Cited by 187Metabolism and Genetic DisordersLysosomal Storage Disorders ResearchNeurological diseases and metabolism

X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Pathogenesis and Treatment

Engelen, Marc, Kemp, Stephan, Poll-The, Bwee-Tien·2014·Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports

Abstract

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a puzzling inborn error of metabolism with a strikingly heterogeneous clinical spectrum. All patients have mutations in the ABCD1 gene and accumulate very long chain fatty acids in all tissues. Virtually all male X-ALD patients develop adrenocortical insufficiency in childhood and progressive myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy in adulthood. A subset of male patients, however, develops a fatal cerebral demyelinating disease, cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Female patients also develop progressive myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy, but generally at a later age than males. They only very rarely develop adrenocortical insufficiency or cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. This review proposes to simplify the classification of the clinical spectrum of X-ALD and reviews the largely unresolved pathophysiological mechanisms and the current treatment options.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s11910-014-0486-0

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83 of 83 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Identical ABCD1 variants can result in highly diverse clinical phenotypes, suggesting additional factors influence disease expression.

    “Nonetheless, identical variants can result in highly diverse clinical phenotypes, suggesting the presence of additional factors that influence the expression of the disease (13).”
  • AMN has near 100% lifetime penetrance; all male and possibly most female patients will develop at least some symptoms of AMN late in life.

    “It was recently reported that all male and possibly even most female patients will develop at least some symptoms of AMN late in life and thus AMN has a near 100% lifetime penetrance.12,14,23”

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Authors
Engelen, M., Kemp, S., & Poll-The, B.-T.
Affiliations
Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
Venue
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
Published
2014-08-13
Volume
14
Issue
10
Pages
486-486
ISSN
  • 1528-4042 (ISSN-L)
  • 1534-6293
OpenAlex
W2081051956
Cited by
187
References
84
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10
FWCI
1.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Lysosomal Storage Disorders Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
Keywords
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, ABCD1 gene, very long chain fatty acids, inborn errors of metabolism, adrenal insufficiency, cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy, myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, brain demyelination, pathogenesis, treatment options
MeSH terms
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily D, Member 1, Addison Disease, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Humans, Mutation, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, Spinal Cord Diseases, Disease Progression, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters

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