validation of the Swedish translation of the general self-efficacy scale

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