Short- vs long-course antibiotic therapy for pneumonia: a comparison of systematic reviews and guidelines for the SIMI choosing wisely campaign
Abstract
Reduction of the inappropriate use of antibiotics in clinical practice is one of the main goals of the Società Italiana di Medicina Interna (SIMI) choosing wisely campaign. We conducted a systematic review of secondary studies (systematic reviews and guidelines) to verify what evidence is available on the duration of antibiotic treatment in Pneumonia. A literature systematic search was performed to identify all systematic reviews and the three most cited and recent guidelines that address the duration of antibiotic therapy in pneumonia. Moreover, a meta-analysis of non-duplicate data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) considered in the enrolled systematic reviews was performed together with a trial sequential analysis to identify the need for further studies. Two systematic reviews on antibiotic duration in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) for a total of 17 RCTs (2764 patients) were enrolled in our study. Meta-analysis of non-duplicate RCTs show a non-significant difference in rate of treatment failure between short (≤ 7 days) and long (> 7 days) antibiotic treatment course: RR 1.05 (95% CI, 0.82-1.36). The trial sequential analysis suggests that further data would not affect current evidence or become clinically relevant. Selected guidelines suggest consideration of a short course, with a low grade of evidence and without citing the already published systematic reviews. Antibiotic treatment of CAP for ≤ 7 days is not associated with a higher rate of treatment failure than longer courses and should thus be taken in consideration. Guidelines should upgrade the evidence on this topic.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Abbreviated β-lactam courses (typically 3-5 days) can achieve comparable cure rates to longer regimens while reducing microbiome disruption and minimizing adverse effects.
“Evidence from controlled trials and real-world data consistently demonstrates that abbreviated β-lactam courses (typically 3-5 days) can achieve comparable cure rates to longer regimens while reducing microbiome disruption and minimizing adverse effects [16-18].”
From Clinical Outcomes and Real-World Effectiveness of Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid Across Indian Healthcare Settings: A Retrospective Multicenter Study (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Cites
Mandell, L. A., Wunderink, R. G., Anzueto, A., Bartlett, J. G., Campbell, G. D., Dean, N. C., Dowell, S. F., File, T. M., Musher, D. M., Niederman, M. S., et al. (2007) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/511159 · Cited by 6,182 · see citing works
Practical Statistics for Medical Research.
Bartko, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (1992) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290246 · Cited by 4,834 · see citing works
Kalil, A. C., Metersky, M. L., Klompas, M., Muscedere, J., Sweeney, D. A., Palmer, L. B., Napolitano, L. M., O'Grady, N. P., Bartlett, J. G., Carratalà, J., et al. (2016) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciw353 · Cited by 3,892 · see citing works
Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance
(2015) · Microbe Magazine · doi:10.1128/microbe.10.354.1 · Cited by 2,266 · see citing works
Inadequate Antimicrobial Treatment of Infections
Kollef, M. H., Sherman, G., Ward, S., & Fraser, V. J. (1999) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.115.2.462 · Cited by 1,805 · see citing works
BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009
Lim, W. S., Baudouin, S., George, R. C., Hill, A. T., Jamieson, C., Jeune, I. L., Macfarlane, J. T., Read, R. C., Roberts, H. J., Levy, M. L., et al. (2009) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2009.121434 · Cited by 1,417 · see citing works
Torres, A., Niederman, M. S., Chastre, J., Ewig, S., Fernandez-Vandellos, P., Hanberger, H., Kollef, M., Li Bassi, G., Luna, C. M., Martin-Loeches, I., et al. (2017) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00582-2017 · Cited by 1,387 · see citing works
Chastre, J., Wolff, M., Fagon, J.-Y., Chevret, S., Thomas, F., Wermert, D., Clementi, E., Gonzalez, J., Jusserand, D., Asfar, P., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.19.2588 · Cited by 1,376 · see citing works
Trial Sequential Analysis in systematic reviews with meta-analysis
Wetterslev, J., Jakobsen, J. C., & Gluud, C. N. (2017) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-017-0315-7 · Cited by 1,201 · see citing works
Bouadma, L., Luyt, C.-E., Tubach, F., Cracco, C., Alvarez, A., Schwebel, C., Schortgen, F., Lasocki, S., Veber, B., Dehoux, M., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61879-1 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
Singh, N., ROGERS, P., Atwood, C. W., Wagener, M. M., & Yu, V. L. (2000) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.162.2.9909095 · Cited by 1,020 · see citing works
Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections - Full version
Woodhead, M. A., Blasi, F., Ewig, S., Garau, J., Huchon, G., Ieven, M. M., Örtqvist, Å., Schaberg, T., Torres, A., van der Heijden, G. J. M. G., et al. (2011) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03672.x · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Schüetz, P., Christ‐Crain, M., Thomann, R., Falconnier, C., Wolbers, M., Suter‐Widmer, I., Neidert, S., Fricker, T., Blum, C. A., Schild, U., et al. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1297 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Procalcitonin Guidance of Antibiotic Therapy in Community-acquired Pneumonia
Christ‐Crain, M., Stolz, D., Bingisser, R. M., Mueller, C. E., Miedinger, D., Huber, P., Zimmerli, W., Harbarth, S., Tamm, M., & Müller-Stich, B. P. (2006) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200512-1922oc · Cited by 880 · see citing works
The cost of treating community-acquired pneumonia
Niederman, M. S., McCombs, J. S., Unger, A. N., Kumar, A., & Popovian, R. (1998) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(98)80144-6 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Luna, C. M., Blanzaco, D. U., Niederman, M. S., Mattarucco, W. J., Baredes, N., Desmery, P. M., Pálizas, F., Menga, G., Ríos, F., & Apezteguía, C. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000055380.86458.1e · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia
Ibrahim, E. H., Ward, S., Sherman, G., Schaiff, R., Fraser, V. J., & Kollef, M. H. (2001) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200106000-00003 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Inflammatory Markers at Hospital Discharge Predict Subsequent Mortality after Pneumonia and Sepsis
Yende, S., D'Angelo, G., Kellum, J. A., Weissfeld, L., Fine, J., Welch, R. D., Kong, L., Carter, M., & Angus, D. C. (2008) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200712-1777oc · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Vital signs: improving antibiotic use among hospitalized patients.
Fridkin, S. K., Baggs, J. M., Fagan, R. P., Magill, S. S., Pollack, L. A., Malpiedi, P. J., Slayton, R. B., Khader, K., Rubin, M. A., Jones, M., et al. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Prevalence of Antimicrobial Use in US Acute Care Hospitals, May-September 2011
Magill, S. S., Edwards, J. R., Beldavs, Z. G., Dumyati, G. K., Janelle, S. J., Kainer, M. A., Lynfield, R., Nadle, J., Neuhauser, M. M., Ray, S. M., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.12923 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Dennesen, P., van der VEN, A. J. A. M., Kessels, A. G. H., Ramsay, G., & Bonten, M. J. M. (2001) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.6.2007020 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
el Moussaoui, R., de Borgie, C. A. J. M., van den Broek, P., Hustinx, W. N. M., Bresser, P., van den Berk, G. E. L., Poley, J., van den Berg, B., Krouwels, F. H., Bonten, M. J. M., et al. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7554.1355 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
High‐Dose, Short‐Course Levofloxacin for Community‐Acquired Pneumonia: A New Treatment Paradigm
Dunbar, L. M., Wunderink, R. G., Habib, M. P., Smith, L. G., Tennenberg, A. M., Khashab, M. M., Wiesinger, B. A., Xiang, J. X., Zadeikis, N., & Kahn, J. B. (2003) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/377539 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Micek, S. T., Ward, S., Fraser, V. J., & Kollef, M. H. (2004) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.125.5.1791 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Pugh, R., Grant, C., Cooke, R. P., & Dempsey, G. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007577.pub3 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Rotstein, C., Evans, G. A., Born, A., Grossman, R. F., Light, R. B., Magder, S. A., McTaggart, B., Weiss, K., & Zhanel, G. G. (2007) · Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1155/2008/593289 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Atlas, S. J., Benzer, T. I., Borowsky, L. H., Chang, Y., Burnham, D. C., Metlay, J. P., Halm, E. A., & Singer, D. E. (1998) · PubMed · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.12.1350 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Early Switch From Intravenous to Oral Antibiotics and Early Hospital Discharge
Ramírez, J. A., Vargas, S. L., Ritter, G. W., Brier, M. E., Wright, A., Smith, S. G., Newman, D. M., Burke, J. M., Mushtaq, M., & Huang, A. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.20.2449 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
How Evidence-Based Are the Recommendations in Evidence-Based Guidelines?
McAlister, F. A., van Diepen, S., Padwal, R. S., Johnson, J. A., & Majumdar, S. R. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040250 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Surviving Sepsis — Practice Guidelines, Marketing Campaigns, and Eli Lilly
Eichacker, P. Q., Natanson, C., & Danner, R. L. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp068197 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Burgers, J. S., Bailey, J., Klazinga, N., van der Bij, A. K., Grol, R. P. T. M., & Feder, G. S. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.11.1933 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Oosterheert, J. J., Bonten, M. J. M., Schneider, M. M. E., Buskens, E., Lammers, J. J., Hustinx, W. N. M., Kramer, M. H. H., Prins, J. M., Slee, P. H. T. J., Kaasjager, K. A. H., et al. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38993.560984.be · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Efficacy of Short-Course Antibiotic Regimens for Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Meta-analysis
Li, J. Z., Winston, L. G., Moore, D. H., & Bent, S. (2007) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.04.023 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Agarwal, G. G., Awasthi, S., Kabra, S. K., Kaul, A., Singhi, S., & Walter, S. D. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38049.490255.de · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Short- versus Long-Course Antibacterial Therapy for Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis
Dimopoulos, G., Matthaiou, D. K., Karageorgopoulos, D. E., Grammatikos, A. P., Athanassa, Z., & Falagas, M. E. (2008) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200868130-00004 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Jasti, H., Mortensen, E. M., Obrosky, D. S., Kapoor, W. N., & Fine, M. J. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/526526 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Short- vs Long-Duration Antibiotic Regimens for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Dimοpoulos, G., Poulakou, G., Pneumatikos, I. A., Armaganidis, A., Kollef, M. H., & Matthaiou, D. K. (2013) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.13-0076 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Ramírez, J. A. (1995) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.00430120050006 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Oral Administration of Antibiotics: A Rational Alternative to the Parenteral Route
MacGregor, R. R., & Graziani, A. L. (1997) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/24.3.457 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Capellier, G., Mockly-Postal, H., Charpentier, C., Annane, D., Blasco, G., Desmettre, T., Roch, A., Faisy, C., Cousson, J., Limat, S., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041290 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Tellier, G. (2004) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkh356 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ramírez, J. A., & Bordón, J. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.6.848 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Castro-Guardiola, A., Viejo-Rodrı́guez, A.-L., Soler-Simon, S., Armengou-Arxé, A., Peñarroja, G., & García-Bragado, F. (2001) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00868-3 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
O’Doherty, B., & Muller, O. (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s100960050201 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Comparison of azithromycin and erythromycin in the treatment of atypical pneumonias
Schönwald, S., Gunjača, M., KOLACNY-BABIC, L., Car, V., & Gosev, M. (1990) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/25.suppl_a.123 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Azithromycin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bacterial pneumonia
Kinasewitz, G. T., & Wood, R. G. (1991) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/bf01975846 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Bohte, R., Wout, J. W. V. ’., Lobatto, S., Alblas, A. B. V. O., Boekhout, M., Nauta, E. H., Hermans, J., & van den Broek, P. J. (1995) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/bf02310353 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Comparison of three-day and five-day courses of azithromycin in the treatment of atypical pneumonia
Schönwald, S., Škerk, V., Petricević, I., Car, V., Majerus-Misić, L., & Gunjača, M. (1991) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/bf01975847 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Efficacy of a three day course of azithromycin in moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia
Rizzato, G., Montemurro, L. A., Fraioli, P., Montanari, G., Fanti, D., Pozzoli, R., & Magliano, E. (1995) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.95.08030398 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Léophonte, P., File, T. M., & Feldman, C. H. (2004) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2004.04.007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
File, T. M., Mandell, L. A., Tillotson, G. S., Kostov, K., & Georgiev, O. B. (2007) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkm119 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Siegel, R. E., Alicea, M., Lee, A. M., & Blaiklock, R. G. (1999) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/00045391-199907000-00007 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Sparfloxacin versus clarithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia
Ramírez, J. A., Unowsky, J., Talbot, G. H., Zhang, H., & Townsend, L. (1999) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(00)88271-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Declining Length of Hospital Stay for Pneumonia and Postdischarge Outcomes
Capelastegui, A., España, P. P., Quintana, J. M., Gallarreta, M., Gorordo, I., Esteban, C., Urrutia, I., & Bilbao, A. (2008) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.05.010 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sequential Antibiotic Therapy: Effective Cost Management and Patient Care
Mandell, L. A., Bergeron, M. G., Gribble, M. J., Jewesson, P. J., Low, D. E., Marrie, T. J., & Nicolle, L. E. (1995) · Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1155/1995/165848 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lee, R. W. W., & LINDSTROM, S. T. (2006) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00931.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Three-day Azithromycin Compared with Ten-day Roxithromycin Treatment of Atypical Pneumonia
Schönwald, S., Baršlc, B., Klinar, I., & Gunjača, M. (1994) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365549409008639 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hassen, M. F., Ayed, S., Ali, H. B. S., Gharbi, R., Marghli, S., & Elatrous, S. (2008) · Annales Françaises d Anesthésie et de Réanimation · doi:10.1016/j.annfar.2008.10.021 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
In-Hospital Observation After Antibiotic Switch in Pneumonia: A National Evaluation
Nathan, R. V., Rhew, D. C., Murray, C. K., Bratzler, D. W., Houck, P. M., & Weingarten, S. R. (2006) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.012 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sequential Therapy With Cefuroxime Followed by Cefuroxime Axetil in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
den Brande, P. V., Vondra, V., Vogel, F., Schlaeffer, F., Staley, H., & Holmes, C. (1997) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.112.2.406 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Azithromycin versus comparative therapy for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia
Rahav, G., Fidel, J., Gibor, Y., & Shapiro, M. (2004) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.01.011 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Marras, T. K., Nopmaneejumruslers, C., & Chan, C. K. N. (2004) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.11.013 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sequential Switch Therapy for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Nathwani, D. (1998) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.113.3_supplement.211s · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sopena, N., Martínez-Vázquez, C., Rodríguez-Suárez, J., Segura, F., Valencia, Á. G., & Sabrià, M. (2004) · Journal of Chemotherapy · doi:10.1179/joc.2004.16.1.102 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
van der Eerden, M. M., de Graaff, C. S., Vlaspolder, F., BRONSVELD, W., Jansen, H. M., & Boersma, W. G. (2004) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(04)90028-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Italian Society of Internal Medicine choosing wisely campaign
Montano, N., Costantino, G., Casazza, G., Sbrojavacca, R., Lenti, M. V., Falsetti, L., Guzzo, A. S., MAJO, R., Perticone, F., & Corazza, G. R. (2016) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-016-1560-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationShindo, Y., Sato, S., Maruyama, E., Ohashi, T., Ogawa, M., Imaizumi, K., & Hasegawa, Y. (2008) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1343 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
[Azithromycin versus josamycin: treatment of 89 cases of acute pneumonia].
Aprim, Brion, J. P., Sédallian, A., Noc, P. L., Briffod, J., & Micoud, M. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Furukawa, Y., Luo, Y., Funada, S., Ōnishi, A., Ostinelli, E. G., Hamza, T., Furukawa, T. A., & Kataoka, Y. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061023 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Erba, L., Furlan, L., Monti, A., Marsala, E., Cernuschi, G., Solbiati, M., Bracco, C., Bandini, G., Meli, M. P., Casazza, G., et al. (2020) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02401-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationCostantino, G., Furlan, L., Bracco, C., Cappellini, M. D., Casazza, G., Nunziata, V., Cogliati, C. B., Fracanzani, A. L., Furlan, R., Gambassi, G., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2021.07.008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationDuration of Antimicrobial Treatment in Adult Patients with Pneumonia: A Narrative Review
Dimopoulou, D., Moschopoulos, C. D., Dimopoulou, K., Dimopoulou, A., Berikopoulou, M. M., Andrianakis, I. A., Tsiodras, S., Kotanidou, Α., & Fragkou, P. C. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13111078 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Johansen, E., Nielsen, H. I., Gillespie, D., Aabenhus, R. M., & Hansen, M. P. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08477-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Agarwal, A., Gao, Y., Lozano, L. E. C., Asif, S., Bakaa, L., Ghadimi, M., Basmaji, J., Das, A., Loeb, M. B., & Guyatt, G. H. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062428 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Raju, A., Kakar, A., Bhagat, D. K., Behera, S. K., Pathak, R., & Pal, S. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.104282
Sellarès-Nadal, J., Burgos, J., Martín-Gómez, M. T., Herrero, D. R., Sánchez‐Montalvá, A., & Falcó, V. (2024) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2024.04.018
- Authors
- Furlan, L., Erba, L., Trombetta, L., Sacco, R., Colombo, G., Casazza, G., Solbiati, M., Montano, N., Marta, C., Sbrojavacca, R., Perticone, F., Corazza, G. R., & Costantino, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IT)
- University of Udine (IT)
- Magna Graecia University (IT)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Furlan, Ludovico
- ORCID
- Venue
- Internal and Emergency Medicine
- Published
- 2018-10-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 377-394
- ISSN
- 1828-0447 (ISSN-L)
- 1970-9366
- OpenAlex
- W4235904507
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Internal and Emergency Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Thoracic Society
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare cost, quality, practices
- Keywords
- community-acquired pneumonia, antibiotic duration, short-course antibiotic therapy, Choosing Wisely, inappropriate antibiotic use, treatment failure, trial sequential analysis
- MeSH terms
- Antimicrobial Stewardship, Administration, Oral, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Humans, Pneumonia, Time Factors, Administration, Intravenous
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
