Cited by 458Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaMental Health Treatment and Access

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Prevalence of Depression–PTSD Comorbidity: Implications for Clinical Practice Guidelines and Primary Care-based Interventions

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Campbell, Duncan G., Felker, Bradford L., Liu, Chuan-Fen, Yano, Elizabeth M., Kirchner, JoAnn E., Chan, Domin, Rubenstein, Lisa V., Chaney, Edmund F.·2007·Journal of General Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1007/s11606-006-0101-4PMC PMC2219856

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Abstract

Background Compared to those with depression alone, depressed patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience more severe psychiatric symptomatology and factors that complicate treatment. Objective To estimate PTSD prevalence among depressed military veteran primary care patients and compare demographic/illness characteristics of PTSD screen-positive depressed patients (MDD-PTSD+) to those with depression alone (MDD). Design Cross-sectional comparison of MDD patients versus MDD-PTSD+ patients. Participants Six hundred seventy-seven randomly sampled depressed patients with at least 1 primary care visit in the previous 12 months. Participants composed the baseline sample of a group randomized trial of collaborative care for depression in 10 VA primary care practices in 5 states. Measurements The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 assessed MDD. Probable PTSD was defined as a Primary Care PTSD Screen > or = 3. Regression-based techniques compared MDD and MDD-PTSD+ patients on demographic/illness characteristics. Results Thirty-six percent of depressed patients screened positive for PTSD. Adjusting for sociodemographic differences and physical illness comorbidity, MDD-PTSD+ patients reported more severe depression (P < .001), lower social support (P < .001), more frequent outpatient health care visits (P < .001), and were more likely to report suicidal ideation (P < .001) than MDD patients. No differences were observed in alcohol consumption, self-reported general health, and physical illness comorbidity. Conclusions PTSD is more common among depressed primary care patients than previously thought. Comorbid PTSD among depressed patients is associated with increased illness burden, poorer prognosis, and delayed response to depression treatment. Providers should consider recommending psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed patients with PTSD.

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Context- and subgroup-specific language changes in individuals who develop PTSD after trauma
Todorov, G., Mayilvahanan, K., Cain, C., & Cunha, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00989 · Cited by 13
Dynamic networks of complex posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among college students with childhood trauma: insights from cross-sectional and cross-lagged panel network analysis
Liu, A., Liu, M., Ren, Y., Zhang, L. M., & Peng, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2391656 · Cited by 17
“These encompass a less favourable prognosis (Campbell et al., 2007; Stander et al., 2014) and an augmented propensity for engaging in suicidal behaviour (Campbell et al., 2007; Ramsawh et al., 2014).”
Background
Psychometric accuracy of the Dutch Child and Adolescent Trauma Screener
Kooij, L. H., Hein, I. M., Sachser, C., Bouwmeester, S., Bosse, M., & Lindauer, R. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2450985 · Cited by 13
“…between PTSD symptoms and internalizing problems is complex and varies among individuals, but it is common for individuals with PTSD symptoms to experience internalizing symptoms, such as anxiety, sleep disturbances, negative feelings and changes in mood (Campbell et al., 2007; Lecrubier, 2004).”
PTSD in Primary Care—An Update on Evidence-based Management
Sonis, J. H. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0373-4 · Cited by 13
“Like persons who present with PTSD in psychiatric settings, persons with PTSD in primary care are likely to have other psychiatric disorders, including depression [6], substance abuse [7] and other anxiety disorders [8].”
Background
Factors Affecting Health Care Utilization in OEF/OIF Veterans: The Impact of PTSD and Pain
Lang, K. P., Morris, K. D. V., Berlin, K. S., & Andrasik, F. (2016) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00444 · Cited by 13
Event-based prospective memory among veterans: The role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity in executing intentions
McFarland, C. P., Clark, J. B., Lee, L. O., Grande, L. J., Marx, B. P., & Vasterling, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1102203 · Cited by 13
“symptoms (Campbell et al., 2007) and have been shown to be associated with PM performance deficits under some conditions.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Among Adult Earthquake Survivors in China
Guo, J., Wang, X., Yuan, J., Zhang, W., Tian, D., & Qu, Z. (2015) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000310 · Cited by 13
“Our finding is also consistent with a previous study, which found that patients with PTSD and depression reported lower social support after adjusting for sociodemographic differences and physical illness (Campbell et al., 2007).”
Result
The influence of physical and mental health symptoms on Veterans’ functional health status
Sheng, T., Fairchild, J. K., Kong, J. Y., Kinoshita, L. M., Cheng, J. J., Yesavage, J. A., Helmer, D. A., Reinhard, M. J., Ashford, J. W., & Adamson, M. M. (2016) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2015.07.0146 · Cited by 13
Altered functional connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder with versus without comorbid major depressive disorder: a resting state fMRI study
Kennis, M., Rademaker, A. R., van Rooij, S. J. H., Kahn, R. S., & Geuze, E. (2014) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.2-289.v2 · Cited by 13
Multiple types of distress are prospectively associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer
Roberts, A. L., Ratanatharathorn, A. D., Chibnik, L. B., Kubzansky, L. D., & Tworoger, S. S. (2023) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.6125 · Cited by 11
Dissociation as a mediator of interpersonal trauma and depression: adulthood versus childhood interpersonal traumas3
Shim, S., Kim, D., & Kim, E. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06095-2 · Cited by 12
“Depression is thoroughly intertwined with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Elhai et al., [12]) and is a common symptom relating to these disorders and behavioral problems, especially PTSD [8].”
Background
Animal models for the discovery of novel drugs for post-traumatic stress disorder
Zoladz, P. R. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2020.1820982 · Cited by 12
Depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their comorbidity: Implications of adversity amongst young women living in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa
Ndungu, J., Ramsoomar, L., Willan, S., Washington, L., Ngcobo-Sithole, M. B., & Gibbs, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100022 · Cited by 12
Comparative physiological reactivity during script-driven recall in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder.
O’Kearney, R., & Parry, L. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037326 · Cited by 13
Rewarding and unrewarding aspects of deployment to Iraq and its association with psychological health in UK military personnel
Sundin, J., Fear, N. T., Hull, L., Jones, N., Dandeker, C., Hotopf, M. H., Wessely, S. C., & Rona, R. J. (2010) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-009-0504-8 · Cited by 11
“%) in comparison with studies of the same nature, as young males of low socio-economic background, which are an important component of the UK Armed Forces, are notoriously reluctant to complete questionnaires (Chretien et al. 2007).”
Result
A Functional Model for Structure Learning and Parameter Estimation in Continuous Time Bayesian Network: An Application in Identifying Patterns of Multiple Chronic Conditions
Faruqui, S. H. A., Alaeddini, A., Wang, J., Jaramillo, C. A., & Pugh, M. J. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3122912 · Cited by 11
Combined ketamine and psychotherapy provide no additional benefit beyond ketamine alone in treating depression or PTSD: Evidence from a help-seeking sample
Moore, T. M., Walker, K. C., Tung, E., Teed, A. R., Hell, F., Kinreich, S., Jung, R., Abdel, F., Hanson, R. W., & Ahmed, S. S. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.041 · Cited by 13
Risk factors for depression in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Claxton, J., Vibhakar, V., Allen, L. R., Finn, J., Gee, B., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100150 · Cited by 14
Remodeling of the Cortical Structural Connectome in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results From the ENIGMA-PGC Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Consortium
Sun, D., Rakesh, G., Clarke‐Rubright, E. K., Haswell, C. C., Logue, M. W., O’Leary, E. N., Cotton, A. S., Xie, H., Dennis, E. L., Jahanshad, N., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.02.008 · Cited by 11
“Behaviorally, higher levels of distress (60), impaired neurocognitive function (61), and greater risk for suicide (62) are present in comorbid PTSD and depression compared to PTSD alone.”
Background
Posttraumatic stress disorder in war veterans: A discussion of the Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle
Braquehais, M. D., & Sher, L. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.008 · Cited by 11
Explanatory factors of post-traumatic distress and burnout among hospital staff 6 months after Hurricane Irma in Saint-Martin and Saint-Barthelemy
Metregiste, D., Boucaud-Maitre, D., Aubert, L., Noubou, L., & Jehel, L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229246 · Cited by 11
“On a personal level, this could lead to an increased risk of addictive behaviors [30], suicide attempts [31], psychiatric comorbidities [32] and organic pathologies such as coronary heart disease [33,34].”
Background
Abnormality of the Corpus Callosum in Coalmine Gas Explosion-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Zhang, Y., Li, H., Lang, X., Zhuo, C., Qin, W., & Zhang, Q. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121095 · Cited by 10
“There is a high level of comorbidity between PTSD and depression [35], and attempts to control for the comorbidity may risk removing effects that are actually those of interest [36].”
Background
Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Haitian Students
Silvestre, G., Anacréon, P., Théodore, M., Silvestre, E., & Garcia-Dubus, E. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.58096 · Cited by 20
“As to the relationship between family and personal history of mental illness and the development of PTSD symptoms our findings are in tune with those reported previously (Brewin et al., 2000; Campbell et al., 2007).”
Result
Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychiatric Co-morbidity among Latino Primary Care Patients in Puerto Rico
Vera, M. (2013) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000124 · Cited by 10
“Findings also show that co-morbid depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) are highly prevalent among patients with PTSD [32,33].”
Background
Parent Discrepancies in Ratings of Child Behaviors Following Wartime Deployment
Chesmore, A. A., He, Y., Zhang, N., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22257 · Cited by 11
“Posttraumatic stress disorder is characterized by internalizing symptoms that co-occur with depression more than with any other psychiatric disorder (Campbell et al., 2007).”
Background
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in trauma-related conditions
Namgung, E., Kim, M., & Yoon, S. J. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s189498 · Cited by 10
An E–Mental Health Solution to Prevent and Manage Posttraumatic Stress Injuries Among First Responders in Alberta: Protocol for the Implementation and Evaluation of Text Messaging Services (Text4PTSI and Text4Wellbeing)
Obuobi-Donkor, G., Eboreime, E., Bond, J., Phung, N., Eyben, S., Hayward, J., Zhang, Y., MacMaster, F. P., Clelland, S. R., Greiner, R., et al. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30680 · Cited by 10
“The most common co-occurring diagnosis with PTSI is depression, with about 36% to 55% of patients with PTSI experiencing concurrent depression [4,17].”
Background
The Impact of Race on Metabolic Disease Risk Factors in Women With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Dedert, E. A., Harper, L. A., Calhoun, P. S., Dennis, M. F., & Beckham, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-012-9305-4 · Cited by 10
“Several other studies have noted an association between SUD and metabolic disease (Virmani, Binienda, Ali, & Gaetani, 2006).”
MethodInfluential
The aging of heroes: Posttraumatic stress, resilience and growth among aging decorated veterans
Stein, J. Y., Bachem, R., Lahav, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2020.1725606 · Cited by 12
“Accruing additional mental strife, studies find that PTSD among veterans is often comorbid with pathological anxiety and depression (e.g., Campbell et al., 2007; Flory & Yehuda, 2015; Pfeiffer, Ganoczy, Ilgen, Zivin, & Valenstein, 2009).”
Background
A symptom-level perspective on irritability, PTSD, and depression in children and adults
Zhan, N., Li, F., Fung, H. W., Zhang, K., Wang, J., & Geng, F. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.213 · Cited by 9
Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression are uniquely associated with disability and life dissatisfaction in post-9/11 veterans
Bernstein, J. P. K., Fonda, J. R., Currao, A., Kim, S., Milberg, W., McGlinchey, R. E., & Fortier, C. B. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114589 · Cited by 9
A Paucity of Data on Veterans 65 and Older and Risk of Suicide: A Systematic Review
Sullivan, J. L., Simons, K. V., Mills, W. L., Hilgeman, M. M., Freytes, I. M., Morin, R. T., Bower, E. S., Clark, R., & Byers, A. L. (2022) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2022.11.005 · Cited by 9
Effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with a brief exposure procedure for post-stroke posttraumatic stress disorder
Jiang, C., Li, Z., Wang, J., Liu, L., Luo, G., & Zheng, X. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.096 · Cited by 9
The Influence of Depression and PTSD on Exercise Adherence in Older Veterans
Harada, N. D., Wilkins, S. S., Schneider, B. C., Elrod, M., Hahn, T. J., Kleinman, L., Fang, M. A., & Dhanani, S. (2013) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2013.829400 · Cited by 10
“Depression-PTSD comorbidity can have a significant influence on health behaviors, health outcomes, and health care utilization (Rauch, Morales, Zubritsky, Knott, & Oslin, 2006; Campbell et al., 2006; Beekman et al., 2000; Ballenger et al., 2004).”
Background
Predicting postpartum post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in low-risk women from distal and proximal factors: a biopsychosocial prospective study using structural equation modeling
Catalá, P., Suso-Ribera, C., Marín, D., & Peñacoba, C. (2020) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-020-05857-z · Cited by 7
“However, PPD and PTSD are distinctive disorders [55], so the existence of unique predictors of each mental health problem in perinatal women is reasonable.”
Background
Decreased suicidal ideation in depressed patients with or without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: An open study
Sher, L., Stanley, B., Posner, K., Arendt, M. C. B. B., Grunebaum, M. F., Neria, Y., Mann, J. J., & Oquendo, M. A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.010 · Cited by 9
“Our finding is consistent with previous observations suggesting that PTSD-MDD patients report more severe depression, less social support and more frequent outpatient health care visits compared with MDD-only patients (Campbell et al., 2007).”
Result
Depression and PTSD Co-Morbidity: What are We Missing?
Levin, L. I. Y. (2014) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000164 · Cited by 9
“The association between self-destructive behavior (measured only at T3) and the four clinical groups using a Chi square analysis revealed a significant between groups difference (Chi square [3] = 21.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Spiritual Well-Being Scale in veterans with PTSD.
Johnson, B. D., Bormann, J. E., & Glaser, D. N. (2015) · Spirituality in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1037/scp0000052 · Cited by 9
Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder Disability in the US Military
Packnett, E., Elmasry, H., Toolin, C. F., Cowan, D. N., & Boivin, M. R. (2017) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000692 · Cited by 9
“This is in keeping with other studies of civilian and military populations, which suggest that those with MDD are likely to have another mental health disorder, in many cases PTSD (Campbell et al., 2007; Kessler et al., 2003; Lapierre et al., 2007; Lippa et al., 2015; Mustillo et al., 2015).”
Treatment of depression and PTSD in primary care clinics serving uninsured low-income mostly Latina/o immigrants: A naturalistic prospective evaluation.
Kaltman, S. I., Watson, M. R., Campoli, M., Serrano, A., Talisman, N. W., Kirkpatrick, L. A., Méte, M., & Green, B. L. (2019) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000251 · Cited by 9
“Other studies have found the prevalence of PTSD among patients with depression to be closer to one-third (Campbell et al., 2007; Gerrity, Corson, & Dobscha, 2007; Green et al., 2006), much lower than what was observed in this sample.”
BackgroundResult
Treatment Attendance Among Veterans With Depression, Substance Use Disorder, and Trauma
Cui, R., Haller, M. M., Skidmore, J. R., Goldsteinholm, K., Norman, S. B., & Tate, S. R. (2016) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2016.1146384 · Cited by 9
“PTSD is common in depression treatment settings (36%; Campbell et al., 2007), substance use treatment settings (37%; Bonin, Norton, Asmundson, Dicurzio, & Pidlubney, 2000), and among adult samples with co-occurring depression and substance use disorder (38%; Norman, Tate, Wilkins, CONTACT Ruifeng…”
Background
The Use of Both Prolonged Exposure and Cognitive Processing Therapy in the Treatment of a Person With PTSD, Multiple Traumas, Depression, and Suicidality
Gurak, K. K., Freund, B., & Ironson, G. H. (2016) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650116641214 · Cited by 8
Sexual Problems Predict PTSD and Depression Symptom Change Among Male OEF/OIF Veterans Completing Exposure Therapy
Badour, C. L., Grös, D. F., Szafranski, D. D., & Acierno, R. E. (2016) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2016.1142774 · Cited by 10
“The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 75–83. doi:10.1111/jsm.12201 Campbell, D. G., Felker, B. L., Chuan-Fen, L., Yano, E. M., Kirchner, J. E., Chan, D., & Chaney, E. F. (2007).”
Influential
Impact of Common Mental Health Disorders on Cognition: Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Forensic Neuropsychology Context
Schultz, I. Z., Sepehry, A. A., & Greer, S. C. (2018) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-018-9322-1 · Cited by 10
Preliminary efficacy and mediators of interpersonal psychotherapy for reducing posttraumatic stress symptoms in an incarcerated population
Felton, J. W., Hailemariam, M., Richie, F. J., Reddy, M. K., Edukere, S., Zlotnick, C., & Johnson, J. E. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1587192 · Cited by 8
“, 2005) and greater functional impairment (Campbell et al., 2007) Considered together, this suggests a critical need for interventions that can be effectively delivered in a prison setting to address PTSD symptoms among depressed individuals.”
BackgroundInfluential
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in journalists covering war and conflict: A study comparing photographers with print reporters.
Feinstein, A., Osmann, J., & Pavisian, B. (2019) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000207 · Cited by 8
Treating Refractory Mental Illness With Closed-Loop Brain Stimulation: Progress Towards a Patient-Specific Transdiagnostic Approach
Widge, A. S., Ellard, K. K., Paulk, A. C., Basu, I., Yousefi, A., Zorowitz, S., Gilmour, A., Afzal, A., Deckersbach, T., Cash, S. S., et al. (2022) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20102 · Cited by 7
“, 2013), and the two disorders are often comorbid (Regier et al., 2013; Bleich et al., 1997; Campbell et al., 2007).”

Authors: Campbell, D. G., Felker, B. L., Liu, C.-F., Yano, E. M., Kirchner, J. E., Chan, D., Rubenstein, L. V., & Chaney, E. F.
Affiliations: Health Services Research & Development (US)
University of Washington (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System (US)
RAND Corporation (US)
Corresponding author: Campbell, Duncan G.
ORCID: Campbell, Duncan G.
Felker, Bradford L.
Yano, Elizabeth M.
Kirchner, JoAnn E.
Rubenstein, Lisa V.
Chaney, Edmund F.
Venue: Journal of General Internal Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2007-01-24
Volume: 22
Issue: 6
Pages: 711-718
ISSN: 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
1525-1497
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-006-0101-4
PMC: PMC2219856
OpenAlex: W2030974975
Cited by: 458
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 10.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Pfizer
RAND Corporation
Health Services Research and Development
University of Washington
University of Montana
University of California, Los Angeles
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD prevalence, comorbidities, military veterans, primary care, collaborative care, suicidal ideation, social support, PHQ-9, PTSD screening, treatment response
MeSH terms: Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Practice Guidelines as Topic

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Prevalence of Depression–PTSD Comorbidity: Implications for Clinical Practice Guidelines and Primary Care-based Interventions

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