Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in HIV

Nix, Linda M.; Tien, Phyllis C.

doi:10.1007/s11904-014-0219-7

Cited by 96HIV-related health complications and treatmentsDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsHormonal and reproductive studies

Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in HIV

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Nix, Linda M., Tien, Phyllis C.·2014·Current HIV/AIDS Reports

DOI 10.1007/s11904-014-0219-7PMC PMC4138538

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Abstract

HIV infection and its treatment have been associated with adipose tissue changes and disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism. The proportion of HIV-infected adults over the age of 50 is also growing placing HIV-infected adults at particular risk for metabolic perturbations and cardiovascular disease. The metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected adults has been increasingly studied but whether HIV is associated with greater risk remains unclear, likely because of the interplay of host, viral and antiretroviral factors that are associated with the components of the metabolic syndrome. The relationship between HIV and diabetes mellitus (DM) risk has also been debated. While the Framingham Risk Score is a well-accepted measure of 10-year cardiovascular risk in the general population, it may not accurately predict risk in the HIV setting due to HIV-related factors such as inflammation that are not accounted for. We summarize the recent literature on metabolic syndrome, DM, and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected adults.

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Obesity, hyperlipidemia, and systemic hypertension are common risk factors for Group I PAH as well as Group II PH and are also a feature of HIV infection.
“For example, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and systemic hypertension are common risk factors for Group I PAH as well as Group II (secondary to left-sided heart failure or PH-heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF)[12,15,16], and are also a feature of HIV infection[17,18].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [17]

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Serraino, D., Bruzzone, S., Zucchetto, A., Suligoi, B., Paoli, A. D., Pennazza, S., Camoni, L., Maso, L. D., Paoli, P. D., & Rezza, G. (2010) · AIDS Research and Therapy · doi:10.1186/1742-6405-7-11 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

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What do drug transporters really do?
Nigám, S. K. (2014) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4461 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
HIV infection and coronary heart disease: mechanisms and management
Hsue, P. Y., & Waters, D. D. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0219-9 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health
Koch, C. D., Gladwin, M. T., Freeman, B. A., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Morris, A. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Update on Diabetes Classification
Thomas, C. C., & Philipson, L. H. (2014) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.015 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
HIV effects on age-associated neurocognitive dysfunction: premature cognitive aging or neurodegenerative disease?
Cohen, R. A., Seider, T. R., & Navia, B. (2015) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0123-4 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Fatty liver is associated with an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease - Evidence from three different disease models: NAFLD, HCV and HIV
Lonardo, A., Ballestri, S., Guaraldi, G., Nascimbeni, F., Romagnoli, D., Zona, S., & Targher, G. (2016) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i44.9674 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease diagnosed by transient elastography with controlled attenuation parameter in unselected HIV monoinfected patients
Vuille‐Lessard, É., Lebouché, B., Lennox, L., Routy, J., Costiniuk, C. T., Pexos, C., Giannakis, A., Szabo, J., Klein, M. B., & Sebastiani, G. (2016) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001241 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Complexities of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in the Context of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy
Li, X., Armstrong, A., Neff, C. P., Shaffer, M., Lozupone, C., & Palmer, B. E. (2016) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.363 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Contemporary issues and new challenges in chronic kidney disease amongst people living with HIV
Heron, J. E., Bagnis, C. I., & Gracey, D. M. (2020) · AIDS Research and Therapy · doi:10.1186/s12981-020-00266-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus with HIV infection in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Prioreschi, A., Munthali, R. J., Soepnel, L. M., Goldstein, J. A., Micklesfield, L. K., Aronoff, D. M., & Norris, S. A. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013953 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Aging with HIV in the ART era
Kaplan‐Lewis, E., Aberg, J. A., & Lee, M.-K. (2017) · Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2017.04.002 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Lipid Abnormalities in Persons Living With HIV Infection
Waters, D. D., & Hsue, P. Y. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.11.005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Regulation of Gut Microbiota on Immune Reconstitution in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Geng, S.-T., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y.-X., Lu, D., Yu, J., Zhang, J., Kuang, Y., & Wang, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.594820 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disease in the Setting of HIV Infection
Hsue, P. Y. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.12.024 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Changes in intestinal microbiota in HIV-1-infected subjects following cART initiation: influence of CD4+ T cell count
Ji, Y., Zhang, F., Zhang, R., Shen, Y., Liu, L., Wang, J., Yang, J., Tang, Q., Xun, J., Qi, T., et al. (2018) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0117-y · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Association between the use of protease inhibitors in highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Echecopar-Sabogal, J., D’Angelo-Piaggio, L., Chanamé-Baca, D. M., & Ugarte‐Gil, C. (2017) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462417732226 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
TLR4-Mediated Inflammation Promotes KSHV-Induced Cellular Transformation and Tumorigenesis by Activating the STAT3 Pathway
Gruffaz, M., Vasan, K., Tan, B., da Silva, S. R., & Gao, S. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2321 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Disease in the Setting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Pinto, D. S. M., & Vaz‐da‐Silva, M. (2018) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573403x13666171129170046 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure in Patients With HIV Infection
Savvoulidis, P., Butler, J., & Kalogeropoulos, A. P. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.10.009 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Breast Cancer and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Complex Relationship
Grover, S., Martei, Y. M., Puri, P. M., Prabhakar, P., Mutebi, M. C., Balogun, O., Price, A. J., Freeman, A. H., Narasimhamurthy, M., Rodin, D. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Global Oncology · doi:10.1200/jgo.2016.006585 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effect of daily consumption of extra virgin olive oil on the lipid profile and microbiota of HIV-infected patients over 50 years of age
Olalla, J., Guerrero, J. M. G. D. L., Chueca, N., Pérez-Stachowski, J., de Salazar, A., del Arco, A., Plaza‐Díaz, J., la Torre, J. D., Prada, J. L., García‐Alegría, J., et al. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017528 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease-like perturbations in HIV-mediated neuronal dysfunctions: understanding mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies
Jha, N. K., Sharma, A., Jha, S. K., Ojha, S. K., Chellappan, D. K., Gupta, G., Kesari, K. K., Bhardwaj, S., Shukla, S. D., Tambuwala, M. M., et al. (2020) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.200286 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rate of dyslipidemia higher among women living with HIV: A comparison of metabolic and cardiovascular health in a cohort to study aging in HIV
Russell, E., Albert, A., Côté, H. C. F., Hsieh, A., Nesbitt, A., Campbell, A., Maan, E., Brophy, J. C., Pick, N., & Murray, M. C. M. (2020) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.12843 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mechanisms and primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV
Durstenfeld, M. S., & Hsue, P. Y. (2021) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000681 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
People Living With HIV, Lean Mass, and Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Guimarães, N. S., Raposo, M. A., Greco, D. B., Tupinambás, U., & Premaor, M. O. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2021.03.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-Management of HIV and Diabetes in African American Women: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Literature
Zuniga, J. A., Wright, C., Fordyce, J., Ohueri, C. W., & García, A. A. (2018) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721718794879 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pre-Digested Protein Enteral Nutritional Supplementation Enhances Recovery of CD4+ T Cells and Repair of Intestinal Barrier in HIV-Infected Immunological Non-Responders
Geng, S.-T., Zhang, J., Wang, Y.-X., Xu, Y., Lu, D., Zhang, Z., Gao, J., Wang, K., & Kuang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.757935 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Changes in Body Mass Index Over Time in People With and Without HIV Infection
Lam, J. O., Leyden, W. A., Alexeeff, S., Lea, A. N., Hechter, R. C., Hu, H., Marcus, J. L., Pitts, L., Yuan, Q. H., Towner, W. J., et al. (2024) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad611 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome Components on Lipodystrophy Different Subtypes Associated with HIV
Sacilotto, L. B., Pereira, P. C. M., Manechini, J. P. V., & Papini, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2017/8260867 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Severe dyslipidemia and immune activation in HIV patients with dysglycemia
Jin, C., Ji, S., Xie, T., Höxtermann, S., Fuchs, W., Lu, X., Wu, H., Cheng, L., Skaletz‐Rorowski, A., Brockmeyer, N. H., et al. (2016) · HIV Clinical Trials · doi:10.1080/15284336.2016.1207297 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Association of HIV infection with metabolic syndrome among normal or underweight young adults: evidence from the CHART cohort
Shi, R., Chen, X., Lin, H., Shen, W., Xu, X., Zhu, B., Xu, X., Ding, Y., Wong, F. Y., & He, N. (2020) · BioScience Trends · doi:10.5582/bst.2020.03351 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Stimulating High Impact HIV-Related Cardiovascular Research
Shah, M., Cook, N. L., Wong, R. P., Hsue, P. Y., Ridker, P. M., Currier, J. S., & Shurin, S. B. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.014 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of a Telerehabilitation Program for People Living With HIV
Piraux, E., Reychler, G., Forget, P., Yombi, J. C., & Caty, G. D. (2019) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1097/jnc.0000000000000005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Statins Utilization in Adults With HIV: The Treatment Gap and Predictors of Statin Initiation
Coburn, S. B., Lang, R., Zhang, J., Palella, F. J., Horberg, M. A., Castillo‐Mancilla, J., Gebo, K. A., Galaviz, K. I., Gill, M. J., Silverberg, M. J., et al. (2022) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000003083 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Treatment with a fixed dose combination antiretroviral therapy drug containing tenofovir, emtricitabine and efavirenz is associated with cardioprotection in high calorie diet-induced obese rats
Everson, F., Genis, A., Ogundipe, T. R., Boever, P. D., Goswami, N., Lochner, A., Blackhurst, D., & Strijdom, H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208537 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Triad of the Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease in People Living with HIV? Association Between Risk Factors, HIV Infection, and Use of Antiretroviral Therapy
Zanetti, H. R., Mendes, E. L., Chagas, A. C. P., Douglas, M. O. G., Lopes, L. T. P., Roever, L., Gonçalves, A., & Resende, E. S. (2018) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-018-0727-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Systems Analysis of Gut Microbiome Influence on Metabolic Disease in HIV-Positive and High-Risk Populations
Armstrong, A. J. S., Quinn, K. D., Fouquier, J., Li, S. X., Schneider, J. M., Nusbacher, N. M., Doenges, K., Fiorillo, S. P., Marden, T. J., HIGGINS, J. A., et al. (2021) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.01178-20 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors Are Stronger Related to Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness Than to Presence of Carotid Plaques in People Living With HIV
Blaauw, M. J. T., Berrevoets, M. A. H., Vos, W. A. J. W., Groenendijk, A. L., van Eekeren, L. E., Vadaq, N., Weijers, G., van der Ven, A. J. A. M., Rutten, J. H. W., & Riksen, N. P. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.030606 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Diabetes negatively impacts the ten-year survival rates of people living with HIV
Park, J., Zuniga, J. A., & García, A. A. (2019) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462419857005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in HIV/AIDS patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the central-southern region of the state of Paraná – Brazil
Müller, E. V., & Gimeno, S. G. A. (2019) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232018245.16682017 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Plasma proteomics reveals markers of metabolic stress in HIV infected children with severe acute malnutrition
Gonzales, G. B., Njunge, J. M., Gichuki, B. M., Wen, B., Potani, I., Voskuijl, W. P., Bandsma, R., & Berkley, J. A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68143-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Prediabetes in Patients Infected With HIV
Arafath, S., Campbell, T., Yusuff, J., & Sharma, R. (2018) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds17-0009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rosuvastatin decreases serum inflammatory markers and slows atherosclerosis progression rate in treated HIV-infected patients with metabolic syndrome
Calza, L., Colangeli, V., Borderi, M., Beci, G., Esposito, F., Bon, I., Re, M. C., & Viale, P. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/23744235.2020.1823468 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Possible Crosstalk and Alterations in Gut Bacteriome and Virome in HIV-1 Infection and the Associated Comorbidities Related to Metabolic Disorder
Shrivastav, K., Nasser, H., Ikeda, T., & Nema, V. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17070990 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Distinct Lipidomic Signatures in People Living With HIV: Combined Analysis of ACTG 5260s and MACS/WIHS
Jao, J. K., Balmert, L. C., Sun, S., McComsey, G. A., Brown, T. T., Tien, P. C., Currier, J. S., Stein, J. H., Qiu, Y., LeRoith, D., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab663 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Predicting the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among adults living with HIV/AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A hospital-based study
Woldu, M. A., Minzi, O., Shibeshi, W., Shewaamare, A., & Engidawork, E. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260109 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sex differences in type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence among persons with HIV.
Birabaharan, M., Strunk, A., Kaelber, D. C., Smith, D. M., & Martin, T. (2022) · PubMed · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000003127 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Complement Component 3 Is Associated with Metabolic Comorbidities in Older HIV-Positive Adults
Bryant, A. K., Fazeli, P. L., Letendre, S. L., Ellis, R. J., Potter, M., Burdo, T. H., Singh, K. K., Jeste, D. V., Grant, I., & Moore, D. J. (2015) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2015.0179 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A qualitative exploration of policy interventions to improve the health-related quality of life of people living with HIV AIDS and co-morbidities of hypertension and/or diabetes in Ghana
Owusu, R., Bawua, S. A., Kwarteng, E. B., Baatiema, L., & Nonvignon, J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311994 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
12-week Dolutegravir treatment marginally reduces energy expenditure but does not increase body weight or alter vascular function in a murine model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection
Kress, T. C., Ajala, P., Jordan, C. R., MINTZ, J. D., MacArthur, R. D., Kennard, S., Antonova, G. N., & de Chantemèle, E. J. B. (2024) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2024.107288 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Distinct cord blood C-peptide, adipokine, and lipidomic signatures by in utero HIV exposure
Jao, J. K., Balmert, L. C., Sun, S., Qiu, Y., Kraus, T., Kirmse, B., SPERLING, R. S., Abrams, E. J., Myer, L., Arpadi, S. M., et al. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01705-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
96-week results of a dual therapy with darunavir/ritonavir plus rilpivirine once a day vs triple therapy in patients with suppressed viraemia: virological success and non-HIV related morbidity evaluation
Cristo, V. D., Adorni, F., Maserati, R., Lodi, M. A., Bruno, G., Maggi, P., Volpe, A. R., Vitiello, P., Abeli, C., Bonora, S., et al. (2020) · HIV Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/25787489.2020.1734752 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Breast self-examination and its associated factors among women who attended anti-retroviral therapy clinic in Bahir Dar city administration, North West Ethiopia
Wondie, B., Emiru, A. A., Dagnew, G. W., & Worku, N. K. (2022) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121221124948 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Older Adults
Scott, J. A., & Goetz, M. B. (2016) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2016.02.010 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hyperglycemia and Risk of All-cause Mortality Among People Living With HIV With and Without Tuberculosis Disease in Myanmar (2011–2017)
Kyaw, N. T. T., Satyanarayana, S., Oo, H. N., Kumar, A. M. V., Harries, A. D., Aung, S. T., Kyaw, K. W. Y., Phyo, K. H., Aung, T. K., & Magee, M. J. (2018) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy355 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Metabolic Syndrome and Clinical Management Recommendations
Ge, L.-C., Tian, X., Sun, C., Hu, P., & Yu, M. (2025) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s528870 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Impact of switching from lopinavir/ritonavir to boosted and un-boosted atazanavir on glucose metabolism: the ATAzanavir & GLUcose metabolism (ATAGLU) study
d’Ettorre, G., Ceccarelli, G., Zaccarelli, M., Bartoli, T. A., Bianchi, L., Bellelli, V., Girolamo, G. D., Serafino, S., Giustini, N., Mastroianni, C. M., et al. (2015) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462415590724 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Modern view on the problem of atherosclerosis in HIV-positive people
Alieva, A. M., Sozykin, A., Валерьевна, Л. В., Skripnichenko, E. A., Teplova, N. V., Batov, M. A., Nikitin, A. E., Shnakhova, L. M., Izimarieva, D. V., & Nikitin, I. G. (2022) · Russian Cardiology Bulletin · doi:10.17116/cardiobulletin20221702125 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The impact of diabetes on CD4 recovery in persons with HIV in an urban clinic in the United States
Zuniga, J. A., Easley, K. A., Shenvi, N. V., Nguyen, M. L., & Holstad, M. M. (2017) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462417717650 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Drug therapies for HIV-related metabolic disorders
Lamarca, K., Sarasola, A. G., Vidal, F., & Domingo, P. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2016.1187133 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The association of aspartate transaminase-to-alanine transaminase ratio and metabolic syndrome among HIV patients in Sidama Region, South Ethiopia
Abera, W., Wube, T. B., & Alemayehu, T. (2023) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121231196701 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Pongthananikorn, S., Jantarathaneewat, K., Somnikha, P., Jaturapullarp, S., & Meksawan, K. (2018) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/tin.0000000000000125 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Increased Monocyte Inflammatory Responses to Oxidized LDL Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in HIV-Infected Individuals on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy
Mitchell, B. I., Laws, E. I., Chow, D. C., SahBandar, I. N., Gangcuangco, L. M. A., Shikuma, C. M., & Ndhlovu, L. C. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12101129 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence and risk scores in treated PLWHIV: a cross-sectional preliminary study
Masenga, S. K., Toloka, P., Chiyeñu, K. O. R., Imasiku, I., Mutengo, H., Ulungu, O. N., Mallesu, Z., Mulenga, E., Mutukwa, M., Kamvuma, K. M., et al. (2019) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4183-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Microvascular Function in Aging Among Women Living with HIV
Monsuez, J.-J., Belin, C., & Bouchaud, O. (2016) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-016-0339-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessing Risk of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder
Cummins, D., Waters, D., Aggar, C., & O'Connor, C. C. (2018) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000312 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting the outcome of metabolic syndrome among people living with HIV after antiretroviral therapy in China
Jin, Y., Zhu, J., Chen, Q., Wang, M., Shen, Z., Dong, Y., & Li, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1514823 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Health Condition of HIV Patients: Evaluation of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk
Watanabe, B. T., Araujo, I. B., Filho, H. R. D. M., de Oliveira, D. M., Fernandes, E. V., & Gouvêa-e-Silva, L. F. (2022) · Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.17921/2447-8938.2022v24n4p277-282 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity as a Novel Non-Invasive Biomarker for Metabolic Syndrome Among People Living with HIV
Chen, S., Jiang, Y., Lin, X., Chen, H., Wu, X., Qian, Z., Xu, X., Zhong, H., Peng, J., & Cai, S. (2024) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s452498 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Normal weight obesity is associated with hypercholesterolemia and low muscle mass in persons living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment
Osuna‐Padilla, I. A., Rodríguez‐Moguel, N. C., Aguilar‐Vargas, A., Rodríguez-Aguirre, E., Briceño, O., & Ávila‐Ríos, S. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111515 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome and its risk factors among adults living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: an ambidirectional cohort study
Hamooya, B. M., Bosomprah, S., Masenga, S. K., Mutengo, K. H., Cheelo, C., Siame, L., Simushi, P., Mwakyoma, T., Mudenda, J., Mutale, W., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46235-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Síndrome metabólica em pessoas vivendo com HIV: prevalência e concordância de critérios
Costa, C. R. B., Melo, E. S., de Oliveira, L. B., Moreira, R. S. L., Gir, E., & Reis, R. K. (2021) · Acta Paulista de Enfermagem · doi:10.37689/acta-ape/2021ao00625 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Low Aspartate Aminotransferase/Alanine Aminotransferase Ratio as an Indicator of Metabolic Syndrome Among HIV Patients on Dolutegravir Therapy in Southwestern Uganda
Nzaramba, D., Bagenda, C. N., Mudondo, H., Tumusiime, J., Ssemwanga, E., Muhwezi, D., Lumumba, S. A., Kiconco, R., & Rugera, S. P. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.77166 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efeitos Metabólicos da Terapia Antirretroviral em Mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS
dos Santos, M. A., Müller, E. V., & Martins, C. M. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i1.25409 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Metabolic comorbidities and systemic arterial hypertension: the challenge faced by HIV patients on long-term use of antiretroviral therapy
Mendicino, C., Costa, A. A. M., da Silva, G. J., Braga, L., Rocha, G., Carmo, R., Guimarães, M., & de Pádua, C. A. M. (2022) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.1080/21548331.2022.2030564 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Down regulation of the inverse relationship between parathyroid hormone and irisin in male vitamin D-sufficient HIV patients
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HIV infection and the gut microbiome
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Authors: Nix, L. M., & Tien, P. C.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Tien, Phyllis C.
ORCID: Tien, Phyllis C.
Venue: Current HIV/AIDS Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-07-16
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 271-278
ISSN: 1548-3568 (ISSN-L)
1548-3576
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0219-7
PMC: PMC4138538
OpenAlex: W2090012226
Cited by: 96
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 1.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current HIV/AIDS Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K24AI108516)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK026743)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › HIV-related health complications and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Keywords: HIV infection, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, antiretroviral therapy, adipose tissue, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammation, Framingham risk score
MeSH terms: Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, HIV Infections, Metabolic Syndrome

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