Cited by 236Fatty Acid Research and HealthAquaculture Nutrition and GrowthEdible Oils Quality and Analysis

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Incorporation of n‐3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions, and erythrocyte membranes and platelets during dietary supplementation with fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid‐rich oil among healthy young men

Vidgren, Helvi M., Ågren, Jyrki J., Schwab, Ursula, Rissanen, Tiina, Hänninen, Osmo, Uusitupa, Matti I. J.·1997·Lipids

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Abstract

The effects of n‐3 fatty acid supplementation in the form of fresh fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oil on the fatty acid composition of plasma lipid fractions, and platelets and erythrocyte membranes of young healthy male students were examined. Altogether 59 subjects (aged 19–32 yr, body mass index 16.8–31.3 kg/m 2) were randomized into the following diet groups: (i) control group; (ii) fish diet group eating fish meals five times per week [0.38±0.04 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 0.67±0.09 g DHA per day]; (iii) DHA oil group taking algae‐derived DHA oil capsules (1.68 g/d DHA oil group taking algae‐derived DHA oil capsules (1.68 g/d DHA in triglyceride form); and (iv) fish oil group (1.33 g EPA and 0.95 g DHA/d as free fatty acids) for 14 wk. The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, platelets, and erythrocyte membranes was analyzed by gas chromatography. The subjects kept 4‐d food records four times during the study to estimate the intake of nutrients. In the fish diet, in DHA oil, and in fish oil groups, the amounts of n‐3 fatty acids increased and those of n‐6 fatty acids decreased significantly in plasma lipid fractions and in platelets and erythrocyte membranes. A positive relationship was shown between the total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and EPA and DHA intake and the increase in total n‐3 PUFA and EPA and DHA in all lipid fractions analyzed. DHA was preferentially incorporated into phospholipid (PL) and triglyceride (TG) and there was very little uptake in cholesterol ester (CE), while EPA was preferentially incorporated into PL and CE. The proportion of EPA in plasma lipids and platelets and erythrocyte membranes increased also by DHA supplementation, and the proportion of linoleic acid increased in platelets and erythrocyte membranes in the DHA oil group as well. These results suggest retroconversion of DHA to EPA and that DHA also interferes with linoleic acid metabolism.

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Dyall, S. C., & Plourde, M. (2025) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2025.101356 · Cited by 12
Individual Fatty Acids in Cardiometabolic Disease
Chowdhury, R., Steur, M., Patel, P. S., & Franco, O. H. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-63067-036-8.00010-x · Cited by 13
Long-term effects of abomasal infusion of linoleic and linolenic acids on the enrichment of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions of lactating cows
Neto, J. M. D. S., Worden, L. C., Boerman, J. P., Bradley, C. M., & Lock, A. L. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2024-24907 · Cited by 10
“…to 22:6n-3 is very inefficient and may be attributed to one or some of the remaining steps: elongation to 24:5n-3, desaturation to 24:6n-3 (both occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum), oxidation to 22:6n-3 or even retro conversion, both in peroxisomes (Vidgren et al., 1997; Sprecher et al., 1999).”
Background
The Effect of Dietary Fish Oil in addition to Lifestyle Counselling on Lipid Oxidation and Body Composition in Slightly Overweight Teenage Boys
Pedersen, M. H., Mølgaard, C., Hellgren, L. I., Matthiessen, J., Holst, J. J., & Lauritzen, L. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2011/348368 · Cited by 10
Butter Blend Containing Fish Oil Improves the Level of n-3 Fatty Acids in Biological Tissues of Hamster
Porsgaard, T., Overgaard, A. J., Krogh, A. L., Jensen, M. B., Guo, Z., & Mu, H. (2007) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf071389d · Cited by 10
Structural and compositional changes in very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerols during basal lipolysis
Ågren, J. J., Ravandi, A., Kuksis, A., & Steiner, G. A. (2002) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03341.x · Cited by 10
“On the other hand, 22:6n-3 is better preserved and its amount is relatively high in plasma and tissue lipids even when dietary supply is low [39].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metabolic fate of DHA from regio- and stereospecific positions of triacylglycerols in a long-term feeding trial in rats
Zhang, Y., Kalpio, M., Tao, L., Haraldsson, G. G., Guðmundsson, H. G., Fang, X., Linderborg, K. M., Zhang, Y., & Yang, B. (2023) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113626 · Cited by 10
A lipidomic analysis approach in patients undergoing lipoprotein apheresis
Schmöcker, C., Kassner, U., Kiesler, S., Bismarck, M., Rothe, M., Steinhagen‐Thiessen, E., & Weylandt, K. H. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.019 · Cited by 9
Uptake and tissue accretion of orally administered free carboxylic acid as compared to ethyl ester form of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the rat
Lindblom, A., Ericsson, C., Hagstedt, T., Kjellstedt, A., Oscarsson, J., & Oakes, N. D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201367 · Cited by 9
Nuclear factor-kB and nitric oxide synthases in red blood cells: good or bad in obesity? A preliminary study
Široká, M., Franco, C., Guľašová, Z., Hertelyová, Z., Tomečková, V., Rodella, L. F., & Rezzani, R. (2020) · European Journal of Histochemistry · doi:10.4081/ejh.2020.3081 · Cited by 9
The Paleo Solution: The Original Human Diet
Wolf, R. (2010) · Cited by 10
Haemostasis in Relation to Dietary Fat as Estimated by Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition: The Prime Study
Scarabin, P., Aillaud, M. F., Luc, G., Lacroix, B., Mennen, L. I., Amouyel, P., Evans, A., Ferrières, J., Arveiler, D., & Juhan-Vague, I. (2001) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/s0049-3848(01)00245-6 · Cited by 9
Assessment of ω-fatty-acid-supplemented human platelets for potential improvement in long-term storage
Krishnamurti, C., Stewart, M. W., Cutting, M. A., & Rothwell, S. W. (2002) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00009-9 · Cited by 8
Positive Association Between DNA Strand Breaks in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Red Blood Cells From Women
Thorlaksdottir, A. Y., Jónsson, J. J., Tryggvadóttír, L., Skúladóttir, G. V., Pétursdóttir, A. L., Ogmundsdottir, H. M., Eyfjord, J. E., & Harðardóttir, I. (2007) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635580701365092 · Cited by 8
Role of the EPA: DHA dosing ratio in omega-3 supplements on blood fatty acid profiles and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Khabir, Z., Abdelhafez, A., Camponovo, F. F., Joyce, P., & Garcia‐Bennett, A. E. (2026) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2026.2615693 · Cited by 9
“…increases both EPA and DHA concentrations, although EPA continues to rise with higher doses whereas DHA plateaus, reflecting their distinct incorporation into lipid pools (Blonk et al. 1990; Vidgren et al. 1997; Arterburn et al. 2006 et al. 2011; Tanaka et al. 2012; Tabilo et al. 2025).”
Promising Functional Lipids for Therapeutic Applications
Paul, D., Dey, T. K., Chakraborty, A., & Dhar, P. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811448-3.00013-9 · Cited by 7
Lipidomics to Assess Omega 3 Bioactivity
Visioli, F. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm4091753 · Cited by 7
“As an example, the former mostly accumulates into phospholipids whereas the latter contributes to cholesterol esters [34].”
Background
Incorporation of lutein and docosahexaenoic acid from dietary microalgae into the retina in quail
Schnebelen, C., Acar, N., Pouillart, P., Thabuis, C., Rodriguez, B., Dépeint, F., Clerc, E., Mathiaud, A., Bourdillon, A., Baert, B., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2014.971227 · Cited by 7
“fish or fish oil consumption in humans (Vidgren et al., 1997), rats (Schnebelen et al.”
Background
Content of Trans Fatty Acids in Human Cheek Epithelium: Comparison with Serum and Adipose Tissue
Abraham, R. A., Bahl, V. K., Parshad, R., Seenu, V., Roy, A., Golandaz, S., Prabhakaran, D., & Ramakrishnan, L. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/276174 · Cited by 7
Pharmacokinetics and Safety Profile of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Tamargo, J. L., & Tamargo, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40458-5_39 · Cited by 7
Maximum immunity effectors: Mechanisms and animal performance limitations ,
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“Thresholds and kinetics of fatty acid replacement in different cellular compartments have been studied extensively in humans [21], rats [22], lambs [23], and chickens [24, 25].”
Background
Dietary docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1β mRNA induction in mouse spleen leukocytes
Watanabe, S., Katagiri, K., Onozaki, K., Hata, N., Misawa, Y., Hamazaki, T., & Okuyama, O. (2000) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1054/plef.2000.0134 · Cited by 6
Nutraceutical Fatty Acid Production in Marine Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
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Urinary Metabolite Profiling to Non-Invasively Monitor the Omega-3 Index: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial in Young Adults
MacIntyre, B. C., Shanmuganathan, M., Klingel, S. L., Kroezen, Z., Helmeczi, E., Seoh, N.-Y., Martinez, V., Chabowski, A., Feng, Z. Z., Britz‐McKibbin, P., et al. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13101071 · Cited by 5
“Similarly, Vidgren et al. [55] showed signiﬁcant reductions in erythrocyte AA content in individuals consuming a ﬁsh oil supplement or eating a ﬁsh diet.”
Background
Potential for Proteomic Approaches in Determining Efficacy Biomarkers Following Administration of Fish Oils Rich in Omega‐3 Fatty Acids
Runau, F., Arshad, A. R., Isherwood, J., Norris, L., Howells, L. M., Metcalfe, M. S., & Dennison, A. R. (2015) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533614567337 · Cited by 5
Body surface area-based omega-3 fatty acids supplementation strongly correlates to blood concentrations in children.
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Effects of High Dietary Levels of Fresh or Oxidised Fish Oil on Performance and Blood Parameters in Female Mink (Mustela vison) During the Winter, Reproduction, Lactation and Early Growth Periods
Damgaard, B. M., Børsting, C. F., Engberg, R. M., & Jensen, S. K. (2003) · Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science · doi:10.1080/09064700310011198 · Cited by 5
“Anaemia caused by oxidised fat is usually explained by disorders in the cell membrane structures, leading to increased fragility of the red blood cells and, consequently, haemolytic anaemia (Chow, 1992; Vidgren et al., 1997).”
Background
Nutritional Supplements and Functional Foods
Das, A., & Sen, C. K. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405870-5.00002-5 · Cited by 5
Sex, Body Mass Index, and APOE4 Increase Plasma Phospholipid–Eicosapentaenoic Acid Response During an ω-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation: A Secondary Analysis
Loukil, I., Aguilera, E. C., Vachon, A., Léveillé, P., & Plourde, M. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.013 · Cited by 7
“This result was expected and similar to that found by Vidgren et al. [21], who examined the concentration of ω -3 FAs within the plasma pools of healthy men, supplemented with ﬁ sh oil containing approximately similar to ω -3 FA dose provided in this study but duration was half that of this study.”
Result
Fetal dependency on maternal fatty acids: a pilot study in human pregnancies using the natural abundance variation of 13 C
Simonato, M., Verlato, G., Visentin, S., Cosmi, E., Sartori, A., Sauer, P. J. J., Correani, A., Cogo, P. E., & Carnielli, V. P. (2024) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114524003222 · Cited by 3
“In line with other studies, (27,28) we found that DHA þ women had higher DHA mol% values in their plasma phospholipids than DHA – women and that the plasma DHA mol% values of the supplemented fetuses had significantly higher DHA mol% values than those belonging to DHA – group.”
Fatty and defatted herring scrap fed to mink (Mustela vison) in the reproduction and nursing periods
Clausen, T. N., Damgaard, B. M., Børsting, C. F., & Hejlesen, C. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/a98-093 · Cited by 4
Bioavailability of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched luncheon meats
Volker, D. H., Weng, X., & Quaggiotto, P. (2005) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1747-0080.2005.00021.x · Cited by 4
Physiological Effects of a Fish Oil Supplement on Captive Juvenile Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
Blair, T. A., Cree, A., Skeaff, C. M., & Grimmond, N. M. (2000) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/316731 · Cited by 4
Nutritional Supplements and Functional Foods
Hänninen, O., & Sen, C. K. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373901-8.00002-0 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Aging, cognitive decline, apolipoprotein E and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism
Plourde, M. (2018) · OCL · doi:10.1051/ocl/2018032 · Cited by 5
“Intake of EPA and DHA from fish normally correlates positively with the concentrations of EPA and DHA in plasma (Vidgren et al., 1997).”
Background
Changes in plasma fatty acids and related biomarkers during transition to an exclusively plant- and fish-based diet in healthy adults
Alshahawy, R. Z., Habachi, N. E., Allam, E. A., Jernerén, F., Refsum, H., & Elshorbagy, A. K. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111306 · Cited by 3
Mechanism of Thrombus Formation in Regard to Diet
Goto, S. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.92382 · Cited by 2
“Moreover, there are several publications indicating the impact of food intake for the lipid component of blood cells [23, 24].”
Background
Plasma fatty acid composition predicts bone mineral accrual from childhood to adolescence: the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study
Lakka, T. A., Heinonen, S., Sallinen, T., Eloranta, A., Laamanen, S. E., Skinner, A. M., Haapala, E. A., Vlachopoulos, D., BARKER, A. R., Rikkonen, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1093/jbmr/zjaf104 · Cited by 2
“41 Moreover, fish intake was not cross-sectionally associated with PL DPA among children at the baseline of our study.”
Self-citation
Sustainable Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Whelan, J., Hardy, R. W., Wilkes, R. S., & Valentin, H. E. (2014) · Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55262-5_7 · Cited by 2
Human Health Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid
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Omega‐3 PUFA in aging
Plourde, M. (2011) · Lipid Technology · doi:10.1002/lite.201100089 · Cited by 1
Lifestyle Modification to Promote Weight Loss in the Absence of Energy Restriction
Buchholz, A. C., Loan, M. V., Whigham, L. D., & Lukaski, H. C. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2011/527290 · Cited by 1

Authors: Vidgren, H. M., Ågren, J. J., Schwab, U., Rissanen, T., Hänninen, O., & Uusitupa, M. I. J.
Affiliations: University of Eastern Finland (FI)
Department of Physiology University of Kuopio Kuopio Finland
Corresponding author: Vidgren, Helvi M.
ORCID: Schwab, Ursula
Rissanen, Tiina
Uusitupa, Matti I. J.
Venue: Lipids
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1997-07
Volume: 32
Issue: 7
Pages: 697-705
ISSN: 0024-4201 (ISSN-L)
1558-9307
DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0089-x
OpenAlex: W2047504901
Cited by: 236
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 4.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Lipids (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Academy of Finland
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
Keywords: omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, fish oil, fish diet, dietary supplementation, erythrocyte membrane, platelets, phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol esters, linoleic acid metabolism, retroconversion, omega-6 fatty acids, young men
MeSH terms: Adult, Animals, Blood Platelets, Cholesterol Esters, Dietary Fats, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Eating, Erythrocyte Membrane, Fatty Acids, Fish Oils, Fishes, Food, Fortified, Humans, Lipids, Male, Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Fatty Acids, Omega-3

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Incorporation of n‐3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions, and erythrocyte membranes and platelets during dietary supplementation with fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid‐rich oil among healthy young men

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