Development and Validation of an Attitude Scale towards Online Teaching and Learning for Higher Education Teachers
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study is to develop an attitude scale towards online teaching and learning for higher education teachers. It included 687 participants (77 Professors, 67 Associate Professors and 543 Assistant Professors) from various colleges and Universities of India. This tool development was a part of research conducted to examine the preparedness of Indian higher education teachers during the period of lockdown due to Covid-19 pandemic. After reviewing related literature, initially 37 items related with the attitude of teachers towards online education were framed. Later on, 11 items were modified and four were deleted as per the opinions of the experts. The draft scale consisting of 33 items was administered on teachers and data was collected with the help of Google forms. Item analysis was carried out using t-value and r-value. Reliability of scale was determined by using Cronbach Alpha value (0.88) and split-halt correlation (0.82). After item analysis, the scale items were reduced to 30 and four factors were established as a result of factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis). Psychometric scale analyses have shown that this scale is valid, reliable and thus can be used in the evaluation of teachers 'attitudes towards online teaching and learning.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The participants' reflections illustrate a transformative experience through the UST series, reflecting a blend of cognitive and affective learning outcomes and driving a commitment to apply new knowledge.
“The participants' reflections illustrate a transformative experience through the UST series and their testimonials reflect a blend of cognitive and affective learning outcomes (Brinkley-Etzkorn, 2020;Naylor & Nyanjom, 2021;Sangwan et al., 2021), driving a commitment to apply this new knowledge.”
From Transforming Online Teacher Training Through Expansive Learning: A Case Study Applying Cultural-Historical Activity Theory and the Change Laboratory Method (2025) · cites this paper as Sangwan et al., 2021
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes attitude as involving cognitive, affective, and behavioural experience, and the Conceptual Framework links attitude development to knowledge and feelings. Those passages provide a conceptual link to the cited phrase, but they do not examine UST participants’ testimonials or establish cognitive and affective learning outcomes from that series. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931 · see citing works
Rogers, E. M., Singhal, A., & Quinlan, M. M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203710753-35 · Cited by 37,557 · see citing works
Valente, T. W. (2003) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.gim.0000061743.67794.c4 · Cited by 20,555 · see citing works
(1932) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,568 · see citing works
Journal of Education and Practice
Sekar, J. M. A., & Eyasu, M. (2017) · doi:10.7176/jep · Cited by 2,735 · see citing works
International Journal of Special Education
(2022) · doi:10.52783/ijse · Cited by 2,527 · see citing works
(2010) · Cited by 1,886 · see citing works
Teaching and Learning with Technology: Effectiveness of ICT Integration in Schools
Ghavifekr, S., & Rosdy, W. A. W. (2015) · International Journal of Research in Education and Science · doi:10.21890/ijres.23596 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Modelling technology acceptance in education: A study of pre-service teachers
Teo, T. (2009) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.08.006 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
The acceptance and use of a virtual learning environment in China
van Raaij, E. M., & Schepers, J. J. L. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.09.001 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology.
Ghasia, M., Machumu, H., & DeSmet, E. (2019) · International journal of education and development using information and communication technology · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Attitudes as Object–Evaluation Associations of Varying Strength
Fazio, R. H. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.603 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
(2012) · The International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (The University of the West Indies) · Cited by 781 · see citing works
The Advantages of an Inclusive Definition of Attitude
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.582 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Attitude construction: evaluation in context
Schwarz, N. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.638 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Community of Inquiry Framework for Research and Practice
Garrison, D. R. (2016) · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Examining Faculty Perception of Their Readiness to Teach Online
Martin, F., Budhrani, K. S., & Wang, C. (2019) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v23i3.1555 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Juan, C. M., & Sallán, J. G. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-020-0182-x · Cited by 347 · see citing works
THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING
Stošić, L. V. (2015) · International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education · doi:10.23947/2334-8496-2015-3-1-111-114 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
E‐Learning in a Mega Open University: Faculty attitude, barriers and motivators
Panda, S., & Mishra, S. (2007) · Educational Media International · doi:10.1080/09523980701680854 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Virtual Learning Environments: Using, Choosing and Developing your VLE
Weller, M. (2007) · Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Information and Communication: Alternative Uses of the Internet in Households
Kraut, R. E., Mukhopadhyay, T., Szczypula, J., Kiesler, S. B., & Scherlis, B. (1999) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.10.4.287 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The Internet in Everyday Life: An Introduction
Haythornthwaite, C., & Wellman, H. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470774298.ch · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Gender differences in computer attitudes: Does the school matter?
Meelissen, M. R. M., & Drent, M. (2007) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.03.001 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The Positive Effects of Technology on Teaching and Student Learning.
Costley, K. C. (2014) · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Kay, R. H. (1993) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/0747-5632(93)90029-r · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Weller, M. (2007) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203964347 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Anderson, B., & Tracey, K. (2001) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027640121957295 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The impact of affective and cognitive focus on attitude formation
van den Berg, H., Manstead, A. S. R., van der Pligt, J., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.04.009 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Development and validation of the E-learning Acceptance Measure (ElAM)
Teo, T. P. (2010) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.02.001 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Computer use, self-confidence, and attitudes: A causal analysis
Gardner, D. G., Dukes, R. L., & Discenza, R. (1993) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/0747-5632(93)90033-o · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Haythornthwaite, C. (2001) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/00027640121957240 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Wells, P. K., Lange, P. D., & Fieger, P. (2008) · Accounting and Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1467-629x.2007.00249.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
An investigation of teachers’ beliefs and their use of technology-based assessments
Chien, S.-P., Wu, H., & Hsu, Y. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.037 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
A computer attitude scale for secondary students
Jones, T. M., & Clarke, V. A. (1994) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/0360-1315(94)90053-1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Akaslan, D., & Law, E. L. (2011) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon.2011.5773180 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
E-moderating: the key to teaching and learning online, 3rd ed.
Salmon, G. (2011) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Gamdi, M. A. A., & Samarji, A. (2014) · International Journal of Information and Education Technology · doi:10.7763/ijiet.2016.v6.652 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Wasserman, E., & Migdal, R. (2019) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v23i1.1299 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The need of continuous professional teacher development
Jovanova-Mitkovska, S. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.441 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Nair, I., & Das, V. M. (2012) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/5661-7691 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Test of e-Learning Related Attitudes (TeLRA) scale: development, reliability and validity study
Kisanga, D. H., & Ireson, G. (2016) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Attitude of Teachers' of Higher Education towards e-Learning
Krishnakumar, R., & Rajesh Kumar, M. (2011) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Teacher Attitudes Toward Online Education Following an Online Inservice Program
Uzunboylu, H. (2007) · International journal on e-learning · Cited by 29 · see citing works
DEVELOPING AN ATTITUDE SCALE TOWARDS USING INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS
Metin, M., Yılmaz, G. K., Coşkun, K., & Birişçi, S. (2012) · Bursa Uludag University - AVESIS · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Faculty Attitude for Adopting Online Learning at Aljouf University, Saudi Arabia
Alanazy, S. (2017) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v7n1p154 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Assessing the Impact of Technology on Teaching and Learning: Student Perspectives.
Draude, B. J., & Brace, S. B. (1999) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Determine the attitudes of teachers towards professional development activities
Hürsen, Ç. (2012) · Procedia Technology · doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2012.02.094 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A descriptive study of community college teachers’ attitudes toward online learning
Wang, M., MacArthur, D. A., & Crosby, B. (2003) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/bf02763202 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
ADEBOWALE, O. F., Adewale, I., & Oyeniran, F. M. (2010) · The International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (The University of the West Indies) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Impact of Technology on Teaching and Learning.
Lea, L., Clayton, M. A., Draude, B. J., & Barlow, S. E. (2001) · The EDUCAUSE quarterly/EDUCAUSE quarterly · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Teachers' Attitudes towards the Use of Technology in Education
Enayati, T., Modanloo, Y., Sadat, F., & Kazemi, M. (2012) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Attitude of Teachers towards the use of Technology in Teaching
Mahajan, G. (2016) · Educational Quest- An International Journal of Education and Applied Social Sciences · doi:10.5958/2230-7311.2016.00031.3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Development and Standardization of an Alienation Scale for Visually Impaired Students
Punia, P., & Berwal, S. (2017) · Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness · doi:10.1177/0145482x1711100504 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationLateef, A. R., & Alaba, S. O. (2013) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v9n4p84 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Development and Standardization of Mental Health Battery for Visually Impaired.
Punia, P., & Berwal, S. (2018) · International Journal of Special Education (IJSE) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 60 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Garrison DR E-learning in the 21st century 2011 London Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
- Girgurovic, M. (2010). Technology-enhanced blended language learning in an ESL class: a description of a model and application of the diffusion of innovation theory. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Iowa State University
- Graff M Cognitive style and attitudes towards online learning and assessment methods Electronic Journal of e-Learning Methods 2003 1 1 21 28
- Kalanda, K. (2005). Factors influencing college students’ attitude towards technology. Unpublished master’s dissertation, University of South Africa. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43165004.pdf.
- Suri G Sharma S Investigation of Teacher’s attitude towards e-learning-a case study of Panjab University, Chandigarh, India Gian Jyoti E-Journal 2016 6 3 1 10
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kusmaryono, I., Wijayanti, D., & Maharani, H. R. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.8.4.625 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Digitalization of Higher Education Around the Globe During Covid-19
Rosak-Szyrocka, J., Żywiołek, J., Zaborski, A., Chowdhury, S., & Hu, Y. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3178711 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Jogezai, N. A., Koroleva, D. O., & Baloch, F. A. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/13620 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Nayak, A., Dubey, A., & Pandey, M. (2022) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-01-2021-0043 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Adopting A New Hybrid Force Model: A Survey During Covid-19 In Indian Higher Education
Ranjan, R., López, J. L., Lal, K., Saxena, S., & Ranjan, S. (2021) · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · doi:10.3991/ijet.v16i16.23371 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Academics' attitudes towards online education amidst the Covid-19 outbreak
Dassanayaka, D. M. C., Weerasinghe, I. M. S., Dahanayake, S., Dedunu, H., Athurupana, K., & Muthuweera, N. K. G. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-10-2021-0414 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Marín‐García, P. J., Arnau-Bonachera, A., & Llobat, L. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11080386 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The flipped learning perception scale: A validity and reliability study
Ekinci, F., Bektaş, O., Karaca, M., & Yiğit, K. N. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11731-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sangwan, A., Sangwan, A., Sangwan, A., & Punia, P. (2024) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-023-10335-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationVesala-Varttala, T., Pál, Á., & Kóris, R. (2024) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/3va1xt56 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Novikova, I., Бычкова, П. А., Shlyakhta, D. A., & Novikov, A. L. (2023) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers12090176 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ray, S., & Sikdar, D. P. (2023) · Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies · doi:10.9734/ajess/2023/v48i31077 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stančić, M., & Senić-Ružić, M. (2021) · Andragoske studije · doi:10.5937/andstud2102045s · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Competence and attitude as predictors of teachers’ readiness for digitized instruction
Galaraga, R. L., & Alpuerto, R. J. C. (2022) · Sapienza International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.51798/sijis.v3i7.497 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Testing and Validating a Faculty Blended Learning Adoption Model
Antwi-Boampong, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.851921 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reducing Cheating in Online Exams Through the Proctor Test Model
Baso, Y. S., Murtadho, N., Syihabuddin, Maulani, H., Agussalim, A., Haeruddin, H., Fadlan, A., & Ramadhan, I. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2023.0140139 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Proctoring and Non-proctoring Systems
Baso, Y. S. (2022) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2022.0130610 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chen, K.-Z., Tseng, J.-Y., & Oakley, B. (2025) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-024-00954-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Both teachers and students now have evolving expectations regarding using digital tools in the classroom, reflecting a shift toward more interactive and technology-integrated educational experiences (Lee et al., 2021; Moorhouse, 2023; Sangwan et al., 2021).”
Perspectives of Social Work Faculty/Staff and Students About Online Learning and Practicum Education
Mooney, L., Cummings, C. R., Koller, J. M., Dunkle, J. S., & Bobadilla, T. (2024) · Journal of Teaching in Social Work · doi:10.1080/08841233.2024.2408170 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Геннадьевна, С. М., Радчикова, Н. П., Odintsova, M., Radchikov, A. S., & Kozyreva, N. V. (2024) · Bulletin of Psychological Practice in Education · doi:10.17759/bppe.2023200402 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Turkish validity and reliability of the Diabetes Medication Self-Efficacy Scale
Kavuran, E., & Türkoğlu, N. (2022) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.18.5.2022.1187 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Determinants of Teacher's Attitude towards Online Teaching and Learning
Punia, P., Sangwan, A., & Sangwan, A. (2022) · Journal of Curriculum and Teaching · doi:10.5430/jct.v11n8p134 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationMartinović, A., & Dumančić, D. (2022) · ExELL · doi:10.2478/exell-2023-0002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on tertiary statistics teaching practices in Australia.
Maher, K., Krause, A. E., & Miller, D. J. (2023) · Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology · doi:10.1037/stl0000352 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Luong, T.-T., Kim, E., & Pham, T.-H. (2025) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education · doi:10.1080/10963758.2025.2490526 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Blackboard learning prior Covid 19 pandemic era
Makena, B., Mpahla, N. E., & Mapisa, B. Z. (2022) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v11i7.2002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yi, Y., Li, G., Chen, T., Wang, P., & Luo, H. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16062286 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Teacher Training for Interactive Learning Tools and Determining Their Attitudes
Uzunboylu, H., Belassarova, Z., Yermekbayev, M., Shadiyeva, N., Zhamashevа, Z., Uaidullakyzy, E., & Nurgali, S. (2025) · Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED) · doi:10.6018/red.616831 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Otieno, L., Swai, C. Z., & Bwagilo, H. O. (2025) · Educational Dimension · doi:10.55056/ed.932 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ibrahim, A. F., Gaber, M. A., & Morsy, S. R. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Health Care · doi:10.21608/ejhc.2021.195941 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Construction and validation of attitude towards teaching scale (ATTS)
Jeevanantham, V., & Muthuchamy, I. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns5.9144
Sharma, S. K., Mudgal, S. K., & Gaur, R. (2022) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_268_21
Incorporating Six Sigma in e-Learning Platform During COVID-19 Pandemic
Kumar, S. P., Nithin, V., Akash, S., & Ahamed, N. S. M. (2023) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1288-9_18
Persepsi Dosen dan Mahasiswa terhadap Isu Efektivitas Pembelajaran Daring pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19
Utami, M., & Febrina, D. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi · doi:10.31315/jik.v21i2.4612
Arega, K. L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3362584/v1
Key directions for global higher education in the post-Covid era
Сакалюк, О., ПОНОМАРЕНКО, М., Ovsiienko, L., Cherkashyna, Z. V., & Мудрик, Д. (2024) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2024spe067
Work-Related Factors of Flourishing: A Mixed-Methods Study
Siena, M. T., Fulgencio, A. B., & David, A. P. (2025) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-025-00846-1
Otieno, L., Swai, C. Z., & Bwagilo, H. O. (2025) · The Pinnacle A Journal by Scholar-Practitioners · doi:10.61643/c62314
Gupta, A., -, A. K., & Gupta, A. (2025) · Open Praxis · doi:10.55982/openpraxis.17.4.933
- Authors
- Sangwan, A., Sangwan, A., & Punia, P.
- Affiliations
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Punia, Poonam
- Venue
- TechTrends
- Published
- 2020-11-12
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 187-195
- ISSN
- 1559-7075 (ISSN-L)
- 8756-3894
- PMC
- PMC7658300
- OpenAlex
- W3098110668
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 10.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- TechTrends (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education during COVID-19 pandemic
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Technology-Enhanced Education Studies
- Keywords
- attitude scales, online learning, higher education teachers, teacher readiness, COVID-19 lockdown, scale development, psychometric validation, factor analysis, reliability statistics, India
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
