Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 93

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Male Athlete Triad-A Consensus Statement From the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Part II: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return-To-Play

Fredericson, Michael, Kussman, Andrea, Misra, Madhusmita, Barrack, Michelle T., De Souza, Mary Jane, Kraus, Emily, Koltun, Kristen J., Williams, Nancy I., Joy, Elizabeth, Nattiv, Aurelia·2021·Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
DOI 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000948
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Male Athlete Triad is a medical syndrome most common in adolescent and young adult male athletes in sports that emphasize a lean physique, especially endurance and weight-class athletes. The 3 interrelated conditions of the Male Athlete Triad occur on spectrums of energy deficiency/low energy availability (EA), suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, and impaired bone health, ranging from optimal health to clinically relevant outcomes of energy deficiency/low EA with or without disordered eating or eating disorder, functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and osteoporosis or low bone mineral density with or without bone stress injury (BSI). Because of the importance of bone mass acquisition and health concerns in adolescence, screening is recommended during this time period in the at-risk male athlete. Diagnosis of the Male Athlete Triad is best accomplished by a multidisciplinary medical team. Clearance and return-to-play guidelines are recommended to optimize prevention and treatment. Evidence-based risk assessment protocols for the male athlete at risk for the Male Athlete Triad have been shown to be predictive for BSI and impaired bone health and should be encouraged. Improving energetic status through optimal fueling is the mainstay of treatment. A Roundtable on the Male Athlete Triad was convened by the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition in conjunction with the 64th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine in Denver, Colorado, in May of 2017. In this second article, the latest clinical research to support current models of screening, diagnosis, and management for at-risk male athlete is reviewed with evidence-based recommendations.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000948

Cites

28 of 28 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 28 references

Research works printed but not linked: 142

  1. Barrack, 2017, Evidence of a cumulative effect for risk factors predicting low bone mass among male adolescent athletes, Br J Sports Med., 51, 200, 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096698 · DOI
  2. Tenforde, 2015, Identifying sex-specific risk factors for low bone mineral density in adolescent runners, Am J Sports Med., 43, 1494, 10.1177/0363546515572142 · DOI
  3. Fredericson, 2007, Regional bone mineral density in male athletes: a comparison of soccer players, runners and controls, Br J Sports Med., 41, 664, 10.1136/bjsm.2006.030783 · DOI
  4. Nattiv, 2013, Correlation of MRI grading of bone stress injuries with clinical risk factors and return to play: a 5-year prospective study in collegiate track and field athletes, Am J Sports Med., 41, 1930, 10.1177/0363546513490645 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Tam, 2018, Bone health in elite Kenyan runners, J Sports Sci., 36, 456
  6. Barry, 2008, BMD decreases over the course of a year in competitive male cyclists, J Bone Miner Res., 23, 484, 10.1359/jbmr.071203 · DOI
  7. Nichols, 2003, Low bone mineral density in highly trained male master cyclists, Osteoporos Int., 14, 644, 10.1007/s00198-003-1418-z · DOI · Paper page
  8. Nichols, 2011, Longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in male master cyclists and nonathletes, J Strength Cond Res., 25, 727, 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c6a116 · DOI
  9. Penteado, 2010, Diet, body composition, and bone mass in well-trained cyclists, J Clin Densitom., 13, 43, 10.1016/j.jocd.2009.09.002 · DOI
  10. Wilson, 2015, Elite male flat jockeys display lower bone density and lower resting metabolic rate than their female counterparts: implications for athlete welfare, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab., 40, 1318, 10.1139/apnm-2015-0354 · DOI
  11. Dolan, 2012, Weight regulation and bone mass: a comparison between professional jockeys, elite amateur boxers, and age, gender and BMI matched controls, J Bone Miner Metab., 30, 164, 10.1007/s00774-011-0297-1 · DOI
  12. Jackson, 2017, Bone density and body composition in newly licenced professional jockeys, Osteoporos Int., 28, 2675, 10.1007/s00198-017-4086-0 · DOI
  13. Lu, 2016, Peak bone mass and patterns of change in total bone mineral density and bone mineral contents from childhood into young adulthood, J Clin Densitom., 19, 180, 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.08.001 · DOI
  14. Boot, 2010, Peak bone mineral density, lean body mass and fractures, Bone, 46, 336, 10.1016/j.bone.2009.10.003 · DOI
  15. Walsh, 2009, Lumbar spine peak bone mass and bone turnover in men and women: a longitudinal study, Osteoporos Int., 20, 355, 10.1007/s00198-008-0672-5 · DOI
  16. Ljungqvist, 2009, The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on periodic health evaluation of elite athletes, March 2009, Clin J Sport Med., 19, 347, 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b7332c · DOI
  17. De Souza, 2014, 2014 female athlete triad coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013, Br J Sports Med., 48, 289, 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093218 · DOI · Paper page
  18. De Souza, 2014, 2014 female athlete triad coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, CA, May 2012, and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, IN, 2013, Clin J Sport Med., 24, 96, 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000085 · DOI
  19. Kraus, 2019, Bone stress injuries in male distance runners: higher modified female athlete triad cumulative risk assessment scores predict increased rates of injury, Br J Sports Med., 53, 237, 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099861 · DOI
  20. Joy, 2017, Clearance and return to play for the female athlete triad: clinical guidelines, clinical judgment, and evolving evidence, Curr Sports Med Rep., 16, 382, 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000423 · DOI
  21. Thein-Nissenbaum, 2017, Treatment strategies for the female athlete triad in the adolescent athlete: current perspectives, Open Access J Sports Med., 8, 85, 10.2147/OAJSM.S100026 · DOI
  22. Arver, 2009, Current guidelines for the diagnosis of testosterone deficiency, Front Horm Res., 37, 5, 10.1159/000175839 · DOI
  23. Buvat, 2013, Testosterone deficiency in men: systematic review and standard operating procedures for diagnosis and treatment, J Sex Med., 10, 245, 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02783.x · DOI · Paper page
  24. Dean, 2015, The international society for sexual medicine's process of care for the assessment and management of testosterone deficiency in adult men, J Sex Med., 12, 1660, 10.1111/jsm.12952 · DOI
  25. Lunenfeld, 2015, Recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of hypogonadism in men, Aging Male., 18, 5, 10.3109/13685538.2015.1004049 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Park, 2019, Evolution of guidelines for testosterone replacement therapy, J Clin Med., 8, 410, 10.3390/jcm8030410 · DOI
  27. Miller, 2019, The sports preparticipation evaluation, Pediatr Rev., 40, 108, 10.1542/pir.2016-0216 · DOI
  28. 1995, Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee, World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser., 854, 1
  29. Le Grange, 2012, Calculation of expected body weight in adolescents with eating disorders, Pediatrics, 129, e438, 10.1542/peds.2011-1676 · DOI
  30. Kuczmarski, 2000, CDC growth charts: United States, Adv Data, 10, 1
  31. Golden, 2015, Position Paper of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine: medical management of restrictive eating disorders in adolescents and young adults, J Adolesc Health, 56, 121, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.259 · DOI · Paper page
  32. Burke, 2018, Pitfalls of conducting and interpreting estimates of energy availability in free-living athletes, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 28, 350, 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0142 · DOI · Paper page
  33. Dhurandhar, 2015, Response to ‟energy balance measurement: when something is not better than nothing”, Int J Obes (Lond), 39, 1175, 10.1038/ijo.2015.81 · DOI
  34. Heaney, 2010, Comparison of strategies for assessing nutritional adequacy in elite female athletes' dietary intake, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 20, 245, 10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.245 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Ainsworth, 2011, 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values, Med Sci Sports Exerc., 43, 1575, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Loucks, 2007, Low energy availability in the marathon and other endurance sports, Sports Med., 37, 348, 10.2165/00007256-200737040-00019 · DOI
  37. Hoch, 2009, Prevalence of the female athlete triad in high school athletes and sedentary students, Clin J Sport Med., 19, 421, 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b8c136 · DOI · Paper page
  38. Toombs, 2012, The impact of recent technological advances on the trueness and precision of DXA to assess body composition, Obesity (Silver Spring), 20, 30, 10.1038/oby.2011.211 · DOI · Paper page
  39. De Souza, 2007, Severity of energy-related menstrual disturbances increases in proportion to indices of energy conservation in exercising women, Fertil Steril, 88, 971, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.171 · DOI
  40. Strock, 2020, Indices of resting metabolic rate accurately reflect energy deficiency in exercising women, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 30, 1, 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0199 · DOI
  41. De Souza, 2008, The presence of both an energy deficiency and estrogen deficiency exacerbate alterations of bone metabolism in exercising women, Bone, 43, 140, 10.1016/j.bone.2008.03.013 · DOI
  42. O'Donnell, 2009, Relationships between vascular resistance and energy deficiency, nutritional status and oxidative stress in oestrogen deficient physically active women, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 70, 294, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03332.x · DOI
  43. Gibbs, 2011, The association of a high drive for thinness with energy deficiency and severe menstrual disturbances: confirmation in a large population of exercising women, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 21, 280, 10.1123/ijsnem.21.4.280 · DOI
  44. Scheid, 2009, Elevated PYY is associated with energy deficiency and indices of subclinical disordered eating in exercising women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, Appetite., 52, 184, 10.1016/j.appet.2008.09.016 · DOI
  45. Strock, 2020, Characterizing the resting metabolic rate ratio in ovulatory exercising women over 12 months, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 30, 1337, 10.1111/sms.13688 · DOI
  46. Hayes, 2002, DXA: potential for creating a metabolic map of organ-tissue resting energy expenditure components, Obes Res., 10, 969, 10.1038/oby.2002.132 · DOI
  47. Harris, 1918, A biometric study of human basal metabolism, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 4, 370, 10.1073/pnas.4.12.370 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Cunningham, 1980, A reanalysis of the factors influencing basal metabolic rate in normal adults, Am J Clin Nutr., 33, 2372, 10.1093/ajcn/33.11.2372 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Melin, 2014, The LEAF questionnaire: a screening tool for the identification of female athletes at risk for the female athlete triad, Br J Sports Med., 48, 540, 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093240 · DOI · Paper page
  50. Garner, 1983, Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia, Intl J Eat Disord., 2, 15, 10.1002/1098-108X(198321)2:2<15::AID-EAT2260020203>3.0.CO;2-6 · DOI
  51. Vescovi, 2008, Cognitive dietary restraint: impact on bone, menstrual and metabolic status in young women, Physiol Behav., 95, 48, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.003 · DOI
  52. Forbush, 2014, Gender norms, psychometric properties, and validity for the eating pathology symptoms inventory, Int J Eat Disord., 47, 85, 10.1002/eat.22180 · DOI
  53. Forbush, 2013, Development and validation of the eating pathology symptoms inventory (EPSI), Psychol Assess., 25, 859, 10.1037/a0032639 · DOI · Paper page
  54. Schaefer, 2018, Identifying a male clinical cutoff on the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q), Int J Eat Disord., 51, 1357, 10.1002/eat.22972 · DOI
  55. Davidiuk, 2016, Adult-onset hypogonadism: evaluation and role of testosterone replacement therapy, Transl Androl Urol., 5, 824, 10.21037/tau.2016.09.02 · DOI
  56. Hackett, 2017, British society for sexual medicine guidelines on adult testosterone deficiency, with statements for UK practice, J Sex Med., 14, 1504, 10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.10.067 · DOI
  57. Crabtree, 2014, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents: the revised 2013 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions, J Clin Densitom., 17, 225, 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.01.003 · DOI · Paper page
  58. Schousboe, 2013, Executive summary of the 2013 international society for clinical densitometry position development conference on bone densitometry, J Clin Densitom., 16, 455, 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.004 · DOI · Paper page
  59. Sundgot-Borgen, 2004, Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population, Clin J Sport Med., 14, 25, 10.1097/00042752-200401000-00005 · DOI · Paper page
  60. Hinton, 2004, Nutrient intakes and dietary behaviors of male and female collegiate athletes, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 14, 389, 10.1123/ijsnem.14.4.389 · DOI · Paper page
  61. Jenner, 2018, Dietary intake of professional Australian football athletes surrounding body composition assessment, J Int Soc Sports Nutr., 15, 43, 10.1186/s12970-018-0248-5 · DOI
  62. Burke, 2006, Energy and carbohydrate for training and recovery, J Sports Sci., 24, 675, 10.1080/02640410500482602 · DOI · Paper page
  63. Burke, 2003, Eating patterns and meal frequency of elite Australian athletes, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 13, 521, 10.1123/ijsnem.13.4.521 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Nielsen, 2006, Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise, Magnes Res., 19, 180
  65. Torstveit, 2018, Within-day energy deficiency and metabolic perturbation in male endurance athletes, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab., 28, 419, 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0337 · DOI
  66. Outila, 2001, Vitamin D status affects serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during winter in female adolescents: associations with forearm bone mineral density, Am J Clin Nutr., 74, 206, 10.1093/ajcn/74.2.206 · DOI · Paper page
  67. Jones, 2005, Vitamin D insufficiency in adolescent males in Southern Tasmania: prevalence, determinants, and relationship to bone turnover markers, Osteoporos Int., 16, 636, 10.1007/s00198-004-1733-z · DOI
  68. Heaney, 2003, Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, J Am Coll Nutr., 22, 142, 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719287 · DOI · Paper page
  69. Bischoff-Ferrari, 2004, Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults, Am J Med., 116, 634, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.029 · DOI · Paper page
  70. Vieth, 2003, Age-related changes in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D versus parathyroid hormone relationship suggest a different reason why older adults require more vitamin D, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 88, 185, 10.1210/jc.2002-021064 · DOI · Paper page
  71. Misra, 2011, Physiologic estrogen replacement increases bone density in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa, J Bone Miner Res., 26, 2430, 10.1002/jbmr.447 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Ackerman, 2019, Oestrogen replacement improves bone mineral density in oligo-amenorrhoeic athletes: a randomised clinical trial, Br J Sports Med., 53, 229, 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099723 · DOI
  73. Ackerman, 2019, Effects of estrogen replacement on bone geometry and microarchitecture in adolescent and young adult oligoamenorrheic athletes: a randomized trial, J Bone Miner Res., 35, 248, 10.1002/jbmr.3887 · DOI
  74. Plessow, 2019, Estrogen administration improves the trajectory of eating disorder pathology in oligo-amenorrheic athletes: a randomized controlled trial, Psychoneuroendocrinology., 102, 273, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.013 · DOI
  75. Baskaran, 2017, Estrogen replacement improves verbal memory and executive control in oligomenorrheic/amenorrheic athletes in a randomized controlled trial, J Clin Psychiatry, 78, e490, 10.4088/JCP.15m10544 · DOI
  76. Misra, 2013, Impact of physiologic estrogen replacement on anxiety symptoms, body shape perception, and eating attitudes in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa: data from a randomized controlled trial, J Clin Psychiatry, 74, e765, 10.4088/JCP.13m08365 · DOI
  77. Miller, 2006, Effects of testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient women with hypopituitarism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 91, 1683, 10.1210/jc.2005-2596 · DOI
  78. Miller, 2011, Effects of risedronate and low-dose transdermal testosterone on bone mineral density in women with anorexia nervosa: a randomized, placebo-controlled study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 96, 2081, 10.1210/jc.2011-0380 · DOI
  79. Ackerman, 2012, Estradiol levels predict bone mineral density in male collegiate athletes: a pilot study, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 76, 339, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04212.x · DOI
  80. Travison, 2009, Relation between serum testosterone, serum estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, and geometrical measures of adult male proximal femur strength, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 94, 853, 10.1210/jc.2008-0668 · DOI
  81. Araujo, 2008, Correlations between serum testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin and bone mineral density in a diverse sample of men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 93, 2135, 10.1210/jc.2007-1469 · DOI · Paper page
  82. Leifke, 1998, Effects of testosterone replacement therapy on cortical and trabecular bone mineral density, vertebral body area and paraspinal muscle area in hypogonadal men, Eur J Endocrinol., 138, 51, 10.1530/eje.0.1380051 · DOI
  83. Wang, 2000, Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 85, 2839
  84. Bhasin, 1997, Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 82, 407
  85. Hooper, 2018, Treating exercise-associated low testosterone and its related symptoms, Phys Sportsmed, 46, 427, 10.1080/00913847.2018.1507234 · DOI
  86. Dadhich, 2017, Testosterone versus clomiphene citrate in managing symptoms of hypogonadism in men, Indian J Urol., 33, 236, 10.4103/iju.IJU_372_16 · DOI
  87. Wheeler, 2017, A comparison of secondary polycythemia in hypogonadal men treated with clomiphene citrate versus testosterone replacement: a multi-institutional study, J Urol., 197, 1127, 10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.068 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Naessens, 1995, Hypogonadism as a cause of recurrent muscle injury in a high level soccer player. A case report, Int J Sports Med., 16, 413, 10.1055/s-2007-973030 · DOI
  89. Kliesch, 1994, High efficacy of gonadotropin or pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment in hypogonadotropic hypogonadal men, Eur J Endocrinol., 131, 347, 10.1530/eje.0.1310347 · DOI
  90. Miller, 2016, Effect of abaloparatide vs placebo on new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 316, 722, 10.1001/jama.2016.11136 · DOI · Paper page
  91. Finkelstein, 2010, Effects of teriparatide, alendronate, or both in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 95, 1838, 10.1210/jc.2009-1703 · DOI · Paper page
  92. Leder, 2016, Response to therapy with teriparatide, denosumab, or both in postmenopausal women in the DATA (denosumab and teriparatide administration) study randomized controlled trial, J Clin Densitom., 19, 346, 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.01.004 · DOI
  93. Hansen, 2013, Differing effects of PTH 1-34, PTH 1-84, and zoledronic acid on bone microarchitecture and estimated strength in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: an 18-month open-labeled observational study using HR-pQCT, J Bone Miner Res., 28, 736, 10.1002/jbmr.1784 · DOI
  94. Macdonald, 2011, Changes in trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture at peripheral sites associated with 18 months of teriparatide therapy in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, Osteoporos Int., 22, 357, 10.1007/s00198-010-1226-1 · DOI
  95. Keaveny, 2007, Effects of teriparatide and alendronate on vertebral strength as assessed by finite element modeling of QCT scans in women with osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Res., 22, 149, 10.1359/jbmr.061011 · DOI · Paper page
  96. Tsai, 2016, Effects of two years of teriparatide, denosumab, or both on bone microarchitecture and strength (DATA-HRpQCT study), J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 101, 2023, 10.1210/jc.2016-1160 · DOI
  97. Leder, 2018, Optimizing sequential and combined anabolic and antiresorptive osteoporosis therapy, JBMR Plus, 2, 62, 10.1002/jbm4.10041 · DOI
  98. Miller, 2019, Bone mineral density response rates are greater in patients treated with abaloparatide compared with those treated with placebo or teriparatide: results from the ACTIVE phase 3 trial, Bone, 120, 137, 10.1016/j.bone.2018.10.015 · DOI
  99. Watts, 2019, Abaloparatide effect on forearm bone mineral density and wrist fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, Osteoporos Int., 30, 1187, 10.1007/s00198-019-04890-2 · DOI
  100. Almirol, 2016, Short-term effects of teriparatide versus placebo on bone biomarkers, structure, and fracture healing in women with lower-extremity stress fractures: a pilot study, J Clin Transl Endocrinol., 5, 7
  101. Gende, 2019, Delayed-union of acetabular stress fracture in female gymnast: use of teriparatide to augment healing, Clin J Sport Med., 30, e163, 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000739 · DOI
  102. Fazeli, 2014, Teriparatide increases bone formation and bone mineral density in adult women with anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 99, 1322, 10.1210/jc.2013-4105 · DOI
  103. Lewiecki, 2018, A phase III randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of romosozumab in men with osteoporosis, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 103, 3183, 10.1210/jc.2017-02163 · DOI · Paper page
  104. Liu, 2018, Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Climacteric, 21, 189, 10.1080/13697137.2018.1433655 · DOI
  105. Sølling, 2018, The clinical potential of romosozumab for the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis., 10, 105, 10.1177/1759720X18775936 · DOI
  106. Misra, 2003, Alterations in growth hormone secretory dynamics in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and effects on bone metabolism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 88, 5615, 10.1210/jc.2003-030532 · DOI
  107. Grinspoon, 1996, Effects of short-term recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I administration on bone turnover in osteopenic women with anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 81, 3864
  108. Misra, 2009, Effects of rhIGF-1 administration on surrogate markers of bone turnover in adolescents with anorexia nervosa, Bone, 45, 493, 10.1016/j.bone.2009.06.002 · DOI
  109. Grinspoon, 2002, Effects of recombinant human IGF-I and oral contraceptive administration on bone density in anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 87, 2883, 10.1210/jcem.87.6.8574 · DOI · Paper page
  110. Chou, 2011, Leptin is an effective treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 108, 6585, 10.1073/pnas.1015674108 · DOI · Paper page
  111. Chambers, 2011, Treatment of lumbar pars interarticularis stress injuries in athletes with intravenous bisphosphonates: five case studies, Clin J Sport Med., 21, 141, 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31820f8f62 · DOI
  112. Simon, 2014, Intravenous bisphosphonates and vitamin D in the treatment of bone marrow oedema in professional athletes, Injury, 45, 981, 10.1016/j.injury.2014.01.023 · DOI
  113. Chen, 2015, Efficacy of bisphosphonates against osteoporosis in adult men: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Osteoporos Int., 26, 2355, 10.1007/s00198-015-3148-4 · DOI
  114. Nayak, 2017, Osteoporosis treatment efficacy for men: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Geriatr Soc., 65, 490, 10.1111/jgs.14668 · DOI
  115. Wilkes, 2010, Bisphosphonates and osteoporotic fractures: a cross-design synthesis of results among compliant/persistent postmenopausal women in clinical practice versus randomized controlled trials, Osteoporos Int., 21, 679, 10.1007/s00198-009-0991-1 · DOI
  116. Golden, 2005, Alendronate for the treatment of osteopenia in anorexia nervosa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 90, 3179, 10.1210/jc.2004-1659 · DOI
  117. Beaudoin, 2016, Denosumab compared to other treatments to prevent or treat osteoporosis in individuals at risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Osteoporos Int., 27, 2835, 10.1007/s00198-016-3607-6 · DOI
  118. Dao, 2015, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and stress fractures in military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Sports Med., 43, 2064, 10.1177/0363546514555971 · DOI
  119. Davey, 2016, Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of stress fracture during Royal Marine recruit training, Osteoporos Int., 27, 171, 10.1007/s00198-015-3228-5 · DOI
  120. Richards, 2018, British Army recruits with low serum vitamin D take longer to recover from stress fractures, BMJ Mil Health, 166, 240, 10.1136/jramc-2018-000983 · DOI
  121. Shimasaki, 2016, Evaluating the risk of a fifth metatarsal stress fracture by measuring the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, Foot Ankle Int., 37, 307, 10.1177/1071100715617042 · DOI
  122. Nieves, 2010, Nutritional factors that influence change in bone density and stress fracture risk among young female cross-country runners, PM R., 2, 740, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.020 · DOI
  123. Lappe, 2008, Calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits, J Bone Miner Res., 23, 741, 10.1359/jbmr.080102 · DOI · Paper page
  124. Gaffney-Stomberg, 2014, Calcium and vitamin D supplementation maintains parathyroid hormone and improves bone density during initial military training: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial, Bone, 68, 46, 10.1016/j.bone.2014.08.002 · DOI
  125. Tenforde, 2011, Influence of sports participation on bone health in the young athlete: a review of the literature, PM R., 3, 861, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.019 · DOI · Paper page
  126. DiFiori, 2014, Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: a position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, Clin J Sport Med., 24, 3, 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000060 · DOI · Paper page
  127. Layne, 1999, The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review, Med Sci Sports Exerc., 31, 25, 10.1097/00005768-199901000-00006 · DOI · Paper page
  128. Duplanty, 2018, Resistance training is associated with higher bone mineral density among young adult male distance runners independent of physiological factors, J Strength Cond Res., 32, 1594, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002504 · DOI
  129. Mathis, 2018, Resistance training is associated with higher lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density in competitive male cyclists, J Strength Cond Res., 32, 274, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002209 · DOI
  130. Tenforde, 2017, Optimising bone health in the young male athlete, Br J Sports Med., 51, 148, 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097000 · DOI
  131. Tenforde, 2013, Identifying sex-specific risk factors for stress fractures in adolescent runners, Med Sci Sports Exerc., 45, 1843, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182963d75 · DOI
  132. Gibbs, 2014, Low bone density risk is higher in exercising women with multiple triad risk factors, Med Sci Sports Exerc., 46, 167, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182a03b8b · DOI
  133. Boden, 2000, High-risk stress fractures: evaluation and treatment, J Am Acad Orthop Surg., 8, 344, 10.5435/00124635-200011000-00002 · DOI · Paper page
  134. Boden, 2001, Low-risk stress fractures, Am J Sports Med., 29, 100, 10.1177/03635465010290010201 · DOI · Paper page
  135. Kahanov, 2015, Diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stress fractures in the lower extremity in runners, Open Access J Sports Med., 6, 87, 10.2147/OAJSM.S39512 · DOI
  136. Chen, 2013, Update on stress fractures in female athletes: epidemiology, treatment, and prevention, Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med., 6, 173, 10.1007/s12178-013-9167-x · DOI
  137. Dobrindt, 2012, Estimation of return-to-sports-time for athletes with stress fracture - an approach combining risk level of fracture site with severity based on imaging, BMC Musculoskelet Disord., 13, 139, 10.1186/1471-2474-13-139 · DOI
  138. Miller, 2018, Expected time to return to athletic participation after stress fracture in division I collegiate athletes, Sports Health, 10, 340, 10.1177/1941738117747868 · DOI
  139. Herring, 2013, Team physician consensus statement: 2013 update, Med Sci Sports Exerc., 45, 1618, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829ba437 · DOI
  140. Mountjoy, 2015, The IOC relative energy deficiency in sport clinical assessment tool (RED-S CAT), Br J Sports Med., 49, 1354, 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094873 · DOI · Paper page
  141. Koltun, 2019, Comparison of female athlete triad coalition and RED-S risk assessment tools, J Sports Sci., 37, 2433, 10.1080/02640414.2019.1640551 · DOI
  142. Creighton, 2010, Return-to-play in sport: a decision-based model, Clin J Sport Med., 20, 379, 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181f3c0fe · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 93

Metadata

Authors
Fredericson, M., Kussman, A., Misra, M., Barrack, M. T., De Souza, M. J., Kraus, E., Koltun, K. J., Williams, N. I., Joy, E., & Nattiv, A.
Affiliations
  • Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabiilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California;
  • Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
  • Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California;
  • Department of Kinesiology and Physiology Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania;
  • University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
  • Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
  • Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
Venue
Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2021-06-03
Volume
31
Issue
4
Pages
349-366
ISSN
1050-642X
DOI
10.1097/jsm.0000000000000948
Cited by
93
References
28
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Male Athlete Triad-A Consensus Statement From the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Part II: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return-To-Play. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000948
The paper
Fredericson, M., Kussman, A., Misra, M., Barrack, M. T., De Souza, M. J., Kraus, E., Koltun, K. J., Williams, N. I., Joy, E., & Nattiv, A. (2021). The Male Athlete Triad-A Consensus Statement From the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Part II: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return-To-Play. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000948

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.