Ecotoxicity and biodegradability of pure and aqueous mixtures of deep eutectic solvents: glyceline, ethaline, and reline
Abstract
Most of the works carried out on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) make reference to their physicochemical properties, and the analysis of their toxicological behavior on the environment and biodegradability are still limited. In this work, an exhaustive study on the ecotoxicity of three pure deep eutectic solvents (reline, glyceline, and ethaline) and their mixtures with water (reline-water, glyceline-water, and ethaline-water) was carried out in different biomodels: bacteria (A. fisheri), crustaceans (D. magna), and algae (S. capricornatum). In addition, the amount of chlorophyll in the algae after exposure to the DESs was analyzed. Finally, the biodegradability of the studied DESs was also analyzed. The ecotoxic behavior strongly depends on both the biomodel tested and the presence of water in the mixture, resulting in low toxicities in all cases. Furthermore, most of the deep eutectic solvents studied can be considered readily biodegradable. A comparison of the ecotoxicity and biodegradability of these solvents under other conditions has also been provided, and a complete analysis is given.
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Recent studies that tested biodegradability of DES with components similar to those used in the above studies generally showed that DES with natural components, such as choline salts, amino acids, alcohols, and organic acids, are readily biodegradable.
“Nevertheless, recent studies that tested the biodegradability of DES with components similar to those used in the above studies generally showed that DES with natural components, such as choline salts, amino acids, alcohols, and organic acids, are readily biodegradable (82,83).”
From Evaluating the green credentials and performance of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of antibiotics and mycotoxins in foods (2024) · cites this paper as [82]
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- Authors
- Lapeña, D., Errazquin, D., Lomba, L., Lafuente, C., & Giner, B.
- Affiliations
- Universidad San Jorge (ES)
- Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Giner, Beatriz
- Venue
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research
- Published
- 2020-10-18
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 8812-8821
- ISSN
- 0944-1344 (ISSN-L)
- 1614-7499
- OpenAlex
- W3093439000
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 2.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Gobierno de Aragón (E31_17R)
- Novaltia
- Banco Santander
- Brial Energías
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- deep eutectic solvents, ecotoxicity, biodegradability, glyceline, ethaline, reline, aqueous mixtures, Daphnia magna, chlorophyll, bacteria, Crustacea, algae
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Solvents, Water
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