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Stability of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate in advanced oxidation processes: degradation kinetics and pathway
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a widely used mist suppressant in hard chrome electroplating industry, has been listed in the Stockholm Convention for global ban. 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) acid and salts have been adopted as alternative products in the market, but no data about their abiotic degradation has been reported. In the present study, the degradability of 6:2 FTS potassium salt (6:2 FTS-K) was evaluated under various advanced oxidation processes, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, UV with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), alkaline ozonation (O3, pH = 11), peroxone (O3/H2O2), and Fenton reagent oxidation (Fe(2+)/H2O2). UV/H2O2 was found to be the most effective approach, where the degradation of 6:2 FTS-K followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The intermediates were mainly shorter chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (C7 to C2), while sulfate (SO4 (2-)) and fluoride (F(-)) were found to be the final products. The high yields of SO4 (2-) and F(-) indicate that 6:2 FTS-K can be nearly completely desulfonated and defluorinated under UV/H2O2 condition. The degradation should firstly begin with the substitution of hydrogen atom by hydroxyl radicals, followed by desulfonation, carboxylation, and sequential "flake off" of CF2 unit. Compared with PFOS which is inert in most advanced oxidation processes, 6:2 FTS-K is more degradable as the alternative.
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“Other studies have shown decreases in 6:2 FTS mass in sediment and water from chemical oxidation or biotransformation of 6:2 FTS into terminal PFAS under certain environmental conditions (presence of ultraviolet light, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and dissolved oxygen concentration).32,41,42”
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Degradation and Removal Methods for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Water
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Review of the fate and transformation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in landfills
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Metadata
- Authors
- Yang, X., Huang, J., Zhang, K., Yu, G., Deng, S., & Wang, B.
- Affiliations
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Huang, Jun
- Venue
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research
- Published
- 2013-12-19
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 4634-4642
- ISSN
- 0944-1344 (ISSN-L)
- 1614-7499
- OpenAlex
- W2077411136
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National High-tech Research and Development Program
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, advanced oxidation processes, degradation kinetics, degradation intermediates, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, desulfonation, defluorination, hydroxyl radicals, peroxone, Fenton oxidation, ozonation, fluoride release, perfluorinated compounds
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Hydrogen Peroxide, Iron, Kinetics, Models, Chemical, Oxidation-Reduction, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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