The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Drawing conclusions about causes from systematic reviews of risk factors: The Cambridge Quality Checklists
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“To investigate the effects of justice system contact on future behavior, it is necessary to account for preexisting individual differences that may cause some individuals to have a higher risk of coming into contact with the justice system in the first place (e.g., see Murray, Farrington, & Eisner, 2009; Nagin & Paternoster, 1993; Piquero, Paternoster, Pogarsky, & Loughran, 2011; Pogarsky, 2002).”
From Does contact with the justice system deter or promote future delinquency? Results from a longitudinal study of British adolescent twins (2020) · cites this paper as Murray, Farrington, & Eisner, 2009
In the citing paper
“First, we followed the call of previous research (see, e.g., Farrington, 2003; Murray et al., 2009; Piquero et al., 2011; Pogarsky, 2002) and employed one of the most rigorous nonexperimental methodological designs capable of accounting for a wide range of selection effects and confounding influences.”
From Does contact with the justice system deter or promote future delinquency? Results from a longitudinal study of British adolescent twins (2020) · cites this paper as Murray et al., 2009
Citations
Cites
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects
ROSENBAUM, P. R., & RUBIN, D. B. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41 · Cited by 31,241
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
(2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.2.i · Cited by 14,047
(2002) · Cited by 13,211
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,252
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions.
Everitt, B. S., & Fleiss, J. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530193 · Cited by 9,034
Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.377 · Cited by 8,252
The environment and disease: association or causation?
Hill, A. B. (2015) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076814562718 · Cited by 7,804
The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?
Hill, A. B. (1965) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576505800503 · Cited by 6,974
Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings
Shrout, P. E. (1980) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(80)90063-4 · Cited by 6,091
Statistics and Causal Inference
Holland, P. W. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1986.10478354 · Cited by 5,293
Frankmann, J. P., & Adams, J. (1904) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412635 · Cited by 4,247
Systematic reviews in the social sciences: a practical guide
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5664 · Cited by 4,081
Journal of the American Statistical Association
Fildes, R. A. (1989) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(89)90106-4 · Cited by 3,956
Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide
Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470754887 · Cited by 3,586
Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies
Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., D'Amico, R., Sowden, A., Sakarovitch, C., Song, F., Petticrew, M., & Altman, D. (2003) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta7270 · Cited by 2,907
Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence
Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x · Cited by 2,827
Causal effects in nonexperimental studies: Reevaluating the evaluation of training programs
Dehejia, R. H., & Wahba, S. (1999) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10473858 · Cited by 2,395
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.12.1181 · Cited by 2,033
The Hazards of Scoring the Quality of Clinical Trials for Meta-analysis
Jüni, P. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.11.1054 · Cited by 1,981
Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions
Janson, C.-G., Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (1999) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2655346 · Cited by 1,893
Self-citationMonographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
Ash, M. J., & Torres, J. L. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1386 · Cited by 1,842
Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta‐Analysis in Context
(2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470693926 · Cited by 1,693
Sanderson, S., Tatt, I. D., & Higgins, J. P. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym018 · Cited by 1,531
Matching using estimated propensity scores: relating theory to practice.
Rubin, D., & Thomas, N. (1996) · Biometrics · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810725.024 · Cited by 1,445
Coming to terms with the terms of risk
Kraemer, H. C. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160065009 · Cited by 1,432
A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial
Chalmers, T. C., Smith, H., Blackburn, B., Silverman, B., Schroeder, B., Reitman, D., & Ambroz, A. (1981) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(81)90056-8 · Cited by 1,349
Moher, D., Jadad, A. R., Nichol, G., Penman, M., Tugwell, P., & Walsh, S. (1995) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(94)00031-w · Cited by 1,308
Rhee, S. H., & Waldman, I. D. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.3.490 · Cited by 1,266
The Risk of Determining Risk with Multivariable Models
Concato, J., Feinstein, A. R., & Holford, T. R. (1993) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-118-3-199302010-00009 · Cited by 1,129
Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising
Sherman, L. W., Gottfredson, D. C., MacKenzie, D. L., Eck, J. E., Reuter, P., & Bushway, S. D. (1998) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e520902006-001 · Cited by 1,118
Matching Using Estimated Propensity Scores: Relating Theory to Practice
Rubin, D. B., & Thomas, N. (1996) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533160 · Cited by 1,097
Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2003) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.03.001 · Cited by 1,061
Self-citationCauses of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency
Lahey, B. B., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2003) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 1,006
THE ESTIMATION OF CAUSAL EFFECTS FROM OBSERVATIONAL DATA
Winship, C., & Morgan, S. L. (1999) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.659 · Cited by 890
Schizophrenia and suicide: Systematic review of risk factors
Hawton, K. E., Sutton, L., Haw, C., Sinclair, J., & Deeks, J. J. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.187.1.9 · Cited by 808
Systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables
Altman, D. G. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7306.224 · Cited by 756
Lipsey, M. W., & Derzon, J. H. (1999) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452243740.n6 · Cited by 728
Rutter, M., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00194 · Cited by 672
On the "remembrance of things past": A longitudinal evaluation of the retrospective method.
Henry, B., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Langley, J., & Silva, P. A. (1994) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.2.92 · Cited by 642
Evidence-Based Crime Prevention
Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-69169-5_1 · Cited by 602
Self-citationEvaluating the Econometric Evaluations of Training Programs with Experimental DataPreprint
Lalonde, R. (1984) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 557
Making It Count: The Improvement of Social Research and Theory
Reitz, J. G., & Lieberson, S. (1988) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3340822 · Cited by 507
Shah, B. R., Laupacis, A., Hux, J. E., & Austin, P. C. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.10.016 · Cited by 493
Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions from Birth through Adolescence.
Kruttschnitt, C., McCord, J., & Tremblay, R. E. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074436 · Cited by 445
Parenting through change: An effective prevention program for single mothers.
Forgatch, M. S., & DeGarmo, D. S. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.5.711 · Cited by 440
Sherman, L. W., Gottfredson, D. C., MacKenzie, D. L., Eck, J. T., Reuter, P., & Bushway, S. D. (1998) · Cited by 396
Assessing the quality of research.
Glasziou, P., Vandenbroucke, J., & Chalmers, I. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7430.39 · Cited by 391
Doing research on crime and justice
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-2509 · Cited by 386
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and severe antisocial behavior in offspring: a review
Wakschlag, L. S., Pickett, K. E., Cook, E., Benowitz, N. L., & Leventhal, B. L. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.6.966 · Cited by 371
Farrington, D. P. (2000) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00881.x · Cited by 363
Self-citationRecollections of Childhood a Study of the Retrospective Method
Yarrow, M. R., Campbell, J., & Burton, R. V. (1970) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165649 · Cited by 353
Methodological Quality Standards for Evaluation Research
Farrington, D. P. (2003) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716202250789 · Cited by 353
Self-citationNonexperimental Versus Experimental Estimates of Earnings Impacts
Glazerman, S., Levy, D. M., & Myers, D. (2003) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716203254879 · Cited by 352
Studies of Psychosocial Risk: The Power of Longitudinal Data
Philips, I. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198911000-00038 · Cited by 341
Does research design affect study outcomes in criminal justice?
Weisburd, D., Lum, C. M., & Petrosino, A. (2001) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/000271620157800104 · Cited by 335
Contributions of risk-factor research to developmental psychopathology
Kazdin, A. E., Kraemer, H. C., Kessler, R. C., Kupfer, D. J., & Offord, D. R. (1997) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00012-3 · Cited by 328
Reconciling Conflicting Evidence on the Performance of Propensity-Score Matching Methods
Smith, J. A., & Todd, P. (2001) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.91.2.112 · Cited by 323
Preventing antisocial behavior: Interventions from birth through adolescence.
McCord, J., & Tremblay, R. E. (1992) · Guilford Press eBooks · Cited by 308
Tools for Intuition about Sample Selection Bias and Its Correction
Stolzenberg, R. M., & Relles, D. A. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657318 · Cited by 301
Families and Delinquency: A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Broken Homes
Wells, L. E., & Rankin, J. H. (1991) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800639 · Cited by 299
The long view of crime : a synthesis of longitudinal research
Liberman, A., & Nagin, D. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71165-2 · Cited by 297
McCartney, K., Burchinal, M., & Bub, K. L. (2006) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2006.07103001.x · Cited by 292
The role of method in treatment effectiveness research: Evidence from meta-analysis.
Wilson, D. B., & Lipsey, M. W. (2001) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.6.4.413 · Cited by 261
Risk Factors, Confounding, and the Illusion of Statistical Control
Christenfeld, N. J. S., Sloan, R. P., Carroll, D., & Greenland, S. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000140008.70959.41 · Cited by 260 · cited 1×
“If these and other assumptions of the statistical models are not met, results can be misleading ( Christenfeld et al. 2004; Concato et al. 1993; Lieberson 1985; Winship and Morgan 1999).”
BackgroundRandomized Experiments for Planning and Evaluation
Boruch, R. F. (1997) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412985574 · Cited by 241
Petrosino, A. J., Turpin‐Petrosino, C., & Buehler, J. (2003) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716203254693 · Cited by 196
Studies of psychosocial risk : the power of longitudinal data
Rutter, M. L. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 188
Valentine, J. C., & Cooper, H. M. (2008) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.13.2.130 · Cited by 184
KRAEMER, H. C., Lowe, K. K., & Kupfer, D. J. (2005) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195178708.001.0001 · Cited by 178
The Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group
Farrington, D. P., & Petrosino, A. J. (2001) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/000271620157800103 · Cited by 167
Self-citationDetecting Causal Priorities in Panel Study Data
Pelz, D. C., & Andrews, F. M. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315129945-31 · Cited by 161
The Maryland Scientific Methods Scale
Eck, J. E. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203166697-7 · Cited by 159
Self-Reported and Official Offending from Adolescence to Adulthood
Farrington, D. P. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1001-0_18 · Cited by 155
Self-citationAre within‐individual causes of delinquency the same as between‐individual causes?
Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Yin, Y., & Anderson, S. (2002) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.486 · Cited by 142
Self-citationDetecting Causal Priorities in Panel Study Data
Pelz, D. C., & Andrews, F. M. (1964) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2090866 · Cited by 141
To Your Health: How to Understand What Research Tells Us about Risk
KRAEMER, H. C., Lowe, K. K., & Kupfer, D. J. (2005) · Cited by 128
Random versus nonrandom assignment in controlled experiments: Do you get the same answer?
Shadish, W. R., & Ragsdale, K. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.6.1290 · Cited by 126
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
Kendall, P. C., & Gosch, E. A. (1994) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1498-9_22 · Cited by 126
Comparing Experimental and Matching Methods Using a Large-Scale Voter Mobilization Experiment
Arceneaux, K., Gerber, A. S., & GREEN, D. P. (2005) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpj001 · Cited by 122
Research methods: managing primary study quality in meta-analyses.
Conn, V., & Rantz, M. (2003) · Research in Nursing and Health · doi:10.1002/nur.10092 · Cited by 107
Evaluation Research on Correctional Treatment in West Germany: A Meta-analysis
Lösel, F., & Köferl, P. (1989) · Research in criminology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-86017-1_21 · Cited by 100
Maternal Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy and Criminal/Deviant Behavior
Pratt, T. C., McGloin, J. M., & Fearn, N. E. (2006) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x06286623 · Cited by 94
Epidemiological/Longitudinal Strategies and Causal Research in Child Psychiatry
Rutter, M. L. (1981) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)61643-5 · Cited by 88
In Search of Causes and Explanations of Crime
Wikström, P. H. (2007) · Malmö University Publications (Malmö University) · Cited by 76
Bloom, H. S., Michalopoulos, C., Hill, C. J., & Lei, Y. (2002) · Cited by 72
Making it count the improvement of social research and theory
Lieberson, S. (1985) · Cited by 71
Criminal Behavior and the Justice System: Psychological Perspectives.
Thornton, W. E., Voigt, L., Wegener, H., Lösel, F. A., & Haisch, J. (1990) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072486 · Cited by 71
Making It Count: The Improvement of Social Research and Theory.
Campbell, R. T., & Lieberson, S. (1987) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/65.3.905 · Cited by 71
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
Lipsey, M. W., & Landenberger, N. A. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4244-2_4 · Cited by 69
Bloom, H. S., Michalopoulos, C., Hill, C. J., & Lei, Y. (2002) · Cited by 64
Schubert, F. (2002) · International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care · doi:10.1017/s0266462302000193 · Cited by 61
Studying changes within individuals: The causes of offending.
Farrington, D. P. (1988) · Cited by 61
Self-citationLongitudinal data in the study of causal processes: Some uses and some pitfalls.
Rutter, M. L. (1988) · Cited by 60
Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4244-2 · Cited by 59
Self-citationStatistics and Causal Inference: Comment: Statistics and Metaphysics
Glymour, C. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289067 · Cited by 49
Evidence-Based Crime Prevention
Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326215.003.0004 · Cited by 47
Self-citationDoes the non-randomized controlled study have a place in the systematic review? A pilot study
Ferriter, M., & Huband, N. (2005) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.43 · Cited by 45
Crucial paths from risk indicator to causal mechanism.
Rutter, M. L. (2003) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 45
THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE AFRICAN AMERICAN SOCIAL SCIENTIST
Jackson, J. P. (2006) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2006.00407.x · Cited by 44
Glymour, C. (1986) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1986.10478357 · Cited by 37
Lösel, F., & Beelmann, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-69169-5_3 · Cited by 36
Life-Span Research on the Prediction of Psychopathology
Erlenmeyer‐Kimling, L., & Miller, N. E. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003165187 · Cited by 28
Perry, A., & Johnson, M. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-008-9051-7 · Cited by 26
Lösel, F. A., & Beelmann, A. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4244-2_3 · Cited by 24
McCartney, K., Bub, K. L., & Burchinal, M. (2006) · Cited by 18
Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71165-2_8 · Cited by 16
Self-citationPetrosino, A. J. (2003) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716203254694 · Cited by 14
Methodological Issues in the Prediction of Psychopathology: A Life-Span Perspective
Labouvie, E. W. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003165187-10 · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment (Sage university paper series on quantitative applications in the social sciences no. 17). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (Eds.). (2006). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 4.2.6 (updated September 2006). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 4, 2006. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
- Khan, K. S., ter Riet, G., Popay, J., Nixon, J., & Kleijnen, J. (2001). Study quality assessment. In Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (Ed.), Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness: CRD’s guidance for those carrying out or commissioning reviews (2nd ed.). York, England: York Publishing Services.
- Petrosino, A., Boruch, R. F., Farrington, D. P., Sherman, L. W., & Weisburd, D. (2003a). Toward evidence-based criminology and criminal justice: systematic reviews, the Campbell Collaboration, and the Crime and Justice Group. International Journal of Comparative Criminology, 3, 42–61.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shea, B. J., Reeves, B. C., Wells, G., Thuku, M., Hamel, C., Moran, J., Moher, D., Tugwell, P., Welch, V., Kristjansson, E., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j4008 · Cited by 10,636
Murray, J., Farrington, D. P., & Sekol, I. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0026407 · Cited by 664
Self-citationTtofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F., & Loeber, R. (2011) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/17596591111132873 · Cited by 623
Self-citationRisk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: key findings from longitudinal studies
Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2010) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371005501003 · Cited by 529
Self-citationDirect Protective and Buffering Protective Factors in the Development of Youth Violence
Lösel, F. A., & Farrington, D. P. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.029 · Cited by 556
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Murray, J., Farrington, D. P., & Eisner, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Murray, Joseph
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Criminology
- Published
- 2009-01-25
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-23
- ISSN
- 1572-8315 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3750
- OpenAlex
- W2044803148
- Cited by
- 280
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 0.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Criminology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- British Academy
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E025390/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Keywords
- risk factors, causal risk factors, correlates, social intervention, social welfare, experimental evidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
