Novel Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Weight Loss for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Ketogenic Diet, Intermittent Fasting, and Bariatric Surgery
Abstract
Purpose of review Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly associated with obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction. This review will focus on three novel therapies that have been identified for potential treatment of obesity and its associated CVD risk factors.Recent findings Intermittent fasting (IF) studies in animal models have shown improvements in cardiometabolic factors, including improved glucose metabolism, reduced inflammation, and reduced blood pressure. However, there is still a lack of prospective human trials to support results from animal-based studies and observational data. Studies of ketogenic diets in humans have produced mixed effects in CVD risk factors. It has been shown that the ketogenic diet (KD) increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but decreases triglycerides. Additionally, implementation of KD in rodent studies have demonstrated increased insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Bariatric surgery is a useful tool to help patients with obesity lose significant amounts of weight while alleviating CVD risk factors such as hypertension, LDL-C levels, triglyceride levels, and diabetes. The type of procedure influences degree of improvement in weight and CVD risk factors, yet complications remain possible. IF and bariatric surgery offer potential for weight loss and treatment of CVD risk factors. Negative cardiovascular effects of KD have been noted and should be considered before recommending this diet to patients, particularly those with established cardiovascular disease.
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Weight loss induced by ketogenic diet is relatively modest and appears comparable to other dietary interventions effective for short-term weight loss, such as intermittent fasting and Mediterranean diet.
“Furthermore, weight loss induced by KD is relatively modest and appears comparable to other dietary interventions that are effective for short-term weight loss, e.g., intermittent fastingand Mediterranean diet [55–57].”
From Effects of ketogenic diet on health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Becker, A., Gaballa, D., Roslin, M., Gianos, E., & Kane, J.
- Affiliations
- Lenox Hill Hospital (US)
- Hofstra University (US)
- Northwell Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kane, Jamie
- Venue
- Current Cardiology Reports
- Published
- 2021-06-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 85-85
- ISSN
- 1523-3782 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-3170
- OpenAlex
- W3164922400
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Cardiology Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, bariatric surgery, weight loss, cardiovascular disease prevention, obesity, cardiometabolic dysfunction, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, diabetes mellitus
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Fasting, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Weight Loss, Bariatric Surgery, Diet, Ketogenic
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