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Cited by 623Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionWorkplace Violence and BullyingChild Abuse and Trauma

Do the victims of school bullies tend to become depressed later in life? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

Ttofi, Maria M., Farrington, David P., Lösel, Friedrich, Loeber, Rolf·2011·Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research
DOI 10.1108/17596591111132873
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Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which bullying victimization in school predicts depression in later life and whether this relation holds after controlling for other major childhood risk factors. Design/methodology/approach As no previous systematic review has been conducted on this topic, effect sizes are based on both published and unpublished studies: longitudinal investigators of 28 studies have conducted specific analyses for the authors' review. Findings The probability of being depressed up to 36 years later (mean follow‐up period of 6.9 years) was much higher for children who were bullied at school than for non‐involved students (odds ratio (OR)=1.99; 95 per cent CI: 1.71‐2.32). Bullying victimization was a significant risk factor for later depression even after controlling for up to 20 (mean number of six covariates) major childhood risk factors (OR=1.74; 95 per cent CI: 1.54‐1.97). Effect sizes were smaller when the follow‐up period was longer and larger the younger the child was when exposed to bullying. Finally, the summary effect size was not significantly related to the number of risk factors controlled for. Originality/value Although causal inferences are tentative, the overall results presented in this paper indicate that bullying victimization is a major childhood risk factor that uniquely contributes to later depression. High quality effective anti‐bullying programmes could be viewed as an early form of public health promotion.

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  • Peer victimization in childhood and adolescence is strongly associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with symptoms of depression.

    “Peer victimization in childhood and adolescence has damaging effects on psychological adjustment and is strongly associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with symptoms of depression (Hawker and Boulton, 2000; Desjardins and Leadbeater, 2011; Ttofi et al., 2011; Stapinski et al., 2015)”

    From Neural Activation to Parental Praise Interacts With Social Context to Predict Adolescent Depressive Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as Ttofi et al., 2011

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Authors
Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F., & Loeber, R.
Affiliations
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research
Publisher
Emerald
Published
2011-05-16
Volume
3
Issue
2
Pages
63-73
ISSN
1759-6599 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1108/17596591111132873
OpenAlex
W1980493274
Cited by
623
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 22
FWCI
3.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.emerald.com/insight/site-policies (tdm)
Locations
Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords
school bullying, bullying victimization, depression, later-life depression, childhood risk factors, longitudinal follow-up, bullying prevention programs, public health promotion

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