Trends in Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999−2008

Kato, Kayoko; Wong, Lee-Yang; Jia, Lily T.; Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna; Calafat, Antonia M.

doi:10.1021/es1043613

Cited by 777Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactFluorine in Organic Chemistry

Trends in Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999−2008

Kato, Kayoko, Wong, Lee-Yang, Jia, Lily T., Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna, Calafat, Antonia M.·2011·Environmental Science & Technology

DOI 10.1021/es1043613

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Abstract

Since 2002, practices in manufacturing polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) in the United States have changed. Previous results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) documented a significant decrease in serum concentrations of some PFCs during 1999-2004. To further assess concentration trends of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), we analyzed 7876 serum samples collected from a representative sample of the general U.S. population ≥12 years of age during NHANES 1999-2008. We detected PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS in more than 95% of participants. Concentrations differed by sex regardless of age and we observed some differences by race/ethnicity. Since 1999-2000, PFOS concentrations showed a significant downward trend, because of discontinuing industrial production of PFOS, but PFNA concentrations showed a significant upward trend. PFOA concentrations during 1999-2000 were significantly higher than during any other time period examined, but PFOA concentrations have remained essentially unchanged during 2003-2008. PFHxS concentrations showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2006, but concentrations increased during 2007-2008. Additional research is needed to identify the environmental sources contributing to human exposure to PFCs. Nonetheless, these NHANES data suggest that sociodemographic factors may influence exposure and also provide unique information on temporal trends of exposure.

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Levels of PFOS and PFOA in human blood samples have declined in many Western countries as a consequence of phase-out actions and regulations.
“As a consequence of phase-out actions and regulations, levels of PFOS and PFOA in human blood samples have now declined in many Western countries (Glynn et al., 2012;Kato et al., 2011;Harada et al., 2010;Yeung et al., 2013a).”
From Helsingør Statement on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (2014) · cites this paper as Kato et al., 2011
PFCAs with longer perfluorinated chains than PFOA (8 or more perfluoroalkyl carbons) have not yet shown signs of decline in human blood samples globally.
“However, PFCAs with longer perfluorinated chains than PFOA, with 8 or more perfluoroalkyl carbons, have not yet shown signs of decline in human blood samples globally (Kato et al., 2011;Glynn et al., 2012;Yeung et al., 2013b).”
From Helsingør Statement on poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (2014) · cites this paper as Kato et al., 2011
The declines in serum PFNA, PFDA and PFUnA in Gullah African Americans are most likely a local phenomenon rather than consistent with NHANES trends among non-hispanic blacks.
“Based on the increasing temporal trends of PFNA presented by Kato et al. [103] for non-hispanic blacks, we suggest the former explanation is most likely, that this is indeed a local phenomenon.”
From What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [103]

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Method
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Background
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“Nearly all individuals, including pregnant women and children, in the many populations studied worldwide (Fromme et al., 2009; Kato et al., 2011; Manzano-Salgado et al., 2016; Mondal et al., 2012; Mørck et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2012), showed measurable blood concentrations of four PFAS (per ﬂ…”
Background
Developmental Exposures to Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): An Update of Associated Health Outcomes
Liew, Z., Goudarzi, H., & Oulhote, Y. (2018) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-018-0173-4 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Activation of Human Nuclear Receptors by Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS)
Behr, A.-C., Plinsch, C., Braeuning, A., & Buhrke, T. (2020) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104700 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field
Bonato, M., Corrà, F., Bellio, M., Guidolin, L., Tallandini, L., Irato, P., & Santovito, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218020 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Efficient Reductive Decomposition of Perfluorooctanesulfonate in a High Photon Flux UV/Sulfite System
Gu, Y., Dong, W., Luo, C., & Liu, T. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b03261 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment
Gray, J., Rasanayagam, S., Engel, C. L., & Rizzo, J. (2017) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0287-4 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review
Land, M., de Wit, C. A., Bignert, A., Cousins, I. T., Herzke, D., Johansson, J. H., & Martin, J. W. (2018) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/s13750-017-0114-y · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“[103] examined NHANES data across 4 study periods (99–00, 03–04, 05–06, and 07–08) by sex, age, and ethnicity and for PFOS significant declines were evident in both men and women (> 12 years); the rate of decline was faster in women than in men (Fig.”
Influential
Temporal Trends of Perfluoroalkyl Concentrations in American Red Cross Adult Blood Donors, 2000–2010
Olsen, G. W., Lange, C. C., Ellefson, M. E., Mair, D. C., Church, T. R., Goldberg, C. L., Herron, R., Medhdizadehkashi, Z., Nobiletti, J. B., Rios, J. A., et al. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es300604p · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Enhanced Elimination of Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid by Menstruating Women: Evidence from Population-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling
Wong, F., MacLeod, M., Mueller, J. F., & Cousins, I. T. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es500796y · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Perfluoroalkyl substances and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver in Children: An untargeted metabolomics approach
Jin, R., McConnell, R., Cioffi, C. E., Xu, S., Walker, D. I., Stratakis, N., Jones, D. P., Miller, G. W., Peng, C., Conti, D. V., et al. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105220 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Therefore, not surprisingly, PFAS compounds, such as PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS, are detected in the blood samples of more than 95% of the general US population (Kato et al., 2011).”
Background
PFOS-induced hepatic steatosis, the mechanistic actions on β-oxidation and lipid transport
Wan, H. T., Zhao, Y. G., Wei, X., Hui, K. Y., Giesy, J. P., & Wong, C. K. C. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.03.010 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) levels and profiles in breast milk, maternal and cord serum of French women and their newborns
Cariou, R., Veyrand, B., Yamada, A., Berrebi, A., Zalko, D., Durand, S., Pollono, C., Marchand, P., Leblanc, J., Antignac, J., et al. (2015) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.014 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Elevated levels of PFOS and PFHxS in firefighters exposed to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)
Rotander, A., Toms, L.-M. L., Aylward, L. L., Kay, M. P., & Mueller, J. F. (2015) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.005 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Dietary exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids for the Swedish population in 1999, 2005 and 2010
Vestergren, R., Berger, U., Glynn, A., & Cousins, I. T. (2012) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.016 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Neurotoxic Effects of Perfluoroalkylated Compounds: Mechanisms of Action and Environmental Relevance
Mariussen, E. (2012) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0822-6 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“…samples are now slowly decreasing making the general population in these areas less susceptible to potential harmful exposure (e.g. Donaldson et al., 2010; Hardell et al., 2010; Hart et al., 2008; Haug et al., 2009; Kato et al., 2011; Olsen et al., 2005; Sundström et al., 2011; Zushi et al., 2010).”
Background
Regulatory decisions on endocrine disrupting chemicals should be based on the principles of endocrinology
Vandenberg, L. N., Colborn, T., Hayes, T. B., Heindel, J. J., Jacobs, D. R., Lee, D., Myers, J. P., Shioda, T., Soto, A. M., Saal, F. S. V., et al. (2013) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.02.002 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment
Salthammer, T., Zhang, Y., Mo, J., Koch, H. M., & Weschler, C. J. (2018) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201711023 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonate) in serum is negatively associated with testosterone levels, but not with semen quality, in healthy men
Joensen, U. N., Veyrand, B., Antignac, J., Jensen, M. B., Petersen, J. H., Marchand, P., Skakkebæk, N. E., Andersson, A., Bizec, B. L., & Jørgensen, N. (2012) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/des425 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“The temporal decrease in serum PFOS and PFOA levels is consistent with observations in other studies (Kato et al., 2011) and a beneficial effect of the voluntary phase-out of production by the major manufacturer (3M Company) in 2002, and later regulatory measures (US Environmental Protection Agency 2012).”
Result
Perfluoroalkyl substances and fish consumption
Christensen, K. L. Y., Raymond, M., Blackowicz, M. J., Liu, Y., Thompson, B. A., Anderson, H. A., & Turyk, M. E. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.032 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Fate and redistribution of perfluoroalkyl acids through AFFF-impacted groundwater
Bräunig, J., Baduel, C., Heffernan, A., Rotander, A., Donaldson, E., & Mueller, J. F. (2017) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.095 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“, 2014) and the 95th percentile for the US American general populations (Kato et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Penetration of PFASs Across the Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier and Its Determinants in Humans
Wang, J., Pan, Y., Cui, Q., Yao, B., Wang, J., & Dai, J. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b04550 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Serum Polyfluoroalkyl Concentrations, Asthma Outcomes, and Immunological Markers in a Case–Control Study of Taiwanese Children
Dong, G., Tung, K., Tsai, C., Liu, M.-M., Wang, D., Liu, W., Jin, Y., Hsieh, W., Lee, Y. L., & Chen, P. (2013) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1205351 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Thyroid disruption by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)
Coperchini, F., Awwad, O., Rotondi, M., Santini, F., Imbriani, M., & Chiovato, L. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0572-z · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Input characterization of perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater treatment plants: Source discrimination by exploratory data analysis
Xiao, F., Halbach, T. R., Simcik, M. F., & Gulliver, J. S. (2012) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.027 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Isomer Profiles of Perfluorochemicals in Matched Maternal, Cord, and House Dust Samples: Manufacturing Sources and Transplacental Transfer
Beesoon, S., Webster, G. M., Shoeib, M., Harner, T., Benskin, J. P., & Martin, J. W. (2011) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1003265 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“…(Olsen et al. 2008), and the most recent data from the National Center of Health Statistics of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Kato et al. 2011) indicate that serum PFOA did not decline between April 2003 and August 2007 and may be increasing [see Supplemental Material,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Persistent Environmental Pollutants and Couple Fecundity: The LIFE Study
Louis, G. M. B., Sundaram, R., Schisterman, E. F., Sweeney, A., Lynch, C. D.-J., Gore‐Langton, R. E., Maisog, J. M., Kim, S., Chen, Z., & Barr, D. B. (2012) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1205301 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“…were measured using isotope dilution highresolution mass spec trometry for OCPs, PBBs, PBDEs, and PCBs, and isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry for PFCs, following standard published operat ing procedures as described previously (Kato et al. 2011; Kuklenyik et al. 2005; Sjödin et al 2004).”
Method
Maternal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and reduced fecundity: the MIREC study
Vélez, M. P., Arbuckle, T. E., & Fraser, W. D. (2015) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deu350 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Associations of perfluorinated chemical serum concentrations and biomarkers of liver function and uric acid in the US population (NHANES), 2007–2010
Gleason, J. A., Post, G. B., & Fagliano, J. A. (2014) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.004 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and indicators of immune function in children aged 12–19 y: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Stein, C. R., McGovern, K. J., Pajak, A., Maglione, P. J., & Wolff, M. S. (2015) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2015.213 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“While efforts to reduce US production and use of these compounds (12,13) have led to declining serum concentrations, compounds such as perfluorononanoate (PFNA) have been increasing in both percent of the population with detectable levels and average serum concentration (14).”
BackgroundMethod
Changes in Serum Concentrations of Maternal Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances over the Course of Pregnancy and Predictors of Exposure in a Multiethnic Cohort of Cincinnati, Ohio Pregnant Women during 2003–2006
Kato, K., Wong, L.-Y., Chen, A., Dunbar, C. A., Webster, G. M., Lanphear, B. P., & Calafat, A. M. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es501811k · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citation
A critical review of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure and cancer risk in humans
Chang, E. T., Adami, H.-O., Boffetta, P., Cole, P., Starr, T. B., & Mandel, J. S. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.905767 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“[By comparison, contemporaneous geometric mean serum PFOS levels in the general population were approximately 30 – 35 ng/mL (Kato et al. 2011, Olsen et al. 2012).]”
BackgroundInfluential
Determinants of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in midlife women: Evidence of racial/ethnic and geographic differences in PFAS exposure
Park, S. K., Peng, Q., Ding, N., Mukherjee, B., & Harlow, S. D. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.028 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“We used the method with a modification described previously (Kato et al. 2011a).”
BackgroundMethod
Sociodemographic and Perinatal Predictors of Early Pregnancy Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Concentrations
Sagiv, S. K., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Webster, T. F., Mora, A. M., Harris, M. H., Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Gillman, M. W., & Oken, E. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02489 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citation
Modeled PFOA Exposure and Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension, and High Cholesterol in Community and Worker Cohorts
Winquist, A. G., & Steenland, K. (2014) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1307943 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances
Grandjean, P., & Clapp, R. (2015) · NEW SOLUTIONS A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy · doi:10.1177/1048291115590506 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Plasma Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Investigation among U.S. Women
Sun, Q., Zong, G., Valvi, D., Nielsen, F., Coull, B. A., & Grandjean, P. (2018) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp2619 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“Blood concentrations of these ubiquitous environmental pollutants are declining in Americans overall, but they remain detectable in almost the entire population (Calafat et al. 2007; Kato et al. 2011; Liu et al. 2018; Olsen et al. 2017).”
Background
Dysregulated lipid and fatty acid metabolism link perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and impaired glucose metabolism in young adults
Chen, Z., Yang, T., Walker, D. I., Thomas, D. C., Qiu, C., Chatzi, L., Alderete, T. L., Kim, J. S., Conti, D. V., Breton, C. V., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106091 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“A recent study has shown ubiquitous exposures to major PFASs, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) among the US population (Kato et al., 2011).”
Background
Comparative pharmacokinetics of perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) in rats, mice, and monkeys
Sundström, M., Chang, S., Noker, P. E., Gorman, G. S., Hart, J. A., Ehresman, D. J., Bergman, Å., & Butenhoff, J. L. (2011) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.07.004 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Novel Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids (PFECAs) and Sulfonic Acids (PFESAs): Occurrence and Association with Serum Biochemical Parameters in Residents Living Near a Fluorochemical Plant in China
Yao, J., Pan, Y., Sheng, N., Su, Z., Guo, Y., Wang, J., & Dai, J. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c02888 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic coast
Zhao, Z., Xie, Z., Möller, A., Sturm, R., Tang, J., Zhang, G., & Ebinghaus, R. (2012) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.004 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“PFASs have been detected ubiquitously in air, water, sediment, wildlife and human beings all around the world as a result of their decades-long manufacture and applications (Schiavone et al., 2009; Bao et al., 2010; Genualdi et al., 2010; Kato et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011; Meyer et al., 2011).”
Background
A critical review of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure and immunological health conditions in humans
Chang, E. T., Adami, H., Boffetta, P., Wedner, H. J., & Mandel, J. S. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2015.1122573 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Perfluoroalkyl substances and changes in body weight and resting metabolic rate in response to weight-loss diets: A prospective study
Liu, G., Dhana, K., Furtado, J. D., Rood, J. C., Zong, G., Liang, L., Qi, L., Bray, G. A., de Jonge, L., Coull, B. A., et al. (2018) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002502 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Although the production of PFOS and PFOA in the US has largely been phased out [31,63], the production of other PFASs, such as PFNA, may continue or even increase, especially in developing countries [64].”
Background
Perfluorooctanoic Acid Exposure and Pregnancy Outcome in a Highly Exposed Community
Savitz, D., Stein, C. R., Bartell, S., Elston, B., Gong, J., Shin, H.-M., & Wellenius, G. (2012) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31824cb93b · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Perfluoroalkyl substances and lipid concentrations in plasma during pregnancy among women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
Starling, A. P., Engel, S. M., Whitworth, K. W., Richardson, D. B., Stuebe, A. M., Daniels, J. L., Haug, L. S., Eggesbø, M. Å., Becher, G., Sabaredzovic, A., et al. (2013) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.004 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“The median plasma concentrations of the seven PFASs in this study were comparable to reported serum levels from 2006 in Norway (Haug et al., 2009b) and somewhat lower than reported serum levels from the United States in the same year (Kato et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResult
Comparative pharmacokinetics of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in rats, mice, and monkeys
Chang, S., Noker, P. E., Gorman, G. S., Gibson, S. J., Hart, J. A., Ehresman, D. J., & Butenhoff, J. L. (2011) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.07.002 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
In vitro characterization of the immunotoxic potential of several perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)
Corsini, E., Sangiovanni, E., Avogadro, A., Galbiati, V., Viviani, B., Marinovich, M., Galli, C. L., Dell’Agli, M., & Germolec, D. R. (2011) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.004 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Association of Perfluoroalkyl Substances, Bone Mineral Density, and Osteoporosis in the U.S. Population in NHANES 2009–2010
Khalil, N., Chen, A., Lee, M., Czerwinski, S. A., Ebert, J. R., DeWitt, J. C., & Kannan, K. (2015) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1307909 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“PFASs are poorly metabolized and slowly eliminated from the human body, with half-lives of 4–8 years (Kato et al. 2011), and they partition to bone tissue (Pérez et al. 2013; Bogdanska et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Thyroid-disrupting chemicals and brain development: an update
Mughal, B., Fini, J., & Demeneix, B. (2018) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-18-0029 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Early pregnancy perfluoroalkyl substance plasma concentrations and birth outcomes in Project Viva: confounded by pregnancy hemodynamics?
Sagiv, S., Rifas-Shiman, S., Fleisch, A., Webster, T., Calafat, A., Ye, X.-Y., Gillman, M., & Oken, E. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx332 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“As a result, plasma concentrations of these PFAS (37), and of PFOS in particular, were considerably higher in this cohort than those reported in more recent US national surveys (43, 44) but were similar to concentrations in a nationally representative survey with measurements taken during the same time period (3).”
ResultSelf-citation
Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and immunity, allergic response, infection, and asthma in children: Review of epidemiologic studies
von Holst, H., Nayak, P., Dembek, Z., Buehler, S., Echeverria, D., Fallacara, D., & John, L. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08160 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Furthermore, cord blood used to measure PFAS levels among mothers may not be an accurate representation of PFAS during their entire pregnancy (Kato et al., 2014).”
Background
Polyfluorinated compounds in dust from homes, offices, and vehicles as predictors of concentrations in office workers' serum
Fraser, A. J., Webster, T. F., Watkins, D. J., Strynar, M. J., Kato, K., Calafat, A. M., Vieira, V. M., & McClean, M. D. (2013) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.012 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Low-level body burdens of some PFCs, such as perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are ubiquitous in the general human population and raise concern about the potential toxicity of these persistent organic pollutants (Kato et al., 2011; Lau et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior
Starnes, H. M., Rock, K. D., Jackson, T. W., & Belcher, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2022.881584 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“However, since efforts to limit production of these compounds were initiated, there has been a concurrent increase in production of short-chain PFAS (Kato et al., 2011; Sunderland et al., 2019).”
Background
Human exposure pathways to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from indoor media: a systematic review
DeLuca, N. M., Minucci, J. M., Mullikin, A., Slover, R., & Cohen Hubal, E. A. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107149 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
World-Wide Indoor Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Esters (PAPs) and other PFASs in Household Dust
Eriksson, U., & Kärrman, A. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00679 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in paper food packaging
Glenn, G. M., Shogren, R. L., Jin, X., Orts, W. J., Hart‐Cooper, W., & Olson, L. (2021) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12726 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Binding interactions of perfluoroalkyl substances with thyroid hormone transport proteins and potential toxicological implications
Ren, X., Qin, W., Cao, L.-Y., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., Wan, B., & Guo, L. (2016) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2016.08.011 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Thus, a downward trend for PFOS and PFOA in the general population of USA has been noted (Kato et al., 2011).”
Background
Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Markers of Kidney Function Among Children and Adolescents Living Near a Chemical Plant
Watkins, D. J., Josson, J., Elston, B., Bartell, S. M., Shin, H.-M., Vieira, V. M., Savitz, D. A., Fletcher, T., & Wellenius, G. A. (2013) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1205838 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“On the other hand, serum concentrations of PFNA have been increasing over the past 10-15 years (Kato et al. 2011).”
Background
Influenza Vaccine Response in Adults Exposed to Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctanesulfonate
Looker, C., Luster, M. I., Calafat, A. M., Johnson, V. J., Burleson, G. R., BURLESON, F. G., & Fletcher, T. (2013) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kft269 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citation
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and thyroid cancer risk
van Gerwen, M. A. G., Colicino, E., Guan, H., Dolios, G., Nadkarni, G. N., Vermeulen, R. C. H., Wolff, M. S., Arora, M., Genden, E. M., & Petrick, L. M. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104831 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes for highly efficient PFASs removal: overview, challenges and future perspectives
Mastropietro, T. F., Bruno, R., Pardo, E., & Armentano, D. (2021) · Dalton Transactions · doi:10.1039/d1dt00360g · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Unsaturated PFOS and Other PFASs in Human Serum and Drinking Water from an AFFF-Impacted Community
McDonough, C. A., Choyke, S. J., Barton, K. E., Mass, S., Starling, A. P., Adgate, J. L., & Higgins, C. P. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00522 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Cumulative health risk assessment of 17 perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the Swedish population
Borg, D., Lund, B.-O., Lindquist, N.-G., & Håkansson, H. (2013) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.009 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Male Reproductive Health: Do PFOA and PFOS Increase Risk for Male Infertility?
Tarapore, P., & Ouyang, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073794 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Support for these sex-based differences have also been observed in the NHANES database [67].”
Background
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Childhood Autism in Association with Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances: A Nested Case–Control Study in the Danish National Birth Cohort
Liew, Z., Ritz, B. R., Ehrenstein, O. S. V., Bech, B. H., Nohr, E. A., Fei, C., Bossi, R., Henriksen, T. B., Bonefeld‐Jørgensen, E. C., & Olsen, J. (2014) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1408412 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“PFOS and PFOA concentrations in humans were reported to be decreasing in some countries following a drop in production since 2000 (Kato et al. 2011), but exposure to other short-chain compounds such as perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and longchain…”
BackgroundInfluential

Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and Comparisons with NHANES 1999–2000
Calafat, A. M., Wong, L.-Y., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J. A., & Needham, L. L. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.10598 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Self-citation
Research Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 and Comparisons with NHANES 1999–2000
Calafat, A. M., Wong, L.-Y., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J. A., & Needham, L. L. (2007)
Self-citation
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in the U.S. population: NHANES 1999–March 2020
Botelho, J. C., Kato, K., Wong, L.-Y., & Calafat, A. M. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.120916 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citation
Serum concentrations of 11 polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the u.s. population: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES).
Calafat, A., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J., Caudill, S., Tully, J. S., & Needham, L. (2007) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/es062686m · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Self-citation
Time trends over 2003–2014 in the concentrations of selected perfluoroalkyl substances among US adults aged ≥20 years: Interpretational issues
Jain, R. B. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.198 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Authors: Kato, K., Wong, L.-Y., Jia, L. T., Kuklenyik, Z., & Calafat, A. M.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Corresponding author: Calafat, Antonia M.
ORCID: Kato, Kayoko
Wong, Lee-Yang
Kuklenyik, Zsuzsanna
Calafat, Antonia M.
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2011-04-06
Volume: 45
Issue: 19
Pages: 8037-8045
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/es1043613
OpenAlex: W2066634548
Cited by: 777
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 37.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Keywords: PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFHxS, perfluorononanoate, serum concentration, temporal trends, human exposure, sex differences, racial and ethnic differences, sociodemographic factors
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Caprylates, Child, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fluorocarbons, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Nutrition Surveys, Sulfonic Acids, Time Factors, United States, Age Distribution, Young Adult

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Trends in Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999−2008

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