Filial Piety, Generativity and Older Adults’ Wellbeing and Loneliness in Denmark and China

May combine two claims.

Adult children often consistently refuse to visit parents living in care homes, some leaving periods over one year between visits.

“According to Lao et al. (2019), adult children often consistently refuse to visit parents living in care homes, some even leaving periods over one year between visits.”

• cites Lao et al., 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Factors influencing family involvement; page unavailable) recount a resident’s speculation that one person had received no family visits for 2–3 years. That anecdote does not establish that adult children often refuse visits. The Settings and participants section (page unavailable) instead reports that visits among the ten participating families ranged from daily to monthly. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Loneliness is a major detrimental factor for older adults' wellbeing, linked to poor mental health, quality of life, cognitive decline, and increased mortality.

“Together with e.g. smoking and alcohol consumption, it has been shown to be a hugely detrimental factor, imposing threats leading to poor mental health, quality of life (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015), declining cognitive function (Zhong et al., 2017) and increased mortality (Luo et al., 2012).”

• cites Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction links social connectedness to psychological and emotional well-being, and Isolation and Aging reports a study linking loneliness after retirement to anxiety and depression. These passages support the mental-health portion, but our copy does not establish the claimed effect on quality of life. The cognitive-decline and mortality clauses are attached to different citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Zhong et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Luo et al., 2012 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The prevalence of loneliness among older adults in China increased from 15.6% in 1992 to 29.6% in 2000, and was reported at 28% in another study.

“In China, for example, the prevalence of loneliness in older adults increased from 15.6% in 1992, to 29.6% in 2000 (Yang & Victor, 2008); it was reported to be 28% in a study by Luo and Waite (2014).”

• cites Yang & Victor, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Luo and Waite, 2014 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The first Danish study consisted of 31 semi-structured interviews with care recipients, care workers, relatives and managers from five municipal eldercare units; the present study uses interviews with care recipients (5 in total).

“the first Danish study (Klausen et al., 2020) consisted of a total of 31 semi-structured interviews conducted with care recipients, care workers, relatives and managers from five municipal eldercare units (comprising both resident and home care); the present study uses the interviews with care recipients (5 in total).”

• cites Klausen et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Older adults still expect care and attention from their adult children, and various kinds of intergenerational support, such as co-residence and daily care, contribute to their well-being.

“This is consistent with existing research (Yuan et al., 2021) showing that older adults still expect care and attention from their adult children, and that various kinds of intergenerational support, like, co-residence and daily care, do contribute to their well-being.”

• cites Yuan et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  Section 6.3 reports improved subjective well-being among Chinese older adults living with adult children and describes a positive role for family care. Section 6.2 says rural elders rely on children for material, physical, and emotional assistance, but the paper does not establish that older adults generally expect care and attention or that daily care independently improves well-being. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The study of Zhang et al. (2019) consisted of interviews with 10 older adults with mild to moderate dementia and 14 family caregivers, and employed IPA.

“The study of Zhang et al. (2019), which we use more marginally, consisted in interviews with 10 older adults with mild to moderate dementia and 14 family caregivers; it also employed Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.”

• cites Zhang et al., 2019 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sarkissian (2010) notes that for Confucius the family is the first unit to introduce normative notions into an individual's psychological fabric, forming basic dispositions and patterns of reflection and response that color the rest of the person's moral phenomenology.

“As Sarkissian (2010) notes, for Confucius “family is the first unit to introduce normative notions into an individual’s psychological fabric, forming the basic dispositions and patterns of reflections and response that will color the rest of the person’s moral phenomenology”.”

• cites Sarkissian (2010) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Danish participants, especially the oldest, were keen to play down the importance of receiving attention from their children, often reflecting a moral obligation not to burden children or interfere in their lives.

“The Danish participants – especially the oldest ones – were keen to play down the importance of receiving attention from their Children, though not seldom these remarks sounded not as if they did not really want such attention, but rather as an attempt of coming to terms with what they considered inevitable, anyhow, as well as reflecting a moral obligation to not being a burden to one’s children”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Helle says she won't complain about infrequency of visits and phone calls, acknowledging people have enough to do, but describes phone calls as sometimes too few and answers evasively about satisfaction with contact.

“Helle, a 86 old female repeatedly says that she “won’t complain” about the infrequency of visits and phone calls, acknowledging that “people have enough [to do] nowadays”, but also clearly describes the phone calls as being sometimes too few and answers evasively when being asked if she is satisfied with the contact she presently has to her children.”

May combine two claims.

Despite older Danish adults' apparent tendency not to expect much concrete personal interaction from children and grandchildren, the studies show such interaction is highly valued and perceived as crucial to alleviating loneliness.

“it emerges clearly from the studies that such interaction is in fact valued very highly and perceived as crucial to alleviating loneliness.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Ketty describes older people going to pieces when sitting at home, and feeling marginalized when children get busy.

“Ketty, a 75 old female, serving herself as a voluntary aid in eldercare, describes it like this: Because if you are older and sit at home, then you go to pieces … that is the problem when you get older … your children have children, and then their children have children too. And then they get busier, and then their children busy as well, like it was for us. There are some older people for whom it”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

John, a 68-year-old participant who emphasized visits from children as central to wellbeing, answered yes when asked if he would like to see them more often.

“One of the participants who most emphatically pointed to visits from his children as a central key to his own wellbeing, 68 years old John straightforwardly answered “yes” when asked if he would like to see them more often.”

May combine two claims.

Intergenerational relationships seem to be a central factor in older adults' wellbeing, a pervasive theme in all parts of the study.

“A very pervasive theme that emerged in all parts of our study was that intergenerational relationships do seem to be a central factor in older adults’ wellbeing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Older Danes during the Covid-19 pandemic gained satisfaction from knowing they were not burdening but helping the rest of society.

“not unlike the satisfaction gained by older Danes during the Covid 19-pandemic from knowing that they were not burdening, but rather helping the rest of society.”

May combine two claims.

Daughters-in-law were mentioned very positively, whereas sons-in-law were described more negatively or as non-filial.

“There was also some very positive mention of daughters-in-law, whereas sons-in-law where described more negatively (or at least as non-filial).”

May combine two claims.

Older adults seem prone to suppress their emotional needs or feel shameful about them.

“They also seem prone to suppress their emotional needs or even feeling shameful about them.”

May combine two claims.

Danish older adults experienced this tension as more paradoxical, as a genuine clash of values, and showed more surprise at the strength and value of filial piety, whereas Chinese took it as due mostly to recent changes in societal circumstances, coped pragmatically, and experienced less value dissonance.

“there were signs that the Danish older adults experienced it as more paradoxical, as a genuine clash of values (and also showed more surprise at experiencing the strength and value of filial piety), whereas the Chinese took it to be due mostly to recent changes in the societal circumstances, to be coped with pragmatically, and less of a value dissonance.”

May combine two claims.

Emotional bonds are demonstrated and maintained by practical actions and face-to-face contact; respect requires and is fuelled by understanding and authentic emotions.

“Emotional bonds are demonstrated and maintained by practical actions and face-to-face contact. Respect requires and is fuelled by understanding and authentic emotions, and so on.”

May combine two claims.

In the Danish findings, there are significant examples that institutionalized care cannot identify or meet all practical needs, and older adults with regular relative support can be better off materially, for example in mobility.

“though there are significant examples, also in the Danish findings, that the institutionalized care system is not able to identify or meet all the practical needs, and that older adults receiving regular support from there relatives can be better off also in a material sense, for example when it comes to mobility”

May combine two claims.

The different dimensions, aspects and manifestations of filial piety and generativity are intertangled and mutually enhancing.

“It emerges from our studies that the different dimensions, aspects and manifestations of filial piety and generativity are intertangled and mutually enhancing.”

May combine two claims.

Older adults seem acutely aware that the relationship should not be based on reciprocal benefits and are strongly averse to tit-for-tat thinking.

“Older adults seem to be acutely aware that the relationship should not be based on reciprocal benefits (and still less on “tit for tat”-thinking), and strongly averse to this logic.”

May combine two claims.

There is a marked tendency in both Danish and Chinese older adults not to want their children to keep in touch merely out of obligation; they crave authentic engagement.

“There is a marked tendency in both the Danish and Chinese older adults to not wanting their children to keep in touch just because they feel obliged to. They crave for authentic engagement.”

May combine two claims.

Generativity seems to be a more inclusive notion, as participants took comfort from knowing their sons were doing well or were negatively affected if they were not.

“Here, generativity seems to be a more inclusive notion, as participants obviously also took comfort from knowing that their sons were doing well (or were negatively affected if they were not).”

May combine two claims.

Participants in the Covid-19 study underlined the importance for wellbeing of respect from younger generations in a more impersonal, general sense; their wish to be acknowledged as vulnerable and for responsible health behaviour expressed concern for more than physical safety.

“The importance for wellbeing of respect from the younger generations in a more impersonal, general sense was also underlined by the participants in the study of older adults during the Covid 19-pandemic, whose wish for being acknowledged as vulnerable, and for responsible health behaviour, seemed to express a concern for more than just their physical safety.”

May combine two claims.

Although parents increasingly crave an emotional bond with adult children, they often have no idea how to turn this emotional need into actual practices and behaviours.

“Although parents increasingly crave emotional bond with their adult children, it seems that they often have no idea of how to turn this emotional need into actual practices and behaviours.”

May combine two claims.

The findings indicate that close intergenerational relationships can still be forged, maintained, and even strengthened with moderate amounts of physical contact or practical support from children, though some contact and support is needed and practical help is appreciated as a sign of sincerity.

“But they also indicate that close intergenerational relationships can still be forged, maintained and even strengthened (as under the Covid 19-pandemic), with moderate amounts of physical contact or practical support from the children (though some amount of contact and support is clearly needed; and help with practical tasks is strongly appreciated, albeit also as a sign of sincerity of attitude).”

May combine two claims.

While older adults may be careful not to demand or expect too much, there is an increased desire for an authentic emotional bond with adult children.

“While older adults may be careful not to demand or expect too much, there seem to be an increased desire for an authentic emotional bond with adult children.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

10 to 20% of elderly in Northern and Western Europe suffer from loneliness, and 17.9% of those aged 65 and above in another study reported feeling lonely.

“On the other side of the earth, evidence from recent studies shows that 10 to 20% of the elderly in Northern and Western Europe suffer from loneliness (Hansen & Slagsvold, 2016); and in another study comprising of 767 older adults, 17.9% aged 65 years and above reported feeling lonely (Due et al., 2017).”

• cites Hansen & Slagsvold, 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Due et al., 2017Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

A deeper cause behind loneliness in older adults may be weakened emotional connection between them and their adult children and a certain numbness in the state care system due to modernization.

“As such, a deeper cause behind the emergence of loneliness in the older adults may be the weakened emotional connection between them and their adult children in the traditional family care unit and a certain “numbness” among people in the homogeneous and standardized state care system, which has come about as a consequence of modernization.”

May combine two claims.

Loneliness is not confined to particular nations, and countries with advanced care systems do not fare significantly better.

“These figures make clear that loneliness knows no borders nor differentiates between nations. Some have claimed that the problem is due to the insufficient care systems provided by the state for its citizens (Jackson & Liu, 2017), but the figures indicate that countries with advanced care systems do not fare significantly better.”

• cites Jackson & Liu, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The proportion of older persons living alone is steadily increasing world-wide.

“Several recent studies show that the proportion of older persons living alone is steadily increasing world-wide (UNPD, 2013; UN, 2017).”

• cites UNPD, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites UN, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Families remain the primary source of welfare and support to the elderly in contemporary China, with state care system support usually seen as a last resort.

“Yet families remain the primary source of welfare and support to the elderly in contemporary China, with support from the state care system usually seen as the last resort (Shang & Wu, 2011; Lin, 2014).”

• cites Shang & Wu, 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lin, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From a biological perspective, filial piety is not necessary for the evolution of the human species.

“Furthermore, from a biological perspective, filial piety is not necessary for the evolution of the human species (Ni, 2010: 80).”

• cites Ni, 2010: 80Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The authors interpret emotional support as central to the notion of filial piety.

“We do take emotional support to be central to the very notion of filial piety, as we interpret it (see sections 4.iv and 5 below), and its importance was strongly confirmed by our findings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Each interview in both Danish studies lasted 30-60 minutes, was recorded and fully transcribed.

“Each interview (in both studies) lasted between 30 and 60 min, were recorded and fully transcribed.”

May combine two claims.

Chinese culture has become more individualist in recent times, leading to increased neglect by children and parents' concern about not burdening children, similar to older Danes.

“Yet it has been noted that it has also become more individualist in recent times, (Chow, 2009; Yan, 2009), not just leading to increased neglect on part of the children, as mentioned above, but also making parents increasingly concerned about not burdening or interfering with the lives of their children, not unlike the attitude found in older Danes.”

• cites Chow, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yan, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The second Danish study consisted of 17 interviews with older adults aged 64-97 in different living arrangements, including three in residential care.

“The second Danish study consisted of 17 interviews conducted with older adult (64–97 years old) with different backgrounds and in different living arrangements, including three in residential care.”

May combine two claims.

The study is based on qualitative data collected by the authors and student assistants in two Danish studies and on findings of similar Chinese studies.

“It is based on qualitative data collected by ourselves and student assistants in the context of two other studies of wellbeing of older adults in Denmark, and on the findings of a number of similar Chinese studies as these have been described in research articles and reports.”

May combine two claims.

The study does not compare Denmark and China in general, but only urban and more developed parts of China and Denmark, focusing on areas where individualization has taken place.

“Hence we do not make a comparison between Denmark and China in general, but only between the urban and more developed parts of China and Denmark, focusing particularly on areas where individualization has already taken place.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both Danish studies were inspired by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.

“Both studies were inspired by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, a methodology designed to explore the specific experiences of participants in the given context (Smith, 2009, 2015).”

• cites Smith, 2009, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Studies of the influence of family relations on older adults' wellbeing have been relatively sparse in Western countries, probably because they do not match dominant values and assumptions.

“Studies of the influence of family relations on older adults wellbeing have been relatively sparse in Western countries, probably because they do not match the dominant values and assumptions – e.g. that authentic and existentially satisfying emotions are not essentially related the parent-child relationship, but instead belong to marriage, sexuality and friendship (Giddens, 1992; Gabb, 2008; Jam”

• cites Giddens, 1992Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gabb, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jamieson, 1998, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The findings are not representative of the Chinese population as such, and no claims are made about prevalence of particular living arrangements.

“Since a large part of the population in China still lives in rural conditions,4 and individualization may not have gone very far even in many urban areas, we do not take our findings to be representative of the Chinese population as such, nor do we make any claims as to the prevalence of particular living arrangements.”

May combine two claims.

The asymmetric methodological approach is justified by the greater abundance of extant studies from China, similar data collection and analysis methods, and extensive quotations in Chinese publications.

“It can be justified, however, by the fact that there is a greater abundance of extant studies from China; hence what we do is mainly to measure and test our original findings from the Danish studies against existing knowledge about the Chinese case. Moreover, the Chinese studies on which we rely are based on very similar data collection and analysis methods. Perhaps most importantly, the Chinese”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Chinese studies on which the paper relies use very similar data collection and analysis methods.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All studies on which the analyses are based are characterised by a bottom-up approach with semi-structured interviews and open-ended questions.

“While all the studies on which we base our analyses are characterised by a bottom-up approach, with semi-structured interviews and open-ended questions, one of the two Danish studies targeted the wellbeing of older adults during the Covid-19 pandemic, and this particular context is likely to have prompted a special focus on loneliness and the role of social and intergenerational contacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Confucius, the essence of filial piety is human-heartedness, a matter of personal life and attitude rather than social norms or natural inclinations.

“According to him, the essence of filial piety is human-heartedness (ren 仁), a matter of personal life and attitude, rather than of social norms of natural inclinations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The reminder that children are busy and have their own concerns closely echoes views uttered by Danish participants.

“Especially the reminder that children are busy and have their own, assumedly more pressing, concerns, closely echoes views uttered by the Danish participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

One of the two Danish studies targeted wellbeing during the Covid-19 pandemic, and this context likely prompted a special focus on loneliness and the role of social and intergenerational contacts.

“one of the two Danish studies targeted the wellbeing of older adults during the Covid-19 pandemic, and this particular context is likely to have prompted a special focus on loneliness and the role of social and intergenerational contacts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Placing a high value on close family ties may accentuate feelings of loneliness in older adults in countries with high rates of widowhood and decreasing fertility rates.

“Placing a high value on close family ties may accentuate feelings of loneliness in older adults in countries with high rates of widowhood, decreasing fertility rates etc. (Flaherty et al., 2007).”

• cites Flaherty et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A widowed 77-year-old Hong Kong woman preferred living separately from her married daughter to have freedom and avoid potential conflicts with her son-in-law.

“A widowed 77 years old Hong Kong woman, revealed in an interview that she preferred living separately from her married daughter because this could bring “freedom” to her and she could thus avoid potential conflicts with her son-in-law: I don’t know whether my son-in-law would like to live with me or not. Maybe he likes me today; but who knows what will happen tomorrow (Lou & Ng, 2012, 10).”

• cites Lou & Ng, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Both filial piety and generativity entail a mutual relationship, as older people can only take part in the lives of the younger if given the opportunity, which requires attention and respect from the young.

“Yet both filial piety and generativity obviously entails a mutual relationship (see below), as older people can only take part in the lives of the younger if they are given the opportunity to do so, which requires attention and respect from the young, and not least from the children.”

May combine two claims.

Participants' own descriptions matched philosophical and psychological notions very closely, so the use of theory did not involve substantial reconstruction or an etic perspective.

“It should be noted, however, that not just the analyses but the participants’ own descriptions matched the philosophical and psychological notions very closely, in some cases almost verbatim. Hence the use of theory did not, in this case, involve any substantial reconstruction or represent an ‘etic’ or outsider-, as opposed to an ‘emic’ or insider-, perspective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The language and emphasis of the theory seemed continuous with the language and perspective of the participants.

“The language and emphasis of the theory seemed to be continuous with the language and perspective of the participants.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

High expectations associated with strong family ties may increase feelings of loneliness if these expectations are not met.

“Finally, but not least, we would like to take seriously the possibility that the high expectations associated with strong family ties may increase feelings of loneliness if these expectations are not met (Johnson & Mullins, 1987; Jylhä & Jokela, 1990; Silverstein et al., 1996).”

• cites Johnson & Mullins, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jylhä & Jokela, 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Silverstein et al., 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On the Chinese side, the study made most extensive use of Lou and Ng (2012), who conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 older adults living alone.

“On the Chinese side, we have made most extensive use of Lou and Ng (2012), who conducted semi-structed interviews with 13 older adults living alone.”

• cites Lou and Ng, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

For participants, the importance of visits and practical help lies less in the quantity of interaction and still less in solving practical tasks.

“By looking closer at the examples that show the importance of physical contact and practical help, we come to see that it is not so much about the quantity of interaction, and still less about the solving of actual practical task”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

An older male had limited expectations toward his children, felt satisfied with tea gatherings several times a year, acknowledging children are busy with their own lives.

“An older male confessed that now I have limited expectations toward my children. We had tea gatherings several times a year. I feel satisfied. They are all busy and have their own life (Lou & Ng, 2012, 10 f.)”

• cites Lou & Ng, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

To Confucius, the core of parent-child love is based on a mutual relationship, with parent-to-child love natural and children's affection for parents obvious.

“To Confucius, the mere core of parent-child love is based on a mutual relationship, in which the love from the parent to a child comes naturally and does not have to be learnt or taught; likewise it is obvious when observing little children that they show a special affection for their parents.”

May combine two claims.

This points to disappointment rather than easy acceptance, and to difficulties of adapting, especially to sudden changes.

“This points to disappointment rather than easy acceptance, and to the difficulties of adapting, especially to sudden changes.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Filial piety is mainly about authentic interest and mutual respect, which can still be demonstrated under current conditions.

“Again, this is because filial piety is mainly about authentic interest and mutual respect, which can still be demonstrated under current conditions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The need for real interaction is entailed by generativity, which requires opportunities for older adults to contribute to the wellbeing of younger generations.

“The need for real interaction is also entailed by the notion of generativity, which requires opportunities for older adults to really contribute to the wellbeing of younger generations).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

People tend to forget the importance of the intergenerational bond as they grow up, so it needs to be maintained and reinforced.

“People tend to forget the importance of the intergenerational bond as they grow up, hence it needs to maintained and reinforced.”

May combine two claims.

This curbing of expectations can be a sensible or indispensable coping strategy, but evidence suggests it might take exaggerated forms, suppressing a genuine need rather than positively adapting, and causing a more acquiescent and self-abnegating attitude than necessary.

“While this can be a sensible, perhaps to some extent an indispensable coping strategy, we found evidence that it might take on exaggerated forms, supressing a genuine need rather than positively adapting to the circumstances, and causing a more acquiescent and self-abnegating attitude than is actually necessary.”

May combine two claims.

The apparent inauthenticity is driven by a genuine concern of parents for their children, and maintaining the importance of emotional bonds between parents and children can be difficult under contemporary societal conditions.

“But it should also be noticed that this apparent inauthenticity is driven by a genuine (albeit perhaps misguided or exaggerated) concern of the parents for their children – and that maintaining, and standing by, the importance of emotional bonds between parents and children can be difficult under contemporary societal conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A study by Kuan (2015) suggests that the parent-child relationship can be more authentic by removing expectations of payout and return and removing the pollutions of economic behaviour.

“A study of intergenerational relationships in contemporary urban China by Kuan (2015, 149) suggests that the parent-child relationship can be more authentic “by removing expectations of payout and return, by removing the pollutions of economic behaviour””

• cites Kuan (2015, 149) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Cheung and Kwan use financial support for elderly parents as the prime indicator for filial piety, and it is hardly surprising that this correlates with a high level of education.

“But Cheung & Kwan use financial support for elderly parents as the prime indicator for filial piety (184), and it is hardly surprising that this correlates with a high level of education.”

• cites Cheung & Kwan (2009) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The original Confucian notion stresses not only respect but reverence, and reverence is a matter of attitude and emotional bonding rather than fulfilling specific obligations; it signifies mutual respect rather than a hierarchical one-way relationship.

“This tallies with the original Confucian notion, that stresses not only respect but reverence: “Nowadays being filial is taken to mean only material support for one’s parents. But even dogs and horses are supported in that way. Without reverence, what is there to mark the difference?” (Analects 2.7, compare also Sung, 2001).”

• cites Analects 2.7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sung, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Filial piety does not demand that children curb their careers or make significant sacrifices in their own wellbeing, and it is a matter of quality rather than quantity, though some tangible proof of authentic concern and even observance of duties is required; purely empathic concern and long-distance relationships do not suffice.

“But it does not demand of the children that they curb their career or make significant sacrifices in terms of the own wellbeing; and it is a matter of quality rather than quantity (though we also found evidence that some kind of tangible proof of authentic concern, and even observance of duties, is also required; purely empathic concern and long-distance relationships does not suffice).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Noddings' notion of care is understood as an attitude entrenched in the needs occurring in a particular personal relationship, recognized and appreciated by the receiver as caring; the person cared for must be received not by formula but as an individual.

“This is consistent with Nel Noddings’ notion of care, understood as an attitude which is entrenched in the needs occurring in a particular personal relationship, and which is recognized and appreciated by the receiver as caring (Noddings 1984, 30); the person cared for must be “received not by formula, but as an individual” (Noddings 1984, 47).”

• cites Noddings 1984, 30Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Noddings 1984, 47Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Helle's actions may be seen as emotional investment, but they are more likely an expression of natural inclination, done not merely for later benefits, though benefits will likely also be obtained.

“While Helle’s actions may again be seen as a kind of emotional “investment”, they are more likely to be the expression of a natural inclination, something that is done not merely for the sake of later benefits, even though these will likely also be obtained.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Shi (2009) observed in a suburban community in north-eastern China that daughters are generally in charge of increased emotional care and practical support required by parents, and are expected to be so.

“This is similar to an observation by Shi (2009), in a suburban community in north-eastern China in terms of the gendered practice of filial piety, suggesting that generally daughters are in charge of the increased emotional care and practical support required by their parents – and expected to be so”

• cites Shi (2009) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Generativity is about playing a part in each other's lives and being mindful of each other, though it needs some practical and material basis; the need to contribute to the younger generation can only be satisfied if there is sufficient interaction.

“And it is because generativity is about somehow playing a part in each other’s lives and being mindful of each other, though it also needs some practical and material basis, as for example the need to contribute the younger generation can only be satisfied if there is sufficient interaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ni (2010) interprets Confucius' filial piety as saying that the seed of filial piety exhibited in little children's affection toward parents can wither if not nurtured by education and cultivation.

“This again echoes the interpretation of Confucius’ filial piety by Ni (2010), that “the seed of filial piety exhibited in little children’s affection toward their parents can wither away if it is not nurtured by education and cultivation”.”

• cites Ni (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Rather than showing that the ideals of filial piety are old-fashioned or impractical, the findings show them to be compatible with contemporary norms and adaptable to typical circumstances of modern urban life.

“Rather than showing that the ideals of filial piety are old-fashioned or impractical, our findings show them to be compatible with contemporary norms and adaptable to typical circumstances of modern urban life.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Filial piety is not easy to achieve; fostering an emotional attitude can be more demanding than conforming to conventional norms, though emotions can be cultivated and supported.

“This does not mean that filial piety is easy to achieve. Fostering an emotional attitude can be more demanding than simply conforming to conventional norms; emotions are fleeting, fickle, complex and difficult to control, though they can be cultivated and supported.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Mutual respect may be seen as entailing a sense of mutual understanding based on equal recognition of each other.

“And mutual respect may, with Taylor (1992: 49), be seen as entailing a sense of mutual understanding that is based on “equal recognition” of each other.”

• cites Taylor (1992: 49) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In China, and perhaps more in Western countries, a new logic of intergenerational exchange operates: if parents do not treat their children well or are not good parents, children have reason to reduce the scope and amount of generosity to parents.

“It has been pointed out that in China (and perhaps still more in Western countries) “a new logic of intergenerational exchange” operates under a dynamic that “if parents do not treat their children well or are otherwise not good parents, then the children have reason to reduce scope and the amount of generosity to the parents” (Zhang, 2009).”

• cites Zhang, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Filial piety in the sense of an authentic emotional bond is most desired by parents and children alike, though to different degrees, and seems to have the largest influence on wellbeing and be most effective at alleviating loneliness.

“And it is filial piety in this particular sense (as an authentic emotional bond) that is most desired – by parents and children alike, though to different degrees – and which seems to have the largest influence on wellbeing and be most effective at alleviating loneliness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Institutionalized care has become a practical necessity, and so is probably living alone, at least under current conditions.

“As we have noted, institutionalized care has become a practical necessity, and so is probably living alone, at least under current conditions.”

May combine two claims.

Filial piety and generativity seem to be potent factors in preventing or alleviating loneliness in older adults, and therefore important, if not crucial, to promoting older adults' wellbeing.

“Filial piety and generativity do seem to be potent factors in preventing or alleviating loneliness in older adults, and therefore important, if not crucial to promoting older adults’ wellbeing.”

May combine two claims.

Under modern conditions, financial support likely compensates for a lack of genuine filial piety, or simply reflects the growing affluence of well-educated urban dwellers.

“it is also likely that under modern conditions, financial support rather compensates for a lack of genuine filial piety, or simply reflect the growing affluence of well-educated urban dwellers.”

May combine two claims.

Modern living conditions in both China and Denmark can make it difficult to maintain intergenerational relationships, and the price in reduced wellbeing for parents and possibly children can be higher than usually recognized.

“but also evidenced how modern living conditions, in both China and Denmark, can make it difficult to maintain intergenerational relationships, and how the price in terms of reduced wellbeing, for parents but possibly also for children, can be higher than is usually recognized.”

May combine two claims.

Filial piety is not only a traditional Chinese notion entrenched in Chinese society but reflects an emotional need embedded in human nature, which may have become more manifest in recent generations of older adults.

“This theme also indicates that filial piety is not only a traditional Chinese notion entrenched in Chinese society, but reflects an emotional need embedded in human nature, which may have become more manifest in recent generations of older adults.”

May combine two claims.

This apparent inauthenticity may indicate that older adults fail to be authentic to themselves, not really understanding or identifying with their own inner experiences and values.

“This could be said to indicate that they fail to be authentic to themselves, not really understanding or identifying with their own inner experiences and values (Taylor, 1992; Klausen, 2018).”

• cites Taylor, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Klausen, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The study did not examine cases of intergenerational co-residence and so could not take into account possible negative side-effects of such arrangements.

“Besides, we have not studied cases of intergenerational co-residence and so have not been able to take into account possible negative side-effects of such arrangements.”

May combine two claims.

This similarity might indicate that filial piety and generativity are a fundamental, trans-cultural human disposition and that the two societies are converging in experiences, expectations, and living conditions.

“This might seem to indicate both that filial piety and generativity is a fundamental, trans-cultural human disposition (as predicted by both Confucian philosophy and developmental psychology) and that the two societies are converging in terms of experiences, expectations and actual living conditions.”