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Incorporation of n‐3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions, and erythrocyte membranes and platelets during dietary supplementation with fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid‐rich oil among healthy young men

Vidgren, Helvi M., Ågren, Jyrki J., Schwab, Ursula, Rissanen, Tiina, Hänninen, Osmo, Uusitupa, Matti I. J.·1997·Lipids

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Abstract

The effects of n‐3 fatty acid supplementation in the form of fresh fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oil on the fatty acid composition of plasma lipid fractions, and platelets and erythrocyte membranes of young healthy male students were examined. Altogether 59 subjects (aged 19–32 yr, body mass index 16.8–31.3 kg/m 2) were randomized into the following diet groups: (i) control group; (ii) fish diet group eating fish meals five times per week [0.38±0.04 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 0.67±0.09 g DHA per day]; (iii) DHA oil group taking algae‐derived DHA oil capsules (1.68 g/d DHA oil group taking algae‐derived DHA oil capsules (1.68 g/d DHA in triglyceride form); and (iv) fish oil group (1.33 g EPA and 0.95 g DHA/d as free fatty acids) for 14 wk. The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, platelets, and erythrocyte membranes was analyzed by gas chromatography. The subjects kept 4‐d food records four times during the study to estimate the intake of nutrients. In the fish diet, in DHA oil, and in fish oil groups, the amounts of n‐3 fatty acids increased and those of n‐6 fatty acids decreased significantly in plasma lipid fractions and in platelets and erythrocyte membranes. A positive relationship was shown between the total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and EPA and DHA intake and the increase in total n‐3 PUFA and EPA and DHA in all lipid fractions analyzed. DHA was preferentially incorporated into phospholipid (PL) and triglyceride (TG) and there was very little uptake in cholesterol ester (CE), while EPA was preferentially incorporated into PL and CE. The proportion of EPA in plasma lipids and platelets and erythrocyte membranes increased also by DHA supplementation, and the proportion of linoleic acid increased in platelets and erythrocyte membranes in the DHA oil group as well. These results suggest retroconversion of DHA to EPA and that DHA also interferes with linoleic acid metabolism.

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“DHA is mainly obtained through fatty fish intake, which is positively correlated with higher plasma or erythrocyte DHA concentration [29,30].”
Background
Algal-oil supplements are a viable alternative to fish-oil supplements in terms of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA)
Ryan, L., & Symington, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.023 · Cited by 69
Genes and Dietary Fatty Acids in Regulation of Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma and Erythrocyte Membranes
Lankinen, M. A., Uusitupa, M. I. J., & Schwab, U. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111785 · Cited by 62
“, retroconversion of DHA to EPA and that DHA also interferes with linoleic acid metabolism [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Improve the Neurolipidome and Restore the DHA Status while Promoting Functional Recovery after Experimental Spinal Cord Injury
Figueroa, J. D., Cordero, K., llán, M. S., & León, M. A. D. (2013) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2718 · Cited by 60
“Figure 7 summarizes the main effects of chronic SCI and diet on the biosynthetic pathway of x -3 and x -6 PUFAs.”
Influential
Anti-inflammatory effects of docosahexaenoic acid: Implications for its cancer chemopreventive potential
Yum, H.-W., Na, H., & Surh, Y. (2016) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.08.004 · Cited by 58
Omega-3 PUFA metabolism and brain modifications during aging
Chappus-McCendie, H., Chevalier, L., Roberge, C., & Plourde, M. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109662 · Cited by 61
Effects of Fish Oil Supplementation on Markers of the Metabolic Syndrome
Pedersen, M. H., Mølgaard, C., Hellgren, L. I., & Lauritzen, L. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.001 · Cited by 58
Volatile oxidation products formed in crude herring oil under accelerated oxidative conditions
Aidos, I., Jacobsen, C., Jensen, B., Luten, J. B., van der Padt, A., & Boom, R. M. (2002) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/1438-9312(200212)104:12 · Cited by 57
Effects of arachidonate-enriched triacylglycerol supplementation on serum fatty acids and platelet aggregation in healthy male subjects with a fish diet
Kusumoto, A., Ishikura, Y., Kawashima, H., Kiso, Y., Takai, S., & Miyazaki, M. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507734566 · Cited by 55
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mitochondria, back to the future
de Oliveira, M. R., Nabavi, S. F., Nabavi, S. M., & Jardim, F. R. (2017) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.019 · Cited by 58
Substances of Interest That Support Glaucoma Therapy
Saccà, S. C., Corazza, P., Gandolfi, S., Ferrari, D., Sukkar, S. G., Iorio, E. L., & Traverso, C. E. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020239 · Cited by 55
“Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients and important structural components of cell membranes and are preferentially incorporated into phospholipids [62].”
Background
Moderate intake of n−3 fatty acids is associated with stable erythrocyte resistance to oxidative stress in hypertriglyceridemic subjects
Mabile, L., Piolot, A., Boulet, L., Fortin, L.-J., Doyle, N. E., Rodríguez, C., Davignon, J., Blache, D., & Lussier‐Cacan, S. (2001) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.4.449 · Cited by 55
Gender-specific inhibition of platelet aggregation following omega-3 fatty acid supplementation
Phang, M., Sinclair, A. J., Lincz, L. F., & Garg, M. L. (2010) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.04.012 · Cited by 54
“However, the underlying anti-aggregatory effects of LCn-3PUFA on platelet function have been more attributable to EPA as it is preferentially incorporated into platelets [18] compared with DHA.”
Background
Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Decreases Remnant-Like Particle-Cholesterol and Increases the (n-3) Index in Hypertriglyceridemic Men
Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., Chung, G. H., & Mackey, B. E. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/138.1.30 · Cited by 51
Apolipoprotein C-III, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and “insulin-resistant” T-455C APOC3 gene polymorphism in heart disease patients: example of gene-diet interaction
Olivieri, O., Martinelli, N., Sandri, M., Bassi, A., Guarini, P., Trabetti, E., Pizzolo, F., Girelli, D., Friso, S., Pignatti, P. F., et al. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.040477 · Cited by 50
“For example, the difference between the lowest and highest tertiles of the erythrocyte n-3 PUFA distribution in our population was 17–18%, whereas in intervention studies the corresponding difference between controls and treatment groups was 300– 400%, depending on the duration and dose of n-3 PUFA supplementation (28…”
Background
Retroconversion is a minor contributor to increases in eicosapentaenoic acid following docosahexaenoic acid feeding as determined by compound specific isotope analysis in rat liver
Metherel, A. H., Chouinard‐Watkins, R., Trépanier, M., Lacombe, R. J. S., & Bazinet, R. P. (2017) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0230-2 · Cited by 51
“Although it is not clear what lipid fraction liver EPA is being incorporated into presently, previous studies have shown that following 14 weeks DHA supplementation in humans plasma EPA concentration increases in the phospholipid fraction with no changes in EPA concentration in plasma triacylglycerols or cholesteryl e…”
Background
Effect of individual fatty acids of ω-6 and ω-3 type on human immune status and role of eicosanoids
Kelley, D. S., & Rudolph, I. L. (2000) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00256-7 · Cited by 50
Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of two oral formulations of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid after multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers
Rusca, A., Stefano, A. F. D. D., Doig, M. V., Scarsi, C., & Perucca, E. (2009) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-008-0605-4 · Cited by 49
“Within limits [17], the increase in plasma and RBC concentration appears to be dose-dependent [14, 18, 19], and the suggestion has been made that a 3-g daily dose of n-3 ethyl ester fatty acids may be an appropriate supplementation in humans, at least with respect to its ability to modify the lipid profile and to inco…”
Relation between stable isotope ratios in human red blood cells and hair: implications for using the nitrogen isotope ratio of hair as a biomarker of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid
Nash, S. H., Kristal, A. R., Boyer, B. B., King, I. B., Metzgar, J. S., & O’Brien, D. M. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28482 · Cited by 48
Role of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatric practice
McNamara, R. K., & Strawn, J. R. (2013) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2012.10.004 · Cited by 51
“Additionally, RBC EPA+DHA composition is positively correlated with blood plasma, platelet, immune cell [30,31], adipose [32,33], breast milk [34], myocardial [35], and brain gray matter [36, 37] EPA+DHA composition.”
Background
Investigating Associations of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lung Function Decline, and Airway Obstruction
Patchen, B., Balte, P., Bartz, T. M., Barr, R. G., Fornage, M., Graff, M., Jacobs, D. R., Kalhan, R., Lemaître, R. N., O’Connor, G. T., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202301-0074oc · Cited by 49
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiac surgery patients: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Langlois, P. L., Hardy, G., & Manzanares, W. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.05.013 · Cited by 48
Dose-Dependent Consumption of Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Increases Plasma Phospholipid n-3 Fatty Acids Differentially
Raatz, S. K., Rosenberger, T. A., Johnson, L. K., Wolters, W. W., Burr, G., & Picklo, M. J. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.09.022 · Cited by 46
“A similar response has been observed following consumption of n-3 supplements.(14) Likely, this phenomenon is the summation of multiple physiologic processes.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Biochemistry: Perspectives from Human Nutrition
Innis, S. M. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00147 · Cited by 45
Safety Evaluation of Single Cell Oils and the Regulatory Requirements for Use as Food Ingredients
Ryan, A. S., Zeller, S., & NELSON, E. B. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-893997-73-8.50019-0 · Cited by 46
Dietary Fat in Relation to Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition in Men
Takkunen, M. J., Ågren, J., Kuusisto, J., Laakso, M., Uusitupa, M. I. J., & Schwab, U. (2013) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-013-3832-0 · Cited by 45
“Proportions of FA are varyingly interrelated among blood lipids and changes in them after dietary intervention are to some extent different [1, 3, 4].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Camelina Oil on Porcine Blood Lipids
Eidhin, D. N., Burke, J. I., Lynch, B., & O'Beirne, D. (2003) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb05730.x · Cited by 46
New perspectives on randomized controlled trials with omega-3 fatty acid supplements and cognition: A scoping review
Andriambelo, B., Stiffel, M., Roke, K., & Plourde, M. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101835 · Cited by 49
Mussel Consumption as a “Food First” Approach to Improve Omega-3 Status
Carboni, S., Kaur, G., Pryce, A., McKee, K. A., Desbois, A. P., Dick, J. R., Galloway, S. D. R., & Hamilton, D. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061381 · Cited by 46
“Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids from capsules or an equivalent dose from food leads to very similar changes in omega-3 status [18], but the predominance of fatty acids incorporated into the blood or tissues is dependent upon the predominant fatty acid supplied [16,19].”
Background
Relationship between n-3 and n-6 plasma fatty acid levels and insulin resistance in coronary patients with and without metabolic syndrome
Nigam, A., Frasure‐Smith, N., Lespérance, F., & Julien, P. (2008) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2008.07.008 · Cited by 42
Influence of three rapeseed oil-rich diets, fortified with α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid on the composition and oxidizability of low-density lipoproteins: results of a controlled study in healthy volunteers
Egert, S., Somoza, V., Kannenberg, F., Fobker, M., Krome, K., Erbersdobler, H. F., & Wahrburg, U. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602523 · Cited by 44
“Such a retroconversion has been documented in several supplementation studies with purified DHA (Conquer and Holub, 1996, 1997; Vidgren et al., 1997; Hansen et al., 1998) and in one study of DHA metabolism using [13C]DHA in humans (Brossard et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethod
Use of microencapsulated fish oil as a means of increasing n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake
Higgins, S., Carroll, Y. L., O’Brien, N. M., & Morrissey, P. A. (1999) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-277x.1999.00175.x · Cited by 42
Margarines Fortified with α-Linolenic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, or Docosahexaenoic Acid Alter the Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocytes but Do Not Affect the Antioxidant Status of Healthy Adults
Egert, S., Lindenmeier, M., Harnack, K., Krome, K., Erbersdobler, H. F., Wahrburg, U., & Somoza, V. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.161802 · Cited by 41
Algal supplementation of vegetarian eating patterns improves plasma and serum docosahexaenoic acid concentrations and omega‐3 indices: a systematic literature review
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Different metabolism of EPA, DPA and DHA in humans: A double-blind cross-over study
Guo, X., Tong, W., Ruan, Y., Sinclair, A. J., & Li, D. (2019) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102033 · Cited by 40
A combined subchronic (90-day) toxicity and neurotoxicity study of a single-cell source of docosahexaenoic acid triglyceride (DHASCO® oil)
Arterburn, L. M., Boswell, K. D., Koskelo, E.-K., Kassner, S. L., Kelly, C., & Kyle, D. J. (2000) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00119-2 · Cited by 40
Supplementation with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Effects on lipoxygenase activity and clinical symptoms of pruritus in hemodialysis patients
Begum, R., Belury, M. A., Burgess, J. R., & Peck, L. W. (2004) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2004.07.010 · Cited by 38
Phospholipids from herring roe improve plasma lipids and glucose tolerance in healthy, young adults
Bjørndal, B., Strand, E., Gjerde, J., Bohov, P., Svardal, A. M., Diehl, B. W. K., Innis, S. M., Berger, A., & Berge, R. K. (2014) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-13-82 · Cited by 37
“In line with this, a decrease in DPA after uptake of EPA or DHA has been reported in long-term studies [22,23].”
Background
The effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on bone formation and growth factors in adolescent boys
Damsgaard, C. T., Mølgaard, C., Matthiessen, J., Gyldenløve, S. N., & Lauritzen, L. (2012) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2012.28 · Cited by 37
Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched egg consumption induces accretion of arachidonic acid in erythrocytes of elderly patients
Payet, M., Esmail, M. H., Polichetti, E., Brun, G. L., Adjemout, L., Donnarel, G., Portugal, H., & Piéroni, G. (2004) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041106 · Cited by 34
“The continuous increase in AA concentration is highly intriguing since usually a decrease in AA is associated with an increase in dietary n-3 PUFA (Carlson et al. 1992; Nelson et al. 1997; Vidgren et al. 1997; Wensing et al. 1999).”
Background
Synergistic effect of conjugated linolenic acid isomers against induced oxidative stress, inflammation and erythrocyte membrane disintegrity in rat model
Saha, S. S., Dasgupta, P., Sengupta, S., & Ghosh, M. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.021 · Cited by 35
Dietary supplementation with seed oil from transgenicCamelina sativainduces similar increments in plasma and erythrocyte DHA and EPA to fish oil in healthy humans
West, A. L., Miles, E. A., Lillycrop, K. A., Han, L., Napier, J. A., Calder, P. C., & Burdge, G. C. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520002044 · Cited by 35
“EPA has also been shown to be incorporated preferentially into phospholipids and CE, while DHA was incorporated predominately into phospholipid and TAG(26).”
Background

Authors: Vidgren, H. M., Ågren, J. J., Schwab, U., Rissanen, T., Hänninen, O., & Uusitupa, M. I. J.
Affiliations: University of Eastern Finland (FI)
Department of Physiology University of Kuopio Kuopio Finland
Corresponding author: Vidgren, Helvi M.
ORCID: Schwab, Ursula
Rissanen, Tiina
Uusitupa, Matti I. J.
Venue: Lipids
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1997-07
Volume: 32
Issue: 7
Pages: 697-705
ISSN: 0024-4201 (ISSN-L)
1558-9307
DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0089-x
OpenAlex: W2047504901
Cited by: 236
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 4.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Lipids (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Academy of Finland
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
Keywords: omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, fish oil, fish diet, dietary supplementation, erythrocyte membrane, platelets, phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol esters, linoleic acid metabolism, retroconversion, omega-6 fatty acids, young men
MeSH terms: Adult, Animals, Blood Platelets, Cholesterol Esters, Dietary Fats, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Eating, Erythrocyte Membrane, Fatty Acids, Fish Oils, Fishes, Food, Fortified, Humans, Lipids, Male, Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Fatty Acids, Omega-3

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Incorporation of n‐3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions, and erythrocyte membranes and platelets during dietary supplementation with fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid‐rich oil among healthy young men

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