Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability of choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been dramatically expanding in popularity as a new generation of environmentally friendly solvents with possible applications in various industrial fields, but their ecological footprint has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, three choline chloride-based DESs with glucose, glycerol and oxalic acid as hydrogen bond donors were evaluated for in vitro toxicity using fish and human cell line, phytotoxicity using wheat and biodegradability using wastewater microorganisms through closed bottle test. Obtained in vitro toxicity data on cell lines indicate that choline chloride: glucose and choline chloride:glycerol possess low cytotoxicity (EC50>10 mM for both cell lines) while choline chloride:oxalic acid possess moderate cytotoxicity (EC50 value 1.64 mM and 4.19 mM for fish and human cell line, respectively). Results on phytotoxicity imply that tested DESs are non-toxic with seed germination EC50 values higher than 5000 mg L(-1). All tested DESs were classified as'readily biodegradable' based on their high levels of mineralization (68-96%). These findings indicate that DESs have a green profile and a good prospect for a wider use in the field of green technologies.
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NADES have been considered a fourth generation of ionic liquids.
“Later, these novel, advanced class of green solvents have been considered as fourth generation of ionic liquids (Radošević et al. 2015).”
From The perspectives of natural deep eutectic solvents in agri-food sector (2020) · cites this paper as Radošević et al. 2015
Radošević et al. (2015) found a similar observation for ChCl:oxalic acid NADES on two cell lines.
“while Radošević et al. (2015) found similar observation in the case of ChCl:oxalic acid NADES on two cell lines.”
From The perspectives of natural deep eutectic solvents in agri-food sector (2020) · cites this paper as Radošević et al. (2015)
NADES biodegradation is associated with their chemical nature.
“It was demonstrated that NADES biodegradation is associated with their chemical nature (Hou et al. 2013;Huang et al. 2017;Radošević et al. 2015;Wen et al. 2015;Zhao et al. 2015).”
From The perspectives of natural deep eutectic solvents in agri-food sector (2020) · cites this paper as Radošević et al. 2015
The majority of investigated compounds were classified as readily biodegradable.
“The majority of investigated compounds were classified as readily biodegradable compounds (Hou et al. 2013;Huang et al. 2017;Radošević et al. 2015;Wen et al. 2015;Zhao et al. 2015).”
From The perspectives of natural deep eutectic solvents in agri-food sector (2020) · cites this paper as Radošević et al. 2015
In toxicity tests, choline chloride:glucose and choline chloride:glycerol NADESs showed low in vitro toxicity (EC50 >10 mM) and were nontoxic to wheat seed germination (EC50 >5000 mg/L), whereas choline chloride:oxalic acid showed moderate cytotoxicity (EC50 1.64 and 4.19 mM for fish and human cell lines).
“The data obtained with the in vitro toxicity test on cell lines indicated a low toxicity for choline chloride:glucose and choline chloride:glycerol (EC 50 >10 mM for both cell lines), whereas moderate cytotoxicity was observed for choline chloride:oxalic acid (EC 50 value 1.64 and 4.19 mM for fish and human cell line, respectively).”
From Green solvents from ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents to natural deep eutectic solvents (2018) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Authors
- Radošević, K., Cvjetko Bubalo, M., Gaurina Srček, V., Grgas, D., Landeka Dragičević, T., & Radojčić Redovniković, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Zagreb (HR)
- Venue
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 112
- Pages
- 46-53
- ISSN
- 0147-6513 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071385562
- Semantic Scholar
- 6a1f8be259401f29e076cfbc4f89558cb19b0c3c
- Cited by
- 770
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 9.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science, Education and Sports, Republic of Croatia
- University of Zagreb (0582261-7002223)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- deep eutectic solvents, choline chloride, toxicity, biodegradability, phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, glucose, glycerol, oxalic acid, mineralization, green solvents, wheat seed germination, fish cell lines, human cell lines
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Choline, Glucose, Glycerol, Hydrogen Bonding, Solvents, Triticum, Oxalic Acid, Wastewater
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