Time Trends of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Blood in 30-Year Old Norwegian Men and Women in the Period 1986–2007
Open accessAbstract
Biomonitoring studies are helpful tools and can increase our knowledge on time trends in human blood concentrations of PFASs: how they relate to emission trends and the potential prenatal exposure for future generations. In this study, serum was sampled in cross-sections of men and women who were 30 years old in each of the years 1986, 1994, 2001, and 2007 in Northern Norway and analyzed for 23 PFASs. Differences in serum concentrations across sampling years were investigated graphically and with significance testing and compared with those observed in our previous longitudinal study using repeated individual measurements in older men in the same years. The results demonstrate overall increasing blood burdens of PFASs in men and women in reproductively active ages during 1986-2001 and decreases until 2007. However, longer chained PFASs were still increasing in 2007 indicating divergent time trends between the different PFASs, underlining the importance of continued biomonitoring. Comparisons between 30-year-old men and older men within the same population demonstrated variation in time trends in the exact same years, underlining that biomonitoring studies must regard historic exposures and birth cohort effects.
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A noticeable declining trend in PFAS serum concentrations has been observed among Swedish adolescents and Norwegian men and women.
“Indeed, a noticeable declining trend in PFAS serum concentrations has been observed among Swedish adolescents and Norwegian men and women [10,11].”
From The EU’s Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Ban: A Case of Policy over Science (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Overall, the observed PFAS concentrations in our study sample are in line with the concentration ranges of PFASs in the period 1986–2007 reported for both women and men by other studies from overlapping sampling periods (Berg et al. 2014; Eriksson et al. 2017; Haug et al. 2009; Jain 2018; Kato et al. 2011; Nøst et al.…”
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“Overall, the observed PFAS concentrations in our study sample are in line with the concentration ranges of PFASs in the period 1986–2007 reported for both women and men by other studies from overlapping sampling periods (Berg et al. 2014; Eriksson et al. 2017; Haug et al. 2009; Jain 2018; Kato et al. 2011; Nøst et al.…”
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“…trends of PFOS and PFOA in human blood demonstrate sharp declines between 2001 and 2003 (Harada et al. 2005; Harada et al. 2004; Inoue et al. 2004; Olsen et al. 2003; Olsen et al. 2005), childbirth and breastfeeding after this period would result in a more pronounced effect on maternal blood…”
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“However, in such study designs, age and birth cohort effects are confounded (Glenn 1981; Quinn et al. 2011) and a study on temporal trends from 2002 to 2013 reported higher blood concentrations of certain PFASs in younger compared to older individuals in Australia (Eriksson et al.”
BackgroundGóralczyk, K., Pachocki, K. A., Hernik, A., Struciński, P., Czaja, K., Lindh, C. H., Jönsson, B., Lenters, V. C., Korcz, W., Minorczyk, M., et al. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.050 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This has been observed in most studies comparing concentrations of PFASs in men and women (Coakley et al. 2018; Goralczyk et al. 2015) and is probably largely due to the elimination routes through childbirth, breastfeeding, and menstruation in women (Harada et al. 2005; Haug et al. 2011; Rush et…”
Rylander, C., Brustad, M., Falk, H., & Sandanger, T. M. (2009) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2009/268219 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similar, in men, the percentage of branched PFOS was higher compared to women at all time points, and this has been reported in other studies as well (Liu et al. 2015; Rylander et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2014).”
ResultJain, R. B. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.198 · Cited by 57 · cited 4× · see citing works
“However, trends for the longer chained PFASs like perfluoronanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) have been inconsistent across populations (Calafat et al. 2007; Glynn et al. 2012; Jain 2018; Kato et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2015; Olsen et al. 2017; Salihovic et al. 2015;…”
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“However, in such study designs, age and birth cohort effects are confounded (Glenn 1981; Quinn et al. 2011) and a study on temporal trends from 2002 to 2013 reported higher blood concentrations of certain PFASs in younger compared to older individuals in Australia (Eriksson et al.”
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“Similar, in men, the percentage of branched PFOS was higher compared to women at all time points, and this has been reported in other studies as well (Liu et al. 2015; Rylander et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2014).”
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“However, trends for the longer chained PFASs like perfluoronanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) have been inconsistent across populations (Calafat et al. 2007; Glynn et al. 2012; Jain 2018; Kato et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2015; Olsen et al. 2017; Salihovic et al. 2015;…”
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“…perfluoronanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) have been inconsistent across populations (Calafat et al. 2007; Glynn et al. 2012; Jain 2018; Kato et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2015; Olsen et al. 2017; Salihovic et al. 2015; SchroterKermani et al. 2012).”
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“This has been observed in most studies comparing concentrations of PFASs in men and women (Coakley et al. 2018; Goralczyk et al. 2015) and is probably largely due to the elimination routes through childbirth, breastfeeding, and menstruation in women (Harada et al. 2005; Haug et al. 2011; Rush et…”
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The EU’s Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Ban: A Case of Policy over Science
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“In several other European countries an increasing trend was observed up until around the year 2000, whereafter a decrease was observed in most countries (Nor ´ en et al., 2021; Berg et al., 2021a; Yeung et al., 2013; Haug et al., 2009; Schr ¨ oter-kermani et al., 2013).”
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Chemical exposomics in biobanked plasma samples and associations with breast cancer risk factors
Edlund, J., Sdougkou, K., Papazian, S., Wu, W., Martin, J. W., & Harlid, S. (2024) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-024-00736-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“One possible reason for this could be confounding by birth cohort, which has been suggested to impact associations between age and levels of PFAS chemicals in cross sectional study designs [35, 38].”
Lv, Y., Zhao, C., Xiang, Y., Fu, W., Li, J., Wang, F., & Li, X. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157518 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It is a matter of concern that exposure to PFASs has been associated with immune system dysfunction across species, including diminished vaccine effectiveness in children, modified cytokine profiles, and heightened susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as thyroiditis and lupus [6,7].”
Occurrence of PFAS in Lyon soils: contribution and impact of industrial activities
Saliu, T. D., Pepin, D., Delon, L., Fontaine, J., & Sauvé, S. (2025) · Environmental Science Advances · doi:10.1039/d5va00135h · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Long, S. E., Porta, M. S., Yang, J., Jing, X., Gasull, M., Burgos, G., Simeone, D. M., & Trasande, L. (2024) · Exposure and Health · doi:10.1007/s12403-024-00661-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…electronic devices, and other goods (Sun-derland et al. 2019, Schulz et al. 2020, Lim 2023, Kannan et al. 2004, Schneider 2019, Geueke 2016, Gore et al. 2015, Cousins et al. 2022, Evich et al. 2022, Geueke et al. 2022, Scheringer 2023, ECHA (European Chemicals Agency), 2023, Berg et al. 2021).”
Coêlho, A. C. M. F., Coêlho, A. C. M. F., Charles, D., Nøst, T. H., Cioni, L., Huber, S., Herzke, D., Rylander, C., Berg, V., & Sandanger, T. M. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109508 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, B.-L., Ma, X., Li, J., Liu, S., & Yu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Science · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2025.06.048 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Delatour, T., Menin, L., Eriksen, B., Gasilova, N., Mujahid, C., & Theurillat, X. (2024) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2024.111012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Temporal changes in per and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their associations with type 2 diabetes
Berg, V., Charles, D., Huber, S., Nøst, T. H., Sandanger, T. M., Averina, M., Bergdahl, I. A., Nilsen, M. M., Wilsgaard, T., & Rylander, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05422-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Concurrently, the temporal trends of PFAS indicated that the concentrations of PFHxS and PFHpS reached their peak in our study sample at T3, a pattern that has also been reported in another study 10 .”
Coêlho, A. C. M. F., Sandanger, T. M., Herzke, D., Rylander, C., Berg, V., & Nøst, T. H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-45562-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…in the Norwegian women in our study were generally consistent with background exposure levels in other background-exposed, population-based adult cohorts sampled during the same time period, such as NHANES in the US 33,34 , the Tromsø Study in Norway 35 , and the Danish National Birth Cohort 36 .”
Macroeconomic Effects of Fiscal Deficits on GDP Per Capita of Nepalese Economy
Jaishi, M. (2024) · Chaturbhujeshwar Academic Journal · doi:10.3126/caj.v2i1.72215
The silent sex-related burden of human exposure to arctic dietary pollution
Morales, M. M., Herrmann, T. M., Prior, T., Karlsson, K., Kielsen, E., Dervilly, G., & Bizec, B. L. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110234
- Authors
- Berg, V., Sandanger, T. M., Hanssen, L., Rylander, C., & Nøst, T. H.
- Affiliations
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- The FRAM Centre (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Berg, Vivian
- Venue
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research
- Published
- 2021-04-11
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 32
- Pages
- 43897-43907
- ISSN
- 0944-1344 (ISSN-L)
- 1614-7499
- PMC
- PMC8357677
- OpenAlex
- W3154991012
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Science and Pollution Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fram Centre Flagship
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, PFAS, temporal trends, serum concentration, blood biomonitoring, long-chain PFAS, birth cohort effects, prenatal exposure, Northern Norway, men and women
- MeSH terms
- Biological Monitoring, Adult, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Pregnancy, Time, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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