Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 22

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Bone Health in Young Athletes: a Narrative Review of the Recent Literature

Armento, Aubrey, Heronemus, Marc, Truong, Daniel, Swanson, Christine·2023·Current Osteoporosis Reports

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11914-023-00796-5

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 75

  1. McKay CD, Cumming SP, Blake T. Youth sport: friend or foe? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2019;33:141–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2019.01.017. · DOI
  2. Golden NH, Abrams SA; Committee on Nutrition. Optimizing bone health in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2014;134:e1229–43 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2173. · DOI · Paper page
  3. Souza MJD, Nattiv A, Joy E, Misra M, Williams NI, Mallinson RJ, et al. 2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:289–289. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093218. · DOI · Paper page
  4. Nattiv A, De Souza MJ, Koltun KJ, Misra M, Kussman A, Williams NI, et al. The male athlete triad—a consensus statement from the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition part 1: definition and scientific basis. Clin J Sport Med. 2021;31:335–48. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000946. · DOI
  5. Carsen S, Grammatopoulos G, Zaltz I, Ward L, Smit K, Beaulé PE. The effects of physical activity on physeal and skeletal development. JBJS Rev 2021;9(10). doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.21.00060. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.RVW.21.00060. · DOI
  6. Arkin AM, Katz JF. The effects of pressure on epiphyseal growth; the mechanism of plasticity of growing bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1956;38-A:1056–76. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Jaramillo D, Laor T, Zaleske DJ. Indirect trauma to the growth plate: results of MR imaging after epiphyseal and metaphyseal injury in rabbits. Radiology. 1993;187:171–8. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.187.1.8451408. · DOI
  8. Laor T, Wall EJ, Vu LP. Physeal widening in the knee due to stress injury in child athletes. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186:1260–4. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.04.1606. · DOI
  9. Jónasson PS, Ekström L, Hansson H-A, Sansone M, Karlsson J, Swärd L, et al. Cyclical loading causes injury in and around the porcine proximal femoral physeal plate: proposed cause of the development of cam deformity in young athletes. J Exp Orthop. 2015;2:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-015-0022-4. · DOI
  10. Gudelis M, Perez LT, Cabello JT, Leal DM, Monaco M, Sugimoto D. Apophysitis among male youth soccer players at an elite soccer academy over 7 seasons. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10:23259671211065064. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211065063. · DOI
  11. Davis KW. Imaging pediatric sports injuries: lower extremity. Radiol Clin North Am. 2010;48:1213–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2010.07.004. · DOI
  12. Valasek AE, Young JA, Huang L, Singichetti B, Yang J. Age and sex differences in overuse injuries presenting to pediatric sports medicine clinics. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2019;58:770–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922819837360. · DOI
  13. Moyer JE, Brey JM. Shoulder injuries in pediatric athletes. Orthop Clin North Am. 2016;47:749–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocl.2016.05.003. · DOI
  14. Tisano BK, Estes AR. Overuse injuries of the pediatric and adolescent throwing athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:1898–905. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000998. · DOI
  15. Patel DR, Yamasaki A, Brown K. Epidemiology of sports-related musculoskeletal injuries in young athletes in United States. Transl Pediatr. 2017;6:160–6. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2017.04.08. · DOI
  16. Arnold A, Thigpen CA, Beattie PF, Kissenberth MJ, Shanley E. Overuse physeal injuries in youth athletes. Sports Health. 2017;9:139–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117690847. · DOI
  17. Leppänen M, Pasanen K, Kannus P, Vasankari T, Kujala UM, Heinonen A, et al. Epidemiology of overuse injuries in youth team sports: a 3-year prospective study. Int J Sports Med. 2017;38:847–56. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-114864. · DOI
  18. Gholve PA, Scher DM, Khakharia S, Widmann RF, Green DW. Osgood Schlatter syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007;19:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e328013dbea. · DOI
  19. Ramponi DR, Baker C. Sever’s disease (calcaneal apophysitis). Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2019;41:10–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/TME.0000000000000219. · DOI
  20. Ladenhauf HN, Seitlinger G, Green DW. Osgood-Schlatter disease: a 2020 update of a common knee condition in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2020;32:107–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000842. · DOI
  21. Rathleff MS, Graven-Nielsen T, Hölmich P, Winiarski L, Krommes K, Holden S, et al. Activity modification and load management of adolescents with patellofemoral pain: a prospective intervention study including 151 adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47:1629–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519843915. · DOI
  22. Omodaka T, Ohsawa T, Tajika T, Shiozawa H, Hashimoto S, Ohmae H, et al. Relationship between lower limb tightness and practice time among adolescent baseball players with symptomatic Osgood-Schlatter disease. Orthop J Sports Med. 2019;7:2325967119847978. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119847978. · DOI
  23. de Lucena GL, dos Santos GC, Guerra RO. Prevalence and associated factors of Osgood-Schlatter syndrome in a population-based sample of Brazilian adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:415–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510383835. · DOI
  24. Nakase J, Goshima K, Numata H, Oshima T, Takata Y, Tsuchiya H. Precise risk factors for Osgood-Schlatter disease. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:1277–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-015-2270-2. · DOI
  25. Belikan P, Färber L-C, Abel F, Nowak TE, Drees P, Mattyasovszky SG. Incidence of calcaneal apophysitis (Sever’s disease) and return-to-play in adolescent athletes of a German youth soccer academy: a retrospective study of 10 years. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17:83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-02979-9. · DOI
  26. James AM, Williams CM, Haines TP. Health related quality of life of children with calcaneal apophysitis: child & parent perceptions. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2016;14:95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0497-4. · DOI
  27. James AM, Williams CM, Luscombe M, Hunter R, Haines TP. Factors associated with pain severity in children with calcaneal apophysitis (Sever disease). J Pediatr. 2015;167:455–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.053. · DOI
  28. Warden SJ, Hoenig T, Sventeckis AM, Ackerman KE, Tenforde AS. Not all bone overuse injuries are stress fractures: it is time for updated terminology. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57:76–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106112. · DOI
  29. Hoenig T, Tenforde AS, Strahl A, Rolvien T, Hollander K. Does magnetic resonance imaging grading correlate with return to sports after bone stress injuries? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50:834–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546521993807. · DOI
  30. Fredericson M, Bergman AG, Hoffman KL, Dillingham MS. Tibial stress reaction in runners. Correlation of clinical symptoms and scintigraphy with a new magnetic resonance imaging grading system. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:472–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659502300418. · DOI
  31. Ditmars FS, Ruess L, Young CM, Hu HH, MacDonald JP, Ravindran R, et al. MRI of tibial stress fractures: relationship between Fredericson classification and time to recovery in pediatric athletes. Pediatr Radiol. 2020;50:1735–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04760-8. · DOI
  32. Yao L, Johnson C, Gentili A, Lee JK, Seeger LL. Stress injuries of bone: analysis of MR imaging staging criteria. Acad Radiol. 1998;5:34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(98)80009-3. · DOI
  33. Beck BR, Bergman AG, Miner M, Arendt EA, Klevansky AB, Matheson GO, et al. Tibial stress injury: relationship of radiographic, nuclear medicine bone scanning, MR imaging, and CT severity grades to clinical severity and time to healing. Radiology. 2012;263:811–8. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12102426. · DOI
  34. Toomey CM, Whittaker JL, Richmond SA, Owoeye OB, Patton DA, Emery CA. Adiposity as a risk factor for sport injury in youth: a systematic review. Clin J Sport Med. 2022;32:418–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000927. · DOI
  35. Naranje SM, Erali RA, Warner WC, Sawyer JR, Kelly DM. Epidemiology of pediatric fractures presenting to emergency departments in the United States. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2016;36:e45–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000000595. · DOI · Paper page
  36. Randsborg P-H, Gulbrandsen P, Šaltyte Benth J, Sivertsen EA, Hammer O-L, Fuglesang HFS, et al. Fractures in children: epidemiology and activity-specific fracture rates. JBJS 2013;95:e42. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.00369. · DOI
  37. Shah AS, Guzek RH, Miller ML, Willey MC, Mahan ST, Bae DS, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of isolated distal radius fractures in children: results from a prospective multicenter registry. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 2023;43:e1-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000002288. · DOI
  38. Mantovani AM, de Lima MCS, Gobbo LA, Ronque ERV, Romanzini M, Turi-Lynch BC, et al. Adults engaged in sports in early life have higher bone mass than their inactive peers. J Phys Act Health. 2018;15:516–22. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0366. · DOI
  39. Tenforde AS, Fredericson M. Influence of sports participation on bone health in the young athlete: a review of the literature. PM R. 2011;3:861–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.019. · DOI · Paper page
  40. Lynch KR, Anokye NK, Vlachopoulos D, Barbieri FA, Turi-Lynch BC, Codogno JS, et al. Impact of sports participation on incidence of bone traumatic fractures and health-care costs among adolescents: ABCD - Growth Study. Phys Sportsmed. 2020;48:298–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2019.1685859. · DOI
  41. Detter F, Rosengren BE, Dencker M, Lorentzon M, Nilsson J-Å, Karlsson MK. A 6-year exercise program improves skeletal traits without affecting fracture risk: a prospective controlled study in 2621 children. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29:1325–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2168. · DOI
  42. Fritz J, Cöster ME, Nilsson J-Å, Rosengren BE, Dencker M, Karlsson MK. The associations of physical activity with fracture risk–a 7-year prospective controlled intervention study in 3534 children. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27:915–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3311-y. · DOI
  43. Lynch KR, Kemper HCG, Turi-Lynch B, Agostinete RR, Ito IH, Luiz-De-Marco R, et al. Impact sports and bone fractures among adolescents. J Sports Sci. 2017;35:2421–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1272708. · DOI
  44. Sale C, Elliott-Sale KJ. Nutrition and athlete bone health. Sports Med. 2019;49:139–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01161-2. · DOI · Paper page
  45. Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, Specker BL, Thacher TD, Ozono K, et al. Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:394–415. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2175. · DOI · Paper page
  46. Herrick KA, Storandt RJ, Afful J, Pfeiffer CM, Schleicher RL, Gahche JJ, et al. Vitamin D status in the United States, 2011–2014. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110:150–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz037. · DOI · Paper page
  47. Zheng C, Li H, Rong S, Liu L, Zhen K, Li K. Vitamin D level and fractures in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2021;39:851–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-021-01238-x. · DOI
  48. ED de Mesquita L, Exupério IN, Agostinete RR, Luiz-de-Marco R, da Silva JCM, Maillane-Vanegas S, et al. The combined relationship of vitamin D and weight-bearing sports participation on areal bone density and geometry among adolescents: ABCD - Growth Study. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 2022;25:674–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2022.09.001. · DOI · Paper page
  49. Ducic S, Milanovic F, Lazovic M, Bukva B, Djuricic G, Radlovic V, et al. Vitamin D and forearm fractures in children preliminary findings: risk factors and correlation between low-energy and high-energy fractures. Children. 2022;9:762. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050762. · DOI
  50. Song K, Kwon A, Chae HW, Suh J, Choi HS, Choi Y, et al. Vitamin D status is associated with bone mineral density in adolescents: findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Res. 2021;87:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.011. · DOI
  51. Constable AM, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Moore SA, Soininen S, Haapala EA, et al. The independent and interactive associations of physical activity intensity and vitamin D status with bone mineral density in prepubertal children: the PANIC Study. Osteoporos Int. 2021;32:1609–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-021-05872-z. · DOI
  52. Jastrzębska J, Skalska M, Radzimiński Ł, Niewiadomska A, Myśliwiec A, López-Sánchez GF, et al. Seasonal changes in 25(OH)D concentration in young soccer players—implication for bone resorption markers and physical performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:2932. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062932. · DOI
  53. Jastrzębska J, Skalska M, Radzimiński Ł, López-Sánchez GF, Weiss K, Hill L, et al. Changes of 25(OH)D concentration, bone resorption markers and physical performance as an effect of sun exposure, supplementation of vitamin D and lockdown among young soccer players during a one-year training season. Nutrients. 2022;14:521. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030521. · DOI
  54. Yang G, Lee WYW, Hung ALH, Tang MF, Li X, Kong APS, et al. Association of serum 25(OH)Vit-D levels with risk of pediatric fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2021;32:1287–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-020-05814-1. · DOI
  55. Otis CL, Drinkwater B, Johnson M, Loucks A, Wilmore J. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:i–ix. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705000-00037. · DOI · Paper page
  56. Maya J, Misra M. The female athlete triad: review of current literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2022;29:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000690. · DOI
  57. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen JK, Burke LM, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, et al. IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52:687–97. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193. · DOI · Paper page
  58. Singhal V, Reyes KC, Pfister B, Ackerman K, Slattery M, Cooper K, et al. Bone accrual in oligo-amenorrheic athletes, eumenorrheic athletes and non-athletes. Bone. 2019;120:305–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2018.05.010. · DOI
  59. Christo K, Prabhakaran R, Lamparello B, Cord J, Miller KK, Goldstein MA, et al. Bone metabolism in adolescent athletes with amenorrhea, athletes with eumenorrhea, and control subjects. Pediatrics. 2008;121:1127–36. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2392. · DOI
  60. Ackerman KE, Nazem T, Chapko D, Russell M, Mendes N, Taylor AP, et al. Bone microarchitecture is impaired in adolescent amenorrheic athletes compared with eumenorrheic athletes and nonathletic controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:3123–33. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1614. · DOI
  61. Ducher G, Eser P, Hill B, Bass S. History of amenorrhoea compromises some of the exercise-induced benefits in cortical and trabecular bone in the peripheral and axial skeleton: a study in retired elite gymnasts. Bone. 2009;45:760–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2009.06.021. · DOI
  62. Gordon CM, Ackerman KE, Berga SL, Kaplan JR, Mastorakos G, Misra M, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Int J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1413–39. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00131. · DOI · Paper page
  63. Desbrow B, McCormack J, Burke LM, Cox GR, Fallon K, Hislop M, et al. Sports Dietitians Australia position statement: sports nutrition for the adolescent athlete. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24:570–84. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0031. · DOI · Paper page
  64. Liu SL, Lebrun CM. Effect of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in premenopausal and perimenopausal women: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:11–24. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.020065. · DOI · Paper page
  65. Ackerman KE, Singhal V, Baskaran C, Slattery M, Reyes KJC, Toth A, et al. Oestrogen replacement improves bone mineral density in oligo-amenorrhoeic athletes: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:229–36. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099723. · DOI
  66. Ackerman KE, Singhal V, Slattery M, Eddy KT, Bouxsein ML, Lee H, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on bone geometry and microarchitecture in adolescent and young adult oligoamenorrheic athletes: a randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2020;35:248–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3887. · DOI
  67. Singhal V, Ackerman KE, Bose A, Flores LPT, Lee H, Misra M. Impact of route of estrogen administration on bone turnover markers in oligoamenorrheic athletes and its mediators. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104:1449–58. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-02143. · DOI
  68. De Souza MJ, Koltun KJ, Williams NI. The role of energy availability in reproductive function in the female athlete triad and extension of its effects to men: an initial working model of a similar syndrome in male athletes. Sports Med. 2019;49:125–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01217-3. · DOI
  69. Fredericson M, Kussman A, Misra M, Barrack MT, De Souza MJ, Kraus E, et al. The male athlete triad-a consensus statement from the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition part II: diagnosis, treatment, and return-to-play. Clin J Sport Med. 2021;31:349–66. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000948. · DOI · Paper page
  70. Cherian KS, Sainoji A, Nagalla B, Yagnambhatt VR. Energy balance coexists with disproportionate macronutrient consumption across pretraining, during training, and posttraining among Indian junior soccer players. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2018;30:506–15. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0276. · DOI
  71. Koehler K, Achtzehn S, Braun H, Mester J, Schaenzer W. Comparison of self-reported energy availability and metabolic hormones to assess adequacy of dietary energy intake in young elite athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38:725–33. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0373. · DOI
  72. Tenforde AS, Fredericson M, Sayres LC, Cutti P, Sainani KL. Identifying sex-specific risk factors for low bone mineral density in adolescent runners. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:1494–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515572142. · DOI
  73. Barrack MT, Fredericson M, Tenforde AS, Nattiv A. Evidence of a cumulative effect for risk factors predicting low bone mass among male adolescent athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:200–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096698. · DOI
  74. Kraus E, Tenforde AS, Nattiv A, Sainani KL, Kussman A, Deakins-Roche M, et al. Bone stress injuries in male distance runners: higher modified Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment scores predict increased rates of injury. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:237–42. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099861. · DOI
  75. Baim S, Leonard MB, Bianchi M-L, Hans DB, Kalkwarf HJ, Langman CB, et al. Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 ISCD Pediatric Position Development Conference. J Clin Densitom. 2008;11:6–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2007.12.002. · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 22

Metadata

Authors
Armento, A., Heronemus, M., Truong, D., & Swanson, C.
Venue
Current Osteoporosis Reports
Published
2023-06-08
Volume
21
Issue
4
Pages
447-458
ISSN
  • 1544-1873
  • 1544-2241
Cited by
22
References
5
Language
en
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.