Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, soil and plants in wetlands and agricultural areas in Kampala, Uganda
Abstract
Occurrence and concentrations of 26 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were evaluated in wastewater, surface water, soil and crop plants (yam (Dioscorea spp.), maize (Zea mays) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)) in Nakivubo wetland and Lake Victoria at Kampala, Uganda. ∑PFAS concentrations in effluent from Bugolobi wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were higher (5.6-9.1ngL-1) than in the corresponding influent (3.4-5.1ngL-1), indicating poor removal of PFASs within the WWTP. ∑PFAS concentrations decreased by a factor of approximately five between Nakivubo channel (8.5-12ngL-1) and Lake Victoria (1.0-2.5ngL-1), due to dilution, sorption to sediment and uptake by plants in the wetland. ∑PFAS concentrations were within the range 1700-7900pgg-1 dry weight (dw) in soil and 160pgg-1 dw (maize cobs) to 380pgg-1 dw (sugarcane stems) in plants. The dominant PFASs were perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) in wastewater, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in surface water, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in soil and perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA) and PFOA in different plant tissues, reflecting PFAS-specific partitioning behaviour in different matrices. Soil-water partitioning coefficient (log K d) in wetland soil under yam was lowest for short-chain PFHxA (1.9-2.3Lkg-1) and increased with increasing chain length to 2.8-3.1Lkg-1 for perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) and 2.8-3.1Lkg-1 for perfluoroctanesulfonate (PFOS). The log K oc values ranged between 2.2 and 3.6Lkg-1, with the highest log K oc estimated for long-chain perfluorocarbon PFASs (i.e. PFUnDA 3.2-3.5Lkg-1 and PFOS 3.2-3.6Lkg-1). The concentration ratio (CR) between plants and soil was <1 for all PFASs and plant species, with the highest CR estimated for PFHpA (0.65-0.67) in sugarcane stem and PFBS (0.53-0.59) in yam root. Overall, this investigation demonstrated PFASs entry into the terrestrial food chain and drinking water resources in Kampala, Uganda. Source identification, assessment of impacts on human health and the environment, and better wastewater treatment technologies are needed.
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OM content of soil is recognized as a significant parameter controlling the adsorption of LC-PFASs, but it is not always the only indicator of PFAS sorption to soil/sediments.
“While the OM content of soil is recognized as a significant parameter controlling the adsorption of LC-PFASs, it is not always the only indicator of PFAS sorption to soil/sediments.39,43,70”
From Occurrence, Concentration, and Distribution of 35 PFASs and Their Precursors Retained in 20 Stormwater Biofilters (2024) · cites this paper as [70]
Other factors, such as low fine particle content and an increase of cation content (and ionic strength) in filter material, can diminish the adsorption capacity of a biofilter over time.
“Other factors, such as low fine particle content and an increase of cation content (and ionic strength) in filter material, can diminish the adsorption capacity of a biofilter over time.39,70”
From Occurrence, Concentration, and Distribution of 35 PFASs and Their Precursors Retained in 20 Stormwater Biofilters (2024) · cites this paper as [70]
WWTPs are not designed to remove PFAS from influent.
“Because of the novelty of PFAS as a contaminant of concern, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not designed to remove PFAS from influent, often resulting in measured effluent concentrations exceeding influent concentrations (Coggan et al., 2019; Dalahmeh et al., 2018; Hamid and Li, 2016; Lenka et al., 2021).”
From Occurrence, transformation, and transport of PFAS entering, leaving, and flowing past wastewater treatment plants with diverse land uses (2024) · cites this paper as Dalahmeh et al., 2018
Long chain PFAS have a higher affinity for adsorption to particulate matter and are observed more in soil, sediment, and plant roots, while short chain PFAS are highly soluble in water and are observed more in aqueous compartments and plant shoots.
“Long chain PFAS have a higher affinity for adsorption to particulate matter, thus they are observed more in soil, sediment, and plant roots while short chain PFAS are highly soluble in water and are observed more in aqueous compartments and plant shoots (Bai and Son, 2021; Dalahmeh et al., 2018; Goodrow et al., 2020; Sardiña et al., 2019).”
From Occurrence, transformation, and transport of PFAS entering, leaving, and flowing past wastewater treatment plants with diverse land uses (2024) · cites this paper as Dalahmeh et al., 2018
Measured effluent PFAS concentrations often exceed influent concentrations at WWTPs.
“Because of the novelty of PFAS as a contaminant of concern, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not designed to remove PFAS from influent, often resulting in measured effluent concentrations exceeding influent concentrations (Coggan et al., 2019; Dalahmeh et al., 2018; Hamid and Li, 2016; Lenka et al., 2021).”
From Occurrence, transformation, and transport of PFAS entering, leaving, and flowing past wastewater treatment plants with diverse land uses (2024) · cites this paper as Dalahmeh et al., 2018
PFHpA/PFOA ratios were less than 1 for studies in Pra and Kakum Rivers and Lake Victoria in Ghana and Uganda in 2015.
“The ratios were less than 1 for the studies in Africa in Pra and Kakum Rivers and Lake Victoria in Ghana and Uganda in 2015 (Dalahmeh et al., 2018; Essumang et al., 2017).”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Dalahmeh et al., 2018
Few studies have reported occurrences of PFAS in Africa, South America, Australia, Arctic, and Antarctic regions.
“there are few studies that reported the occurrences of PFAS in Africa, South America, Australia, Arctic, and Antarctic regions”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Dalahmeh et al., 2018
There is evidence of PFAS contamination in Africa, South America, Australia, Arctic, and Antarctic regions.
“although there is evidence of PFAS contamination in these regions”
From Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects (2021) · cites this paper as Dalahmeh et al., 2018
Oasis WAX and Strata X-AW are also used for aqueous sample analysis.
“Oasis WAX (Waters, Inc.) and Strata X-AW (Phenomenex) are also used for aqueous sample analysis [40,43,44].”
From Worldwide trends in tracing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- Dalahmeh, S., Tirgani, S., Komakech, A. J., Niwagaba, C. B., & Ahrens, L.
- Affiliations
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Makerere University (UG)
- Corresponding author
- Dalahmeh, Sahar
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 631-632
- Pages
- 660-667
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2792855793
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 9.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas
- Vetenskapsrådet (219-2013-196)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS contamination, wetlands, Lake Victoria, wastewater treatment plant effluent, surface water, soil contamination, crop uptake, yam, maize, sugarcane, soil-water partitioning, octanoate, PFOS, PFHxS
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