Sunscreens with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nano-Particles: A Societal Experiment

Jacobs, Johannes F.; van de Poel, Ibo; Osseweijer, Patricia

doi:10.1007/s11569-010-0090-y

Cited by 129Nanotechnology research and applicationsNanoparticles: synthesis and applicationsRisk Perception and Management

Sunscreens with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nano-Particles: A Societal Experiment

Open access

Jacobs, Johannes F., van de Poel, Ibo, Osseweijer, Patricia·2010·NanoEthics

DOI 10.1007/s11569-010-0090-yPMC PMC2933802

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The risks of novel technologies, such as nano(bio)technology cannot be fully assessed due to the existing uncertainties surrounding their introduction into society. Consequently, the introduction of innovative technologies can be conceptualised as a societal experiment, which is a helpful approach to evaluate moral acceptability. This approach is illustrated with the marketing of sunscreens containing nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) particles. We argue that the marketing of this TiO(2) nanomaterial in UV protective cosmetics is ethically undesirable, since it violates four reasonable moral conditions for societal experimentation (absence of alternatives, controllability, limited informed consent, and continuing evaluation). To remedy the current way nano-sized TiO(2) containing sunscreens are utilised, we suggest five complementing actions (closing the gap, setup monitoring tools, continuing review, designing for safety, and regulative improvements) so that its marketing can become more acceptable.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11569-010-0090-y

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

TiO2 nanoparticles are widely used in sun blockers and other cosmetic products.
“Nanoparticles (ca 100 nm or smaller) of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), a white pigment, are widely used for various industrial purposes, including the design of sun blockers and other cosmetic products (187,188).”
From Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions† (2012) · cites this paper as [187]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications
Chen, X., & Mao, S. S. (2007) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr0500535 · Cited by 10,739 · see citing works
Influence of Ionic Strength, pH, and Cation Valence on Aggregation Kinetics of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
French, R. A., Jacobson, A. R., Kim, B., Isley, S. L., Penn, R. L., & Baveye, P. C. (2009) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es802628n · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Pulmonary Responses of Mice, Rats, and Hamsters to Subchronic Inhalation of Ultrafine Titanium Dioxide Particles
Bermudez, E., Mangum, J. B., Wong, B. A., Asgharian, B., Hext, P. M., Warheit, D. B., & Everitt, J. I. (2004) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfh019 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Grey Gooon the Skin? Nanotechnology, Cosmetic and Sunscreen Safety
Nohynek, G. J., Lademann, J., Ribaud, C., & Roberts, M. S. (2007) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408440601177780 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Toxicology of ultrafine particles:in vivostudies
Oberdürster, G. (2000) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2000.0680 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Time-dependent translocation and potential impairment on central nervous system by intranasally instilled TiO2 nanoparticles
Wang, J., Liu, Y., Fang, J., Lao, F., Li, W., Gu, Y., Li, Y., Ge, C., Zhou, G., Li, B., et al. (2008) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2008.09.014 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Comparison of Molecular and Histological Changes in Zebrafish Gills Exposed to Metallic Nanoparticles
Griffitt, R. J., Hyndman, K. A., Denslow, N. D., & Barber, D. S. (2008) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn256 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Iron oxide nanoparticles induce human microvascular endothelial cell permeability through reactive oxygen species production and microtubule remodeling
Apopa, P. L., Qian, Y., Shao, R., Guo, N. L., Schwegler-Berry, D., Pacurari, M., Porter, D., Shi, X., Vallyathan, V., Castranova, V., et al. (2009) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/1743-8977-6-1 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Nanotechnology and the need for risk governance
Renn, O., & Roco, M. C. (2006) · Journal of Nanoparticle Research · doi:10.1007/s11051-006-9092-7 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
In Vivo Skin Penetration of Quantum Dot Nanoparticles in the Murine Model: The Effect of UVR
Mortensen, L. J., Oberdörster, G., Pentland, A. P., & DeLouise, L. A. (2008) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl801323y · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Nanotechnology and Health Safety – Toxicity and Risk Assessments of Nanostructured Materials on Human Health
Singh, S. P., & Nalwa, H. S. (2007) · Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology · doi:10.1166/jnn.2007.922 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
In Search of the Most Relevant Parameter for Quantifying Lung Inflammatory Response to Nanoparticle Exposure: Particle Number, Surface Area, or What?
Wittmaack, K. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9254 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Preparation, Characterization, and Reactivities of Highly Functional Titanium Oxide-Based Photocatalysts Able to Operate under UV–Visible Light Irradiation: Approaches in Realizing High Efficiency in the Use of Visible Light
Anpo, M. (2004) · Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan · doi:10.1246/bcsj.77.1427 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Surface area of particle administered versus mass in determining the pulmonary toxicity of ultrafine and fine carbon black: comparison to ultrafine titanium dioxide
Sager, T. M., & Castranova, V. (2009) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/1743-8977-6-15 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Cleaner nanotechnology and hazard reduction of manufactured nanoparticles
Reijnders, L. (2005) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.03.018 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Society as a laboratory: the social risks of experimental research
Krohn, W., & Weyer, J. (1994) · Science and Public Policy · doi:10.1093/spp/21.3.173 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Risk Assessment of Products of Nanotechnologies
Marinovich, M. (2009) · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The effects of organic surface treatment by methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane on the photostability of TiO2
Siddiquey, I. A., Ukaji, E., Furusawa, T., Sato, M., & Suzuki, N. (2007) · Materials Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.04.017 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Sensors as tools for quantitation, nanotoxicity and nanomonitoring assessment of engineered nanomaterials
Sadik, O. A., Zhou, A., Kikandi, S. N., Du, N., Wang, Q., & Varner, K. E. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Monitoring · doi:10.1039/b912860c · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The interaction of modern sunscreen formulations with surface coatings
Barker, P., & Branch, A. (2008) · Progress in Organic Coatings · doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.01.008 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Nanotechnology Risk Governance
Roco, M. C., Renn, O., & Jäger, A. (2008) · International risk governance council bookseries · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6799-0_13 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Beneficial effects of photo-inactive titanium dioxide specimens on plasmid DNA, human cells and yeast cells exposed to UVA/UVB simulated sunlight
Serpone, N., Salinaro, A., Horikoshi, S., & Hidaka, H. (2005) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.08.017 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Rhetorical gamesmanship in the nano debates over sunscreens and nanoparticles
Berube, D. M. (2008) · Journal of Nanoparticle Research · doi:10.1007/s11051-008-9362-7 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ultrafine anatase TiO2 nanoparticles produced in premixed ethylene stagnation flame at 1 atm
Zhao, B., Uchikawa, K., McCormick, J. R., Ni, C. Y., Chen, J. G., & Wang, H. (2005) · Proceedings of the Combustion Institute · doi:10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.146 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Are environmental regulations keeping up with innovation? A case study of the nanotechnology industry
Fairbrother, A., & Fairbrother, J. R. (2009) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.04.003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Technoscience in progress. Managing the uncertainty of nanotechnology
Arnaldi, S., Lorenzet, A., & Russo, F. (2009) · ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Securing the Promise of Nanotechnologies
Breggin, L. K., Falkner, R., Jaspers, N., Pendergrass, J. A., & Porter, R. D. (2009) · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Upconverting nanoparticles: assessing the toxicity
Gnach, A., Lipiński, T., Bednarkiewicz, A., Rybka, J., & Capobianco, J. A. (2014) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c4cs00177j · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions†
Cadet, J., Mouret, S., Ravanat, J., & Douki, T. (2012) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01200.x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetics
Dréno, B., Alexis, A. F., Chuberre, B., & Marinovich, M. (2019) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.15943 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Are sunscreens a new environmental risk associated with coastal tourism?
Sánchez-Quiles, D., & Tovar-Sánchez, A. (2015) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.007 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Multiphase TiO 2 nanostructures: a review of efficient synthesis, growth mechanism, probing capabilities, and applications in bio-safety and health
Verma, R. K., Gangwar, J., & Srivastava, A. K. (2017) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c7ra06925a · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Critical review of public health regulations of titanium dioxide, a human food additive
Jovanović, B. (2014) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.1571 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Metal nanoparticles in dermatology and cosmetology: Interactions with human skin cells
Niska, K., Zielinska, E., Radomski, M. W., & Inkielewicz‐Stępniak, I. (2017) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.018 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Investigation of Advanced Oxidation Process in the Presence of TiO2 Semiconductor as Photocatalyst: Property, Principle, Kinetic Analysis, and Photocatalytic Activity
Navidpour, A. H., Abbasi, S., Li, D., Mojiri, A., & Zhou, J. L. (2023) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal13020232 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Synthesis, properties, and applications of black titanium dioxide nanomaterials
Liu, Y., Tian, L., Tan, X., Li, X., & Chen, X. (2017) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2017.01.034 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Effect of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles via Wet Ball Milling Sol-Gel Method
Phromma, S., Wutikhun, T., Kasamechonchung, P., Eksangsri, T., & Sapcharoenkun, C. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10030993 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Photodegradation of organic dyes based on anatase and rutile TiO 2 nanoparticles
Gautam, A., Kshirsagar, A. S., Biswas, R., Banerjee, S., & Khanna, P. K. (2015) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c5ra20861k · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Recent Trends of Sunscreen Cosmetic: An Update Review
Ngoc, L. T. N., Tran, V. V., Moon, J.-Y., Chae, M., Park, D., & Lee, Y.-C. (2019) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics6040064 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Inorganic UV filters
Manaia, E. B., Kaminski, R. C. K., Corrêa, M. A., & Chiavacci, L. A. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1590/s1984-82502013000200002 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
An Ethical Framework for Evaluating Experimental Technology
van de Poel, I. (2016) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-015-9724-3 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Environmental impact of sunscreen nanomaterials: Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of altered TiO2 nanocomposites on Vicia faba
Foltête, A.-S., Masfaraud, J., Bigorgne, E., Nahmani, J., Chaurand, P., Botta, C., Labille, J., Rose, J., Férard, J., & Cotelle, S. (2011) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.020 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Effects of nano-TiO2 on the agronomically-relevant Rhizobium–legume symbiosis
Fan, R., Huang, Y., Grusak, M. A., Huang, C., & Sherrier, D. J. (2013) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.032 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Toxicity, phototoxicity and biocidal activity of nanoparticles employed in photocatalysis
Friehs, E., AlSalka, Y., Jonczyk, R., Lavrentieva, A. V., Jochums, A., Walter, J., Stahl, F., Scheper, T. H., & Bahnemann, D. W. (2016) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C Photochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.09.001 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Safe-by-Design: from Safety to Responsibility
van de Poel, I., & Robaey, Z. (2017) · NanoEthics · doi:10.1007/s11569-017-0301-x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Improving the Sunscreen Properties of TiO2 through an Understanding of Its Catalytic Properties
Morsella, M., d’Alessandro, N., Lanterna, A. E., & Scaiano, J. C. (2016) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.6b00177 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Effects of nano-ZnO on the agronomically relevant Rhizobium –legume symbiosis
Huang, Y. C., Fan, R., Grusak, M. A., Sherrier, D. J., & Huang, C. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.100 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Titanium Dioxide in Food Products: Quantitative Analysis Using ICP-MS and Raman Spectroscopy
Lim, J.-H., Bae, D., & Fong, A. (2018) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06571 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Investigation of nanoparticle agglomerates properties using Monte Carlo simulations
Deng, X., Huang, Z., Wang, W., & Davé, R. N. (2016) · Advanced Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.apt.2016.06.029 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Effects of differently shaped TiO2NPs (nanospheres, nanorods and nanowires) on the in vitro model (Caco-2/HT29) of the intestinal barrier
García‐Rodríguez, A., Vila-Vecilla, L., Cortes, C. L., Hernández, A., & Marcos, R. (2018) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12989-018-0269-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Gene expression of zebrafish embryos exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and hydroxylated fullerenes
Jovanović, B., Ji, T., & Palić, D. (2011) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.04.012 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Toxicity Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the 3D Skin Model: A Systematic Review
Sanches, P. L., Geaquinto, L. R. D. O., Cruz, R., Schuck, D. C., Lorencini, M., Granjeiro, J. M., & Ribeiro, A. R. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00575 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Nanomedicine: Photo-activated nanostructured titanium dioxide, as a promising anticancer agent
Lаgopati, N., Evangelou, K., Falaras, P., Tsilibary, E.-P. C., Vasileiou, P. V. S., Havaki, S., Angelopoulou, A., Pavlatou, E. A., & Gorgoulis, V. G. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107795 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Integrative approach in a safe by design context combining risk, life cycle and socio-economic assessment for safer and sustainable nanomaterials
Salieri, B., Barruetabeña, L., Rodríguez-Llopis, I., Jacobsen, N. R., Manier, N., Trouiller, B., Chapon, V., Hadrup, N., Jiménez, A. S., Micheletti, C., et al. (2021) · NanoImpact · doi:10.1016/j.impact.2021.100335 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Renewable energy research and technologies through responsible research and innovation looking glass: Reflexions, theoretical approaches and contemporary discourses
Carbajo, R., & Cabeza, L. F. (2017) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.088 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Depletion of the protective aluminum hydroxide coating in TiO2-based sunscreens by swimming pool water ingredients
Virkutytė, J., Al‐Abed, S. R., & Dionysiou, D. D. (2012) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.02.074 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticle exposure inMytilus galloprovincialisgills and digestive gland
Gornati, R., Longo, A., Rossi, F., Maisano, M. S., Sabatino, G., Mauceri, A., Bernardini, G., & Fasulo, S. (2016) · Nanotoxicology · doi:10.3109/17435390.2015.1132348 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The potential health challenges of TiO2 nanomaterials
Sha, B., Gao, W., Cui, X., Wang, L., & Xu, F. (2015) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.3193 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Synthesis and characterization of mixed phase anatase TiO 2 and sodium-doped TiO 2 (B) thin films by low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD)
Chimupala, Y., Hyett, G., Simpson, R., Mitchell, R. W., Douthwaite, R. E., Milne, S. J., & Brydson, R. (2014) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c4ra07570f · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Neurotoxicity of nanoparticles: Insight from studies in zebrafish
Zhao, Y., Yang, Q., Liu, D. H., Liu, T., & Xing, L. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113896 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Comparison of Cellular Uptake and Inflammatory Response via Toll-Like Receptor 4 to Lipopolysaccharide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
Mano, S. S., Kanehira, K., & Taniguchi, A. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140713154 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Nuclear Energy as a Social Experiment
van de Poel, I. (2011) · Ethics Policy & Environment · doi:10.1080/21550085.2011.605855 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Attitudes and attitudinal ambivalence change towards nanotechnology applied to food production
Fischer, A. R. H., van Dijk, H., de Jonge, J., Rowe, G., & Frewer, L. J. (2012) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662512440220 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Ultrafast sonochemistry-based approach to coat TiO2 commercial particles for sunscreen formulation
Barbosa, J., Neto, D. M. A., Freire, R. M., Rocha, J. S., Fechine, L. M. U. D., Denardin, J. C., Valentini, A., de Araújo, T. G., Mazzetto, S. E., & Fechine, P. B. A. (2018) · Ultrasonics Sonochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.06.015 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Recent developments of nanomaterial applications in additive manufacturing: a brief review
Challagulla, N. V., Rohatgi, V., Sharma, D., & Kumar, R. (2020) · Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.coche.2020.03.003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Finding Nano: Challenges Involved in Monitoring the Presence and Fate of Engineered Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments
Heilgeist, S., Sekine, R., Sahin, O., & Stewart, R. A. (2021) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13050734 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in sunscreens and skin photo-damage. Development, synthesis and characterization of a novel biocompatible alternative based on their in vitro and in vivo study
Vaudagna, M. V., Aiassa, V., Marcotti, A., Beti, M. F. P., Constantin, M. F., Pérez, M. F., Zoppi, A., Becerra, M. C., & Silvero, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100173 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
RECENT NANOTECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN COSMETICS AND DERMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
Ms, B., & Sg, G. (2012) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Preparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from Solanum Tuberosum peel extract and its applications
Girigoswami, A., Deepika, B., Pandurangan, A. K., & Girigoswami, K. (2024) · Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2023.2301068 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Alternative test methods for (nano)materials hazards assessment: Challenges and recommendations for regulatory preparedness
Gomes, S. I. L., Scott-Fordsmand, J. J., & Amorim, M. J. B. (2021) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101242 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Advances in additive manufacturing of nanocomposite materials fabrications and applications
Rayhan, M. T., Islam, M. A., Khan, M., Hasan, M. A., Mobarak, M. H., Rimon, M. I. H., & Hossain, N. (2024) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.113406 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Black titania; novel researches in synthesis and applications
Soleimani, M., Ghasemi, J. B., & Badiei, A. (2021) · Inorganic Chemistry Communications · doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109092 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticle as treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oreochromis niloticus
Sherif, A. H., Al-sokary, E. T., & ESAM, H. A. (2019) · Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society · doi:10.12681/jhvms.21796 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Liminal innovation practices: questioning three common assumptions in responsible innovation
Mertens, M. (2018) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2018.1495031 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Potential applications for photoacoustic imaging using functional nanoparticles: A comprehensive overview
Neelamraju, P. M., Gundepudi, K., Sanki, P. K., Busi, K. B., Mistri, T. K., Sangaraju, S., Dalapati, G. K., Ghosh, K. K., Ghosh, S., Ball, W. B., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34654 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Governance Experiments in Water Management: From Interests to Building Blocks
Doorn, N. (2015) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-015-9627-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Microfluidic Production of Poly(1,6-hexanediol diacrylate)-Based Polymer Microspheres and Bifunctional Microcapsules with Embedded TiO2 Nanoparticles
nuumani, R. A., Bolognesi, G., & Vladisavljević, G. T. (2018) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02452 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
SBA-15:TiO2 nanocomposites: II. Direct and post-synthesis using acetylacetone
Jardim, A. A. M. L. F., Bacani, R., Gonçalves, N. S., Fantini, M. C. D. A., & Martins, T. S. (2016) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.10.009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Toxicity of gamma aluminium oxide nanoparticles in the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis): histopathological alterations and antioxidant responses in the gill and digestive gland
Gürkan, S. E., & Gürkan, M. (2021) · Biomarkers · doi:10.1080/1354750x.2021.1878558 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
PEGylated TiO 2 nanoparticles mediated inhibition of cell migration via integrin beta 1
Sun, Q., Kanehira, K., & Taniguchi, A. (2018) · Science and Technology of Advanced Materials · doi:10.1080/14686996.2018.1444318 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ultrafast photophysical studies of a multicomponent sunscreen: Oxybenzone–titanium dioxide mixtures
Baker, L. A., Grosvenor, L. C., Ashfold, M. N. R., & Stavros, V. G. (2016) · Chemical Physics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.10.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Enhanced All-Optical Modulation of Terahertz Waves on the Basis of Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles
Lai, W., Huang, P., Pelaz, B., del Pino, P., & Zhang, Q. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b07756 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Study of mitochondrial swelling, membrane fluidity and ROS production induced by nano-TiO2 and prevented by Fe incorporation
Barkhade, T., Mahapatra, S. K., & Banerjee, I. (2019) · Toxicology Research · doi:10.1039/c9tx00143c · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Recent progress in the production of lignin-based sunscreens: A Review
Espinoza-Acosta, J. L., Figueroa-Espinoza, E. G., & la Rosa-Alcaraz, M. D. L. Á. D. (2022) · BioResources · doi:10.15376/biores.17.2.espinoza · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Rationality of Biofuel Certification: A Critical Examination of EU Biofuel Policy
Pols, A. J. K. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10806-015-9550-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Toxicity Associated with the Photo Catalytic and Photo Stable Forms of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Used in Sunscreen lotion
Pulvin, S. (2015) · MOJ Toxicology · doi:10.15406/mojt.2015.01.00011 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Modifications of nano-titania surface for in vitro evaluations of hemolysis, cytotoxicity, and nonspecific protein binding
Datta, A., Dasgupta, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2017) · Journal of Nanoparticle Research · doi:10.1007/s11051-017-3835-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
SBA-15:TiO2 nanocomposites. I. Synthesis with ionic liquids and properties
Jardim, A. A. M. L. F., Bacani, R., Camilo, F. F., Fantini, M. C. D. A., & Martins, T. S. (2016) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.03.012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Phase Formation Mechanism of TiO2(B) Nanorods via Alkali Metal Titanate Phase Transformation
Chimupala, Y., & Brydson, R. (2018) · Diffusion and defect data, solid state data. Part B, Solid state phenomena/Solid state phenomena · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.283.23 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Need for Governance by Experimentation: The Case of Biofuels
Asveld, L. (2016) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-015-9729-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Determination of oxidative stress responses caused by aluminum oxide (γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3) nanoparticles in Gammarus pulex
Serdar, O., Aydın, A. N., & Çimen, I. C. Ç. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141193 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Food Warden: An Exploration of Issues in Distributing Responsibilities for Safe-by-Design Synthetic Biology Applications
Robaey, Z., Spruit, S. L., & van de Poel, I. (2017) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-017-9969-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liquid crystalline formulations containing modified surface TiO2 nanoparticles obtained by sol–gel process
Manaia, E. B., Kaminski, R. C. K., Soares, C. P., Meneau, F., Pulcinelli, S. H., Santilli, C. V., & Chiavacci, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-011-2673-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles from Ilmenite Through the Mechanism of Vapor-Phase Reaction Process by Thermal Plasma Technology
Samal, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance · doi:10.1007/s11665-017-3060-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bioaccumulation and physiological effects of copepods sp. ( Eucyclop sp.) fed Chlorella ellipsoides exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles and lead (Pb 2+ )
Matouke, M. M., & Mustapha, M. K. (2018) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.02.013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Security-by-Experiment: Lessons from Responsible Deployment in Cyberspace
Pieters, W., Hadžiosmanović, D., & Dechesne, F. (2015) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-015-9648-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Black Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalysis
Liu, Y., & Chen, X. (2017) · Semiconductors and semimetals · doi:10.1016/bs.semsem.2017.04.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced the apoptosis of RAW264.7 macrophages through miR-29b-3p/NFAT5 pathway
Xu, S., Sui, J., Fu, Y., Wu, W., Liu, T., Yang, S., & Liang, G. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08952-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
TiO2–Alginate–Chitosan-Based Composites for Skin Tissue Engineering Applications
Bobu, E., Saszet, K., Tóth, Z.-R., Páll, E., Gyulavári, T., Baia, L., Magyari, K., & Baia, M. (2024) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels10060358 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Versatility in the catalytic and photocatalytic reactions of composites based on Zr- and Zr-Pd-doped titania nanoparticles
Didi, A., Gómez-Calcerrada, L. M., Benhamou, A., & Gómez‐Ruiz, S. (2018) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.06.187 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nanomaterials modify the growth of crops and some characteristics of organisms from agricultural or forest soils: An experimental study at laboratory, greenhouse and land level
Andrea, P.-M., Roberto, S.-C. C., Medina‐Pérez, G., Hernández, H. P., Roque, J., González‐Pozos, S., Corlay-Chee, L., Checa, A. C., Campos-Montiel, R. G., & Fernández-Luqueño, F. (2019) · Mexican Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.29267/mxjb.2019.4.4.29 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Non-invasive Monitoring of Biochemical Response of Wheat Seedlings Toward Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Treatment Using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared and Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Sharma, S., & Uttam, K. N. (2019) · Analytical Letters · doi:10.1080/00032719.2018.1563940 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effect of Nanoparticles on Biodiversity of Soil and Water Microorganism Community
Samanta, P. K., & Mandal, A. K. (2017) · Journal of Tissue Science & Engineering · doi:10.4172/2157-7552.1000196 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
TiO2 nanoparticles improves cadmium toxicity tolerance in Hemerocallis citrina Baroni by modulating photosynthetic and antioxidative profile
Liu, W., Feng, Y., Chen, S., Chu, R., Li, S., Wang, Y., & Yan, Y. (2025) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-025-03502-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles produces minimal apparent effects on oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), hemocytes
Doyle, J. J., Ward, J. E., & Wikfors, G. H. (2017) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.039 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Synthetic Biology: A Solution for Tackling Nanomaterial Challenges
Lambert, B., Gillen, A. J., & Boghossian, A. A. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00929 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Protein and Membrane Integrity Study of TiO2 Nanoparticles-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Prevention by Iron Incorporation
Barkhade, T., Mahapatra, S. K., & Banerjee, I. (2021) · The Journal of Membrane Biology · doi:10.1007/s00232-021-00177-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Scale-up of a photochemical flow reactor for the production of lignin-coated titanium dioxide as a sunscreen ingredient
Fournier, K., Marina, N., Joshi, N. K., Berthiaume, V. R., Currie, S., Lanterna, A. E., & Scaiano, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100040 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Informed Consent in Asymmetrical Relationships: an Investigation into Relational Factors that Influence Room for Reflection
Spruit, S. L., van de Poel, I., & Doorn, N. (2016) · NanoEthics · doi:10.1007/s11569-016-0262-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adsorption patterns of caffeic acid on titania: affinity, charge transfer and sunscreen applications
Rashwan, K., Sereda, G. A., & Kilin, D. S. (2015) · Molecular Physics · doi:10.1080/00268976.2015.1104392 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Iron content titanium dioxide nanoparticles as exogenous contrast agent for tissue imaging using swept-source optical coherence tomography
Barkhade, T., Indoliya, A., Poddar, R., Mahapatra, S. K., & Banerjee, I. (2021) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0031385 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Encapsulation of Cu-doped TiO2 nanocomposites with the understanding of weak photocatalytic properties for sunscreen applications
Bansal, J., Swami, S. K., Tabassum, R., Sharma, S. N., & Hafiz, A. K. (2020) · Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/01932691.2020.1841653 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Manganese, Fluorine, and Nitrogen Co-Doped Bronze Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes with Improved Lithium-Ion Storage Properties
Opra, D. P., Sinebryukhov, S. L., Modin, E. B., Sokolov, A. A., Podgorbunsky, A. B., Ziatdinov, A. M., Ustinov, A. Y., Mayorov, V. Y., & Gnedenkov, S. V. (2023) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries9040229 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sunscreens
Yadav, H. K., Kasina, S., & Raizaday, A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-42868-2.00009-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Responsible Management of Social Experiments: Challenges for Policymaking
Robaey, Z., & Simons, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17308-5_5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nanoecotoxicological Effects of a Sunscreen Formulation based on Tio2 Nanoparticles on Microalgae from Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Abe, A. S. F. D. S., da Cunha, R. L. D., Salomon, P. S., Ricci‐Júnior, E., Valença, S. S., & de Brito‐Gitirana, L. (2017) · MOJ Polymer Science · doi:10.15406/mojps.2017.01.00014 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Considerations for the Human Health Implications of Nanotheranostics
Burgum, M. J., Evans, S. J., Jenkins, G. J. S., Doak, S. H., & Clift, M. J. D. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813339-2.00010-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
From Nano Backlash to Public Indifference: Some Reflections on French Public Dialogues on Nanotechnology
Bensaude‐Vincent, B. (2021) · NanoEthics · doi:10.1007/s11569-021-00396-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cyber Security as Social Experiment
Pieters, W., Hadžiosmanović, D., & Dechesne, F. (2014) · New Security Paradigms Workshop · doi:10.1145/2683467.2683469 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cytotoxicity of Ultra-pure TiO2and ZnO Nanoparticles Generated by Laser Ablation
Jeong, M., Park, S. M., Lee, E. J., Cho, Y. S., Lee, C., Kim, J. M., & Hah, S. S. (2013) · Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society · doi:10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.11.3301 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Synthesis and characterization of Zr- and Hf-doped nano-TiO 2 as internal standards for analytical quantification of nanomaterials in complex matrices
Ellis, L. A., Papadiamantis, A. G., Weigel, S., & Valsami‐Jones, E. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.171884 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Novel Approach for the Analysis of Titanium Dioxide Content by Simple Digestion System in Foodstuffs from the Egyptian Market Using ICP-OES and ICP-MS
ElHamid, G. A., El-Darder, O. M., Ibrahim, A. K., Moustafa, R., Hadad, G. M., Abdelshakour, M. A., & Hameed, E. A. A. (2023) · Records of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences/Records of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.21608/rpbs.2023.280337 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Paste Aging Spontaneously Tunes TiO2 Nanoparticles into Reproducible Electrosprayed Photoelectrodes
Shahiduzzaman, M., Chen, B., Akhtaruzzaman, M., Wang, L., Fukuhara, H., Tomita, K., Iwamori, S., Nunzi, J., Taima, T., & Umezu, S. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c13793 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Swarms: The Next Frontier for Cancer Nanomedicine
Swana, M., Blee, J. A., Stillman, N., Ives, J., & Hauert, S. (2022) · Emergence, complexity and computation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04379-6_12 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bacterial Communities in the Rhizosphere of Common Bean Plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grown in an Arable Soil Amended with TiO2 Nanoparticles
Medina‐Pérez, G., Afanador-Barajas, L. N., Pérez-Ríos, S. R., Navarro‐Noya, Y. E., Luna-Guido, M. L., Fernández-Luqueño, F., & Dendooven, L. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy14010074 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
New Technologies Should not be Treated as Social Experiments
Peterson, M. (2013) · Ethics Policy & Environment · doi:10.1080/21550085.2013.844574 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nano ZnO/TiO2 photo-catalyst as an anti-ultra violet agent on Indigofera tinctoria colored cotton fabric
Sani, Z. M., Rahayuningsih, E., & Mindaryani, A. (2019) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.5095023 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

ORIGINAL PAPER Sunscreens with Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2) Nano-Particles: A Societal Experiment
Jacobs, J. F., van de Poel, I., & Osseweijer, P. (2009)
Self-citation
The Introduction of Nanotechnology As a Societal Experiment
van de Poel, I. (2009) · IOS Press eBooks · doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-022-3-129 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Do no harm: nanotechnology and sunscreens
Sohn, F. S., & Cohen, J. B. (2008) · Clinical and Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02913.x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Human safety review of “nano” titanium dioxide and zinc oxide
Schilling, K., Bradford, B., Castelli, D., Dufour, E. K., Nash, J. F., Pape, W. J. W., Schulte, S., Tooley, I. R., van den Bosch, J., & Schellauf, F. (2010) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b9pp00180h · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer safety (SCCS) – Revision of the opinion on the safety of the use of titanium dioxide, nano form, in cosmetic products
SCCS, & Chaudhry, Q. (2015) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.005 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Authors: Jacobs, J. F., van de Poel, I., & Osseweijer, P.
Affiliations: Delft University of Technology (NL)
Corresponding author: Jacobs, Johannes F.
Venue: NanoEthics
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2010-06-20
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 103-113
ISSN: 1871-4757 (ISSN-L)
1871-4765
DOI: 10.1007/s11569-010-0090-y
PMC: PMC2933802
OpenAlex: W2138754853
Cited by: 129
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 3.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: NanoEthics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanotechnology research and applications
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
Keywords: titanium dioxide nanoparticles, moral acceptability, nanotechnology risks, informed consent, nanomaterial regulation, design for safety

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Sunscreens with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nano-Particles: A Societal Experiment

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks