Cited by 458Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMigration, Health and TraumaMental Health Treatment and Access

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Prevalence of Depression–PTSD Comorbidity: Implications for Clinical Practice Guidelines and Primary Care-based Interventions

Open access

Campbell, Duncan G., Felker, Bradford L., Liu, Chuan-Fen, Yano, Elizabeth M., Kirchner, JoAnn E., Chan, Domin, Rubenstein, Lisa V., Chaney, Edmund F.·2007·Journal of General Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1007/s11606-006-0101-4PMC PMC2219856

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Background Compared to those with depression alone, depressed patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience more severe psychiatric symptomatology and factors that complicate treatment. Objective To estimate PTSD prevalence among depressed military veteran primary care patients and compare demographic/illness characteristics of PTSD screen-positive depressed patients (MDD-PTSD+) to those with depression alone (MDD). Design Cross-sectional comparison of MDD patients versus MDD-PTSD+ patients. Participants Six hundred seventy-seven randomly sampled depressed patients with at least 1 primary care visit in the previous 12 months. Participants composed the baseline sample of a group randomized trial of collaborative care for depression in 10 VA primary care practices in 5 states. Measurements The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 assessed MDD. Probable PTSD was defined as a Primary Care PTSD Screen > or = 3. Regression-based techniques compared MDD and MDD-PTSD+ patients on demographic/illness characteristics. Results Thirty-six percent of depressed patients screened positive for PTSD. Adjusting for sociodemographic differences and physical illness comorbidity, MDD-PTSD+ patients reported more severe depression (P < .001), lower social support (P < .001), more frequent outpatient health care visits (P < .001), and were more likely to report suicidal ideation (P < .001) than MDD patients. No differences were observed in alcohol consumption, self-reported general health, and physical illness comorbidity. Conclusions PTSD is more common among depressed primary care patients than previously thought. Comorbid PTSD among depressed patients is associated with increased illness burden, poorer prognosis, and delayed response to depression treatment. Providers should consider recommending psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed patients with PTSD.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11606-006-0101-4

Cites

56 of 56 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379
The MOS social support survey
Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-b · Cited by 6,643
The AUDIT Alcohol Consumption Questions (AUDIT-C)<subtitle>An Effective Brief Screening Test for Problem Drinking</subtitle>
Bush, K. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789 · Cited by 6,196
Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care
Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040603 · Cited by 4,778
Mental Health Problems, Use of Mental Health Services, and Attrition From Military Service After Returning From Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan
Hoge, C. W., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Milliken, C. S. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.9.1023 · Cited by 2,027
A Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD
Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214 · Cited by 1,938
Epidemiology of trauma: Frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups.
Norris, F. H. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.3.409 · Cited by 1,527

Show all 57 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

American Psychiatric Association Workgroup on Major Depressive Disorder. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 2nd edition. Washington: 2000; American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Website: http://www.psych.org/psych_pract/treatg/pg/Depression2e.book.cfm .
Hankin CS, Spiro III A, Miller DR, Kazis L. Mental disorders and mental health treatment among US Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients: the Veterans Health Study. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1924–30. · DOI · Paper page
Office of Quality and Performance. FY2005 VA Performance Measurement System Technical Manual. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration; 2005.

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 456

In the Shadow of Iraq: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 2007
Greenburg, D. L., & Roy, M. J. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0172-x · Cited by 8
Residual symptoms following trauma-focused treatment for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder
Kline, A. C., Otis, N. P., Crocker, L. D., Glassman, L. H., Hunt, W. M., & Walter, K. H. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.01.010 · Cited by 7
Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Resilience among the Primary Survivors of Natural Disaster
Rahana, S. R., Sam, J. M., & Udhayakumar, P. (2021) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_238_20 · Cited by 7
An in‐depth look at latent classes of DSM‐5 psychiatric comorbidity among individuals with PTSD: Clinical indicators and treatment utilization
Hawn, S. E., Hawrilenko, M. J., McDowell, Y. E., Campbell, S. B., Garcia, N. M., & Simpson, T. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23429 · Cited by 7
Network Centrality and Modularity of Structural Covariance Networks in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Multisite ENIGMA-PGC Study
Rakesh, G., Logue, M. W., Clarke‐Rubright, E. K., Haswell, C. C., Thompson, P. M., Bellis, M. D. D., Morey, R. A., & Sun, D. (2022) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2022.0038 · Cited by 8
“There is ongoing debate whether comorbid MDD with PTSD represents a distinct PTSD phenotype, as an outcome of traumatic stress rather than the co-existence of two illnesses with overlapping symptom dimensions (Afzali et al, 2017; Campbell et al, 2007).”
Concomitant medications associated with ischemic, hypertensive, and arrhythmic events in MDMA users in FDA adverse event reporting system
Makunts, T., Dahill, D., Jerome, L., de Boer, A., & Abagyan, R. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1149766 · Cited by 7
A Systematic Review of Suicide Risk in Veterans: Depression is a More Powerful Predictor than Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
Athey, A. J., & Overholser, J. C. (2018) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2018.1442757 · Cited by 7
“Campbell et al. (2007) and Kramer et al. (1994) found that suicidal ideation was elevated in veterans who were diagnosed with PTSD and a comorbid depressive disorder.”
Background
Association Between Predeployment Optimism and Onset of Postdeployment Pain in US Army Soldiers
Hassett, A. L., Fisher, J. A., Vie, L. L., Kelley, W. L., Clauw, D. J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.8076 · Cited by 7
Psychological distress in Afghan journalists: a descriptive study
Osmann, J., Khalvatgar, A. M., & Feinstein, A. (2020) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/jacpr-02-2020-0473 · Cited by 7
The Causes and Effects of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Chen, X. (2023) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202315704029 · Cited by 7
Model-Based Policy Analysis to Mitigate Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Ghaffarzadegan, N., Larson, R. C., Fingerhut, H., Jalali, M. S., Ebrahimvandi, A., Quaadgras, A., & Kochan, T. A. (2017) · Public administration and information technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61762-6_17 · Cited by 7
“PTSD comorbidities include other psychological effects or mental illnesses that can occur as an effect of trauma, such as depression (Campbell et al. 2007; Ginzburg et al. 2010), substance abuse (Breslau et al.”
Background
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Primary Care Setting: Summary of Recommended Care
Spottswood, M., Fortney, J. C., Chen, J. A., Davydow, D. S., & Huang, H. Y. (2019) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000201 · Cited by 7
“Assess for suicidality and offer imminent intervention if the risk of harm to self (or others) is acute.(53,54)”
Presence of PTSD is Associated with Clinical and Functional Impact in Veterans with Depression Treated in Community-Based Clinics
Rassu, F. S., Sansgiry, S., Hundt, N. E., Kunik, M. E., & Cully, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-021-09796-y · Cited by 6
Design and rationale of the REStoring mood after early life trauma with psychotherapy (RESET-psychotherapy) study: a multicenter randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of adjunctive trauma-focused therapy (TFT) versus treatment as usual (TAU) for adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and childhood trauma
Gathier, A. W., Verhoeven, J. E., van Oppen, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Merkx, M. J. M., Dingemanse, P., Stehouwer, K. M. K. S., van den Bulck, C. M. M., & Vinkers, C. H. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04518-0 · Cited by 8
Posttraumatic stress among trauma-exposed Hispanic/Latinx adults: relations to mental health
Mayorga, N. A., Shepherd, J. M., Matoska, C. T., Kabel, K. E., Vujanovic, A. A., Viana, A. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2023) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2176783 · Cited by 6
“Theoretical perspectives posit that PTSD symptomatology can be associated with co-occurring psychological symptoms through the mechanisms of avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and arousal and reactivity (Campbell et al., 2007; Kashdan et al., 2009).”
Background
Investigating the Efficacy of Equine Assisted Therapy for Military Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Symptomology
Nagrath, J. (2020) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v6i2.187 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, a study by D. G. Campbell et al. (2007) found that 60% of veterans with PTSD met the criteria for anxiety disorder.”
Background
Sleep disturbance in patients in an inpatient hospital mediates relationship between PTSD and suicidal ideation
Combs, J. L., Rufino, K. A., Alfano, C. A., & Patriquin, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.039 · Cited by 6
Validating the Spanish translation of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist (PCL-5) in a sample of individuals with traumatic brain injury
Haghish, E. F., Sahuquillo, J., Rădoi, A., Pomposo, I., & Lozano, G. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1216435 · Cited by 8
Differences in Unit Cohesion and Combat-Related Mental Health Problems Based on Attachment Styles in US Military Veterans
Grady, J., Banford-Witting, A., Kim, A., & Davis, S. D. (2017) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-017-9444-8 · Cited by 6
The Role of Therapeutic Landscape in Improving Mental Health of People with PTSD
Taheri, S., Shabani, A., & Sichani, M. G. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.86543 · Cited by 6
Examining Changes in Negative Mood Regulation Expectancies, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Substance use following Integrated Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Siegel, E., Haller, M. M., Cui, R., Trim, R. S., Tate, S. R., & Norman, S. B. (2017) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2017.1342736 · Cited by 6
PTSD: Catastrophizing in Combat as Risk and Protection
Seligman, M. E. P., Allen, A. R., Vie, L. L., Ho, T. E., Scheier, L. M., Cornum, R. L., & Lester, P. B. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618813532 · Cited by 6
“Furthermore, any link between catastrophic thinking and PTSD could be an artifact of depression or anxiety given the established comorbidity between these disorders (e.g., Campbell et al., 2007; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, Monahan, & Löwe, 2007; Wanklyn et al., 2016).”
Background
Does Exposure to Interpersonal Trauma Influence the Relationship between Shame and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms?
Seah, R., & Berle, D. (2023) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2023.2170841 · Cited by 7
“Due to high rates of comorbidity between depression, anxiety and PTSD (Campbell et al., 2007; Price et al., 2019) and given that depression may arise from shame (J. P. Tangney et al., 1992), the effects of these mental health variables were controlled for.”
Navigating the Road to Reintegration: Status and Continuing Support of the U.S. Air Force's Wounded Warriors.
Sims, C. S., Vaughan, C., Theologis, H., Boal, A. L., & Osilla, K. (2015) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-05-02-17 · Cited by 5
“In one study, veterans in a VA setting with comorbid depression and PTSD had more severe depression, lower social support, more suicide ideation, and more frequent primary care and mental health care visits compared with individuals with depression only (Campbell et al., 2007).”
Trauma-related guilt and pain among veterans with PTSD
Herbert, M. S., Malaktaris, A. L., Lyons, R. C., & Norman, S. B. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112820 · Cited by 6
Psychiatric Disorders - New Frontiers in Affective Disorders
Schoepf, D. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/2039 · Cited by 6
The Effect of Ketamine-Assisted Group Therapy on Treatment-Resistant Mental Health Conditions in Firefighters
Tsang, V. W. L., Lin, M. C., Choles, C. M., & Kryskow, P. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003352 · Cited by 8
“As PTSD and TRD are often co-occurring, have notable symptom overlap and may be treated with similar interventions, 4,5 they also suffer from similar treatment limitations.”
Pregnancy and posttraumatic stress disorder: associations with infant outcomes and prenatal care utilization
Lutgendorf, M. A., Abramovitz, L., Bukowinski, A. T., Gumbs, G. R., Conlin, A. M. S., & Hall, C. B. (2021) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.2013796 · Cited by 5
“that PTSD is associated with disability [20] and”
Background
Virtually-delivered Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) for Canadian veterans with PTSD: A study protocol for a nation-wide effectiveness and implementation evaluation
Ryk, J., Simpson, R., Hosseiny, F., Notarianni, M., Provencher, M. D., Rudnick, A., Upshur, R. E. G., & Sud, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275774 · Cited by 5
Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD among spinal cord injury survivors: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Powers, M. B., Pogue, J. R., Curcio, N., Patel, S., Wierzchowski, A., Thomas, E. V., Warren, A. M., Adams, M., Turner, E. D., Carl, E., et al. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100763 · Cited by 5
Phenomenological description of PTSD through a case
Neto, H. G. R., Tomé, A. D. S., & Messas, G. P. (2021) · Revista Psicopatologia Fenomenológica Contemporânea · doi:10.37067/rpfc.v10i1.1072 · Cited by 6
The relationship between post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in children: A two-year longitudinal study
Fu, L. S., Eli, B., Liang, Y., Cheng, J., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/n972017-01194 · Cited by 4
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Other Comorbidities: Clinical and Systems Approaches to Diagnostic Uncertainties.
Colston, M. J., Belsher, B. E., Beech, E. H., Curry, J. C., Tyberg, Y. A., Melmed, A. Z., McGraw, K. L., & Stoltz, R. F. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 5
Illness Narratives and Preferences for Treatment among Older Veterans Living with Treatment-Resistant Depression and Insomnia
Gebara, M. A., DiNapoli, E. A., Hamm, M., Rodriguez, K. L., Kasckow, J., Lederer, L. G., Bramoweth, A. D., & Karp, J. F. (2020) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012372003200207 · Cited by 5
Sudden gains in cognitive processing therapy with and without behavioral activation among service members with comorbid PTSD and MDD
Otis, N. P., Kline, A. C., Glassman, L. H., Hunt, W. M., & Walter, K. H. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104753 · Cited by 4
Reduced working memory performance in PTSD and suicide among veterans presenting for treatment
Albanese, B. J., Myers, U. S., Fox, H., & Wangelin, B. C. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.043 · Cited by 4
Identifying COVID-19 survivors living with post-traumatic stress disorder through machine learning on Twitter
Baqir, A., Ali, M., Jaffar, S., Sherazi, H. H. R., Lee, M. G., Bashir, A. K., & Dabel, M. M. A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69687-8 · Cited by 4
“Keep your chin up”: Treating male veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder from an integrative feminist theoretical perspective.
Carr, E. R., & McKernan, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/a0039577 · Cited by 4
“Veterans with PTSD and MDD exhibit higher rates of disability, increased severity of symptoms, are younger, and more likely to report active thoughts of suicide (Campbell et al., 2007).”
Background
Implicit Associations of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury with Relief in Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Disorders*
Forbes, C. N., Tull, M. T., Chapman, A. L., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., & Gratz, K. L. (2020) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2020.1811182 · Cited by 4
“Finally, given evidence of greater emotional distress among individuals with co-occurring DD and PTSD (relative to either disorder alone; Campbell et al., 2007; Ikin, Creamer, Sim, & McKenzie, 2010; Momartin, Silove, Manicavasagar, & Steel, 2004), we hypothesized that lifetime DD and PTSD would interact, such that the…”
BackgroundInfluential
Choices in Gamification of Therapy for PTSD
Thomsen, D., Rye, J. M., & Ott, T. E. (2015) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-9522-1.ch016 · Cited by 4
Effects of a Meditation-Based Healing Program on Stress Level, Stress Vulnerability, and Sleep Quality of Fire Officers
Kim, M., Kim, H., & Lee, I.-S. (2023) · Fire science and engineering · doi:10.7731/kifse.18bb295a · Cited by 4
Comorbid Depression and Other Predictors of PTSD Severity in Urban Public Transit Employees
Shah, R., Nisenbaum, R. A., Classen, C. C., Eynan, R., & Links, P. S. (2016) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-016-0029-z · Cited by 4
“…significant psychiatric disturbance, functional impairment, and morbidity as a singular diagnosis, a diagnosis of depression and PTSD increases the illness burden and results in poorer prognosis, delayed response to depression treatment, as well increased risk of suicide (Campbell et al. 2007).”
Background
Single and Dual Diagnoses of Major Depressive Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Predicted by Triple Comorbid Trajectories of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use among Urban Adults
Lee, J. Y., Brook, J. S., Finch, S. J., Kim, W., & Brook, D. W. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1572047 · Cited by 6
The role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and negative outcomes in trauma-exposed adults
Kugler, B. B., Phares, V., Salloum, A., & Storch, E. (2016) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1028029 · Cited by 5
“32 PTS and depressive symptoms may have more severe depression, lower social support, more frequent health care utilization and more suicidal ideation as compared to individuals with depression alone (Campbell et al., 2007) and more severe PTS and higher levels of disability as compared to those with PTSD alone (Momar…”
Result
Trauma and mental health in Darfuri asylum seekers: The effect of trauma type and the mediating role of interpersonal sensitivity
Regev, S., & Slonim‐Nevo, V. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.024 · Cited by 4
Cognitive appraisals, cognitive avoidance and rumination as shared vulnerabilities for PTSD and depression in trauma-exposed adolescents
Claxton, J., Alberici, A., Meiser‐Stedman, R., & Chiu, H. T. S. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2527550 · Cited by 5
Multimodal machine learning for video based single question mental health assessment
Grimm, B., Yilmam, P., Talbot, B., & Larsen, L. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02242-5 · Cited by 3
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among child survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: a comparison between Chinese ethnic Han and Hui groups
Chen, X., Li, B., Guo, W., & Xu, J. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11967 · Cited by 3
“INTRODUCTION Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental disorder that occurs following the exposure to one or more traumatic events, especially a disaster that poses a significant burden to individuals (Campbell et al., 2007).”
Background
Behandlung chronischer Depression und komorbider posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung mit dem CBASP
Favorite, T. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-22426-3.00007-3 · Cited by 3
Relevancia y prevalencia del estrés post-traumático post-terremoto como problema de salud pública en Constitución, Chile The relevance and prevalence of post-traumatic stress after an earthquake: public health problem in Constitucion, Chile
Bianchi, M. L. (2011) · Cited by 3
Medical Expenses of North Korean Defectors with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Noh, J., Lee, Y., Park, H., & Lee, S. H. (2019) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.12.12 · Cited by 3
“The average number of visits was 41.8 among PTSD patients, and it was 33.2 among patients without PTSD.”
BackgroundInfluential
Ambulans Çalışanlarında Travma Sonrası Stres ve Depresyon Belirtilerinin İncelenmesi
ŞAHİN, E., & Cerit, C. (2019) · Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.30934/kusbed.568764 · Cited by 3
Depression complexity prevalence and outcomes among veterans affairs patients in integrated primary care.
Campbell, D. G., Lombardero, A., English, I., Waltz, T. J., Hoggatt, K. J., Simon, B. F., Lanto, A. B., Simon, A., Rubenstein, L. V., & Chaney, E. F. (2021) · Families Systems & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000637 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Trauma and Self-Care to Treat Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Support HIV Care Engagement Among Men With HIV Who Have Sex With Men: A Case Series
Braunewell, E., Stanton, A. M., Fitch, C., McKetchnie, S. M., Westphal, L., Hart, T. A., & O’Cleirigh, C. M. (2024) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2023.12.013 · Cited by 3
Factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in persons with serious mental illness
Lu, W., Mueser, K. T., Yanos, P. T., Jia, Y., Siriram, A., Bullock, D., Wang, K., Silverstein, S. M., Gottlieb, J. D., Rogers, K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2024.2332809 · Cited by 3
“…Patients with MDD and co-occurring PTSD exhibit more social, neurocognitive, and role impairment, and greater distress than those with MDD alone (Campbell et al., 2007; Nijdam et al., 2013, Stander et al., 2014; Yehuda et al., 2015), and have a poorer prognosis, higher chance of treat-ment…”
The Integration of Behavioral Health and Primary Care for Hispanic/Latino Patients with Depression and Comorbid PTSD
Eghaneyan, B. H., Killian, M., & Sanchez, K. (2022) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-022-09824-1 · Cited by 3
Can Mindfulness Help to Predict Veterans’ Mental Health Service Utilization?
Barr, N., & Kintzle, S. M. (2019) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/swz026 · Cited by 5
Low Back Pain: Recent Advances and Perspectives
Gatchel, R. J. (2017) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-656-1 · Cited by 3
Screening word usage in people affected by PTSD: an unbiased, cost effective, and novel screening method?Preprint
Todorov, G. I., Mayilvahanan, K., Cain, C. K., & Cunha, C. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y68fx · Cited by 3
Understanding the relationship between anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and post-traumatic stress: a model of internalized transphobia-mediated post-traumatic stress.
Barr, S. M. (2018) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3106 · Cited by 4
“Epidemiological research shows that high rates of comorbidity persist (e.g., Campbell et al., 2007; Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Huges, & Nelson, 1995).”
Background
Beneath the Surface: Mental Health in Commercial Fisheries
Roome, A. B., Gertz, K., Pain, M., Sulman, H. B., Graham, J., Quinn, B., Weil, R., Kincl, L. D., Dzugan, J., McCue, L. S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Agromedicine · doi:10.1080/1059924x.2025.2485930 · Cited by 3
Multimorbidity and suicidality among military veterans: a scoping review
Bayliss, L. T., Dias, S., Weidemüller, N. R., Janca, E. K., Oltvolgyi, C. G., Ramage, A., Lam, M., Heffernan, E., & Meurk, C. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.116954 · Cited by 2
Exploration of Individual Responses to Mass Violence: A Personal Narrative of Trauma on September 11, 2001
Nesbeda, K. (2014) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-014-0482-5 · Cited by 2
Trauma and Emotion Regulation: Associations with Depressive Symptoms and Cocaine Use among Treatment-seeking Adults
Godfrey, C. J., Meyer, T. D., Boster, K., Vujanovic, A. A., & Schmitz, J. M. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00713-w · Cited by 2
“Additionally, difficulties in emotion regulation are not only related to substance use but have also been shown to play a role in current or lifetime depression (Breslau, 2002; Campbell et al., 2007; Rounsaville, 2004) and development of depressive symptoms (Aldao et al., 2010).”
Background
PTSD and Current Translational Research
Zhang, L., Hu, X., Li, X., Li, H., & Ursano, R. J. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/18052 · Cited by 2
Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung
Schöner, J., Kronenberg, G., Heinz, A., Endres, M., & Gertz, K. R. (2016) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-016-0231-9 · Cited by 3
“36% der Patienten mit Major-Depression [14] liegt eine komorbide PTBS vor, ein Umstand, welcher zu einer erschwerten Therapie und erheblich verschlechterten Prognose der Grunderkrankung führt [14].”
Anxiety and Depression Mediate the Relationship of Medication-Resistant PTSD to Quality of Life in Service Members
Willing, M. M. P., Tate, L. L., Spangler, P. T., Benedek, D. M., & Riggs, D. S. (2021) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2021.2013352 · Cited by 2
“In one study, patients with comorbid mental health conditions were given a worse prognosis by clinicians and responded slower to treatment (Campbell et al., 2007).”
Background
Wanting, Liking, and Missing Out
Olin, C. C., McDevitt‐Murphy, M. E., Leonard, S. J., & Acuff, S. F. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001456 · Cited by 2
An Integrative Model for Endophenotypes Relevant to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Detailed Methodology for Inescapable Tail Shock Stress (IS) and Juvenile Social Exploration (JSE)
Andersen, N. D., Sterrett, J. D., Costanza-Chavez, G. W., Zambrano, C. A., Baratta, M. V., Frank, M. G., Maier, S. F., & Lowry, C. A. (2023) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3218-5_7 · Cited by 3
Continuing Down the Road to Reintegration: Status and Ongoing Support of the U.S. Air Force's Wounded Warriors
Sims, C. S., Vaughan, C., & Williams, K. (2016) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr1474 · Cited by 2
Événements traumatogènes, âge de survenue, symptômes anxio-dépressifs et comportements addictifs dans un échantillon de jeunes adultes recruté en ligne
Laconi, S., Sinanian, A., Andreoletti, A., & Chabrol, H. (2021) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2020.12.002 · Cited by 2
Cardiovascular Reactivity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression
Malcolm, L. R. (2015) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) · Cited by 2
Haarhoff, D. 1991. The wild South West. Frontier myths and metaphors in literature set in Namibia. 1760 - 1988. [Boek resensie]
Coetzee, E. (1992) · Cited by 2
Mindful Nonreactivity Moderates the Relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression
Kaplan, J., Somohano, V. C., Eddy, A., Oken, B., & Wahbeh, H. (2022) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2022.2030019 · Cited by 1
“Treatment complications are also common in comorbid PTSD and depression (Campbell et al., 2007), including residual PTSD symptoms (Kim et al., 2013) and remissions and recurrences of depression (Alves et al., 2017) following intervention.”
Background
Self-reported improvements in comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, depression, anxiety, and sleep among real-world patients receiving medical ketamine: Exploring the role of adjunct therapies
Almog, S., Garcia‐Romeu, A., Walker, K. A., Weiner, M. D., & Berry, M. S. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100572 · Cited by 1
Music Therapy and Music-Based Intervention in Psychiatry
Fusar‐Poli, L., & Politi, P. (2025) · Neurocultural health and wellbeing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88578-5_13 · Cited by 1
The Moderating Role of Nonviolent Communication in the Relationship Between PTSD and Depressive Symptoms: A Longitudinal Investigation
Huang, C. H. O., Lau, H. L. N., Yuan, G. F., Liu, C., Lam, S. K. K., & Fung, H. W. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13172163 · Cited by 1
“It has been well-documented that people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often suffer from co-occurring depression [7–9].”
Self-citation
Depression-related moderators of treatment outcomes in a clinical trial for service members with comorbid PTSD and MDD
Kline, A. C., Crocker, L. D., Otis, N. P., Glassman, L. H., Hunt, W. M., & Walter, K. H. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2025.100567 · Cited by 1
Interactions between mental health predictors on post-concussive depressive symptoms among service members and veterans with concussion
Remigio‐Baker, R. A., Reid, M., Nelson, A. E., & Kennedy, J. E. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.03.019 · Cited by 1
Suicide Loss and Its Impacts on Mortality, and Mental, Physical, and Social Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Registry-Based Studies
Slimovitch, R., Flesaker, M., Rosellini, A. J., & Gradus, J. L. (2026) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000462 · Cited by 1
The Connection between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide Behavior: What Links Post-traumatic Stress Disorder to Suicide?
Brown, K. L. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1
Choices in Gamification of Therapy for PTSD
Thomsen, D., Rye, J. M., & Ott, T. E. (2016) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0159-6.ch055 · Cited by 1
“While effective treatments for PTSD already exist, Campbell et al. (2007) report that common PTSD complications such as substance abuse, anger, and depression, in addition to mundane barriers such as finding daycare, distance, missing work, and monetary costs, complicate individual patients’…”
Background
Validação do Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) numa Amostra de Militares
Vasconcelos-Raposo, J., Sousa, D. M., & Teixeira, C. M. (2022) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep65.4.13 · Cited by 1
Prevention of posttraumatic stress during inpatient rehabilitation post spinal cord injury: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of Brief Prolonged Exposure Therapy (Brief PE)
Powers, M. B., Douglas, M. E., Driver, S. J., Sikka, S., Hamilton, R. G., Swank, C., Callender, L., Ochoa, C., Bennett, M., Stewart, N., et al. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2022.101030 · Cited by 1
A Warm Water Immersion Intervention for Symptoms of PTSD in Military Veterans: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Benfield, R. D., Dingley, C., Reyes, A. T., Serafica, R. C., & Brown, A. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/08445621241309148 · Cited by 1
“Further complicating the situation, with PTSD and co-morbid depression, a delay in treatment, increases the burden of illness substantially (Brady et al., 2000; Campbell et al., 2007).”
A moral resilience intervention to decrease moral injury severity: an ‘ABA’ single subject design with a rural woman veteran
McDaniel, J. T., Ezigbo, U. G., & Copeland, L. C. R. P. (2025) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2025.2459828 · Cited by 1
Summary and Implications of Findings
Bray, R. M., Hourani, L. L., Williams, J. G., Lane, M. E., & Marsden, M. E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78303-1_7 · Cited by 1
Proximity, Relationship Closeness, and Cognitive Vulnerability: Predicting Enduring Depressive Reactions to a College Campus Tragedy
Pfeifer, B. J., & Haeffel, G. J. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22078 · Cited by 1
Examining reciprocal influence between posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms among natural disaster survivors
Shigemoto, Y. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.056 · Cited by 2
Physical activity and mental distress among Veteran cancer survivors with heart disease and diabetes
McDaniel, J. T., Davis, J., Anton, P. M., Godfrey, K., Albright, D. L., Thomas, K. H., Fletcher, K. L., & Nuhu, K. (2019) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh.2018-0010 · Cited by 1
Case Reports of Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Based on Psychological Assessments
Kwon, Y., & Noh, E.-A. (2020) · Psychoanalysis · doi:10.18529/psychoanal.2020.31.4.98 · Cited by 1
Género y evaluación de experiencias traumáticas en víctimas de violencia política
Durán, R. E. V. (2010) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.76593 · Cited by 1
PTSD And Depression in Military Members and Recommendations for Program Evaluation of Evidence-Based Practice
McGuigan, H. A. (2013) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Pre-experiencing the future in dysphoria : the role of anticipatory affect
Ranger, G. (2018) · Cited by 1
Yoga Use in Domestic Violence Shelters: Exploring Organizational and Personal Factors Associated with Adopting Yoga as a Complementary Treatment
Abdur-Rahman, F. (2014) · Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University)
"An Unorthodox Enemy": Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder Comorbidity in a Veteran Population
Engel‐Rebitzer, E. (2012) · doi:10.14418/wes01.1.1757
Perspectives on veterans' health and care
Rubin, M. (2012) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Psychosocial Intervention for Co-Existing MDD and PTSD
Todd, K., & Kayla, J. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/51297
“For example, in a multi-site study (N=677), Campbell et al [11] reported 36% of patients met criteria for PTSD and Major Depression.”
Background
Decision Making Skills Among Individuals with Disorders of Affect Regulation
Osterman, C. K. (2011) · doi:10.14418/wes01.1.666
“(Campbell et al., 2007). Fava et al. (2002) assessed 378 depressed outpatients before and after antidepressant treatment and found that prior to treatment, the most common co-morbid disorders were obsessive-compulsive disorder (30%), avoidant personality”
Background
SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Panagioti, M. (2011) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)

Authors: Campbell, D. G., Felker, B. L., Liu, C.-F., Yano, E. M., Kirchner, J. E., Chan, D., Rubenstein, L. V., & Chaney, E. F.
Affiliations: Health Services Research & Development (US)
University of Washington (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System (US)
RAND Corporation (US)
Corresponding author: Campbell, Duncan G.
ORCID: Campbell, Duncan G.
Felker, Bradford L.
Yano, Elizabeth M.
Kirchner, JoAnn E.
Rubenstein, Lisa V.
Chaney, Edmund F.
Venue: Journal of General Internal Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2007-01-24
Volume: 22
Issue: 6
Pages: 711-718
ISSN: 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
1525-1497
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-006-0101-4
PMC: PMC2219856
OpenAlex: W2030974975
Cited by: 458
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 10.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Pfizer
RAND Corporation
Health Services Research and Development
University of Washington
University of Montana
University of California, Los Angeles
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD prevalence, comorbidities, military veterans, primary care, collaborative care, suicidal ideation, social support, PHQ-9, PTSD screening, treatment response
MeSH terms: Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Practice Guidelines as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Prevalence of Depression–PTSD Comorbidity: Implications for Clinical Practice Guidelines and Primary Care-based Interventions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks