What do citation counts measure? An updated review of studies on citations in scientific documents published between 2006 and 2018
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Misclassifying citation intents has significant implications for the interpretation and evaluation of scientific work; errors may modify the perceived impact of scientific outputs.
“misclassifying citation intents is not only a technical concern, but has significant implications for the interpretation and evaluation of scientific work. Indeed, as automated systems become increasingly employed in research assessment pipelines, errors in classifying citation intents may modify the perceived impact of scientific outputs (Nicholson et al., 2021; Tahamtan & Bornmann, 2019).”
From CiteFusion: an ensemble framework for citation intent classification harnessing dual-model binary couples and SHAP analyses (2025) · cites this paper as Tahamtan & Bornmann, 2019
The Article Highlights (p. 3) say evaluative bibliometrics would benefit from citation-context analysis, and §4 (p. 44) reports varying accuracy in automated citation-function classification. This supports the concern that classification matters for evaluation, but the paper does not establish that automated systems are increasingly used in assessment pipelines or directly show that misclassification changes the perceived impact of scientific outputs. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCitations are inherently complex and heterogeneous, reflecting a wide range of motivations and rhetorical functions within scholarly writing.
“citations are inherently complex and heterogeneous: they reflect a wide range of motivations and rhetorical functions within scholarly writing (Pride, 2022; Tahamtan & Bornmann, 2019)”
From CiteFusion: an ensemble framework for citation intent classification harnessing dual-model binary couples and SHAP analyses (2025) · cites this paper as Tahamtan & Bornmann, 2019
Citations themselves are not equal because citations may have very different meanings determined by many reasons for citing.
“citations themselves are not equal, primarily because citations may have very different meaning, which is determined by the plethora of reasons for citing [266-268].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [266]
Factors affecting citation counts can be divided into paper-related, journal-related, and author-related factors.
“There are numerous factors affecting citation counts [270,271], which can be divided into (1) factors that are related to the paper, (2) factors related to the journal, and (3) factors related to the author [266,272].”
From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [266]
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“…focus on describing and classifying relationships between the citing and reference papers (ie, citation content analysis ) (Zhang et al. 2013, Tahamtan and Bornmann 2019), which aims to provide a more fine-grained, qualitative perspective on how an article is cited, including citation…”
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- Authors
- Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Tahamtan, Iman
- Venue
- Scientometrics
- Published
- 2019-09-28
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1635-1684
- ISSN
- 0138-9130 (ISSN-L)
- 1588-2861
- OpenAlex
- W2953364155
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 15.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Scientometrics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web visibility and informetrics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- citation counts, citation functions, citation context analysis, citation indexes, citation metadata, information retrieval, bibliometric analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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