An interview-based study of the functions of citations in academic writing across two disciplines
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The same document can be cited by different authors following different reasons.
“The same document can be cited by different authors following different reasons (Harwood, 2009).”
From Core Elements in the Process of Citing Publications: Conceptual Overview of the Literature (2018) · cites this paper as Harwood, 2009
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior
Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H. (2008) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/00220410810844150 · Cited by 1,607 · see citing works
Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2019) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-019-03243-4 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Measuring the Evolution of a Scientific Field through Citation Frames
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Core Elements in the Process of Citing Publications: Conceptual Overview of the Literature
Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2018) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2018.01.002 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of semantic classification of citations
Kunnath, S. N., Herrmannova, D., Pride, D., & Knoth, P. (2021) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss_a_00159 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Harwood, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Harwood, Nigel
- ORCID
- Harwood, Nigel
- Venue
- Journal of Pragmatics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 497-518
- ISSN
- 0378-2166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064679534
- Semantic Scholar
- b083d3a43207bf081b9fd9ec00baff79854ed462
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 191.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pragmatics (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Keywords
- citation functions, academic writing, disciplinary differences, further reading, emic perspective
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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