Cited by 320Personality Disorders and PsychopathologyChild Abuse and TraumaPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: Evidence for a causal relationship

Ball, Jeffrey S., Links, Paul S.·2009·Current Psychiatry Reports

DOI 10.1007/s11920-009-0010-4

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The debate over whether childhood trauma is a causative factor in the development of borderline personality disorder continues in the literature despite decades of research. This review examines this body of literature published from 1995 through 2007 to assess the strength of evidence for such a causal relationship. A unique conceptual approach was used, as we considered the literature in the context of Hill's classic criteria for demonstrating causation. Results of this review suggest that evidence supports the causal relationship, particularly if the relationship is considered as part of a multifactorial etiologic model. Directions for future research and clinical implications are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11920-009-0010-4

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Borderline personality disorder
Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, M. M., & Bohus, M. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16770-6 · Cited by 1,369
Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects
Rutter, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01557.x · Cited by 1,058
Childhood Maltreatment Increases Risk for Personality Disorders During Early Adulthood
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., & Bernstein, D. P. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.600 · Cited by 839
Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse
Finkelhor, D. (1994) · The Future of Children · doi:10.2307/1602522 · Cited by 804
Strategy for Investigating Interactions Between Measured Genes and Measured Environments
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.473 · Cited by 784
A 27-year follow-up of patients with borderline personality disorder
Paris, J., & Zweig-Frank, H. (2001) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1053/comp.2001.26271 · Cited by 507
Childhood Maltreatment Associated With Adult Personality Disorders: Findings From the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study
Battle, C. L., Shea, M. T., Johnson, D. M., Yen, S., Zlotnick, C., Zanarini, M. C., Sanislow, C. A., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Grilo, C. M., et al. (2004) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.18.2.193.32777 · Cited by 492
The children in the community study of developmental course of personality disorder
Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G., & Kasen, S. (2005) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2005.19.5.466 · Cited by 433
Randomized Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse.
McDonagh, A., Friedman, M. J., McHugo, G. J., Ford, J. D., Sengupta, A., Mueser, K. T., Demment, C. C., Fournier, D. A., Schnurr, P. P., & Descamps, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.515 · Cited by 422
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
Zanarini, M. C. (2000) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70145-3 · Cited by 377

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 53 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Linehan MM: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press; 1993.

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 318

Childhood Trauma as a Risk Factor for High Risk Behaviors in Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder
Zashchirinskaia, O. V., & Исагулова, Е. Ю. (2022) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v18i1.11414 · Cited by 21
“High risk behaviors in the context of BPD can manifest in various forms, including suicidal or addictive behaviors, eating disorders, and promiscuous sexual behavior, which are more common in BPD (16).”
Background
Application of EMDR Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder
Mosquera, D., Leeds, A. M., & González, A. (2014) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.8.2.74 · Cited by 22
“Ball and Links (2009) reviewed the literature on trauma and BPD in the context of Hill’s (1965) classic criteria for demonstrating causation (strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experimental evidence, and analogy).”
BackgroundResult
Animal Models of Early-Life Adversity
Benmhammed, H., Hayek, S. E., Berkik, I., Mostafi, H. E., Bousalham, R., Mesfioui, A., Ouichou, A., & Hessni, A. E. (2019) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_10 · Cited by 27
Why Mental Illness is a Risk Factor for Suicide
Mishara, B. L., & Chagnon, F. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118903223.ch34 · Cited by 21
Childhood trauma moderates morphometric associations between orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala: implications for pathological personality traits
Bounoua, N., Miglin, R., Spielberg, J. M., Johnson, C. L., & Sadeh, N. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004468 · Cited by 22
Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Its Clinical Correlates among Chinese University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Jia, N., Sakulsriprasert, C., Wongpakaran, N., Suradom, C., & Donnell, R. O. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10091751 · Cited by 22
Linehan’s biosocial model applied to emotion dysregulation in autism: a narrative review of the literature and an illustrative case conceptualization
Bemmouna, D., & Weiner, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1238116 · Cited by 27
Psychopathy and gender differences in childhood psychosocial characteristics in homicide offenders – a nationwide register-based study
Weizmann‐Henelius, G., Grönroos, M. A., Putkonen, H., Eronen, M., Lindberg, N., & Häkkänen‐Nyholm, H. (2010) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2010.506616 · Cited by 20
“…found between sexual abuse and the lifestyle features of psychopathy in female offenders is related to impulsivity, since childhood sexual abuse has in many studies been linked to borderline personality disorder and impulsivity (Ball & Links, 2009; Paris, 2005; Widom, Czaja, & Paris, 2009).”
Background
A Non-linear Predictive Model of Borderline Personality Disorder Based on Multilayer Perceptron
Maldonato, M. N., Sperandeo, R., Moretto, E., & Dell’Orco, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00447 · Cited by 20
“In terms of etiopathogenesis, substantial epidemiological (Ball and Links, 2009) evidence shows that subjects with BPD have traumatic events in their preceding anamnestic history.”
Background
Specific type of childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder in Chinese patients
Wu, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.936739 · Cited by 19
Antisocial and borderline personality traits and childhood trauma in male prisoners: Mediating effects of difficulties in emotional regulation
Yang, C., Wang, J., Shao, Y., Liu, M., & Geng, F. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105822 · Cited by 19
Smaller left hippocampal subfield CA1 volume is associated with reported childhood physical and/or sexual abuse in major depression: A pilot study
Yuan, M., Rubin-Falcone, H., Lin, X., Rizk, M. M., Miller, J. M., Sublette, M. E., Oquendo, M. A., Burke, A., Ogden, R. T., & Mann, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.169 · Cited by 18
Early Trauma Inventory Self-Report Short Form (ETISR-SF): validation of the Swedish translation in clinical and non-clinical samples
Hörberg, N., Kouros, I., Ekselius, L., Cunningham, J. L., Willebrand, M., & Ramklint, M. (2019) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2018.1498127 · Cited by 20
“In regards to BPD, a causal relationship has been proposed [23].”
Background
Childhood Maltreatment and Borderline Personality Disorder: The Mediating Role of Difficulties with Emotion Regulation
Bertele, N., Talmon, A., Gross, J. J., Schmahl, C. G., Schmitz, M., & Niedtfeld, I. (2022) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2022.36.3.264 · Cited by 18
Mentalisation-based therapy (MBT) in a high-secure hospital setting: expert by experience feedback on participation
Ware, A., Wilson, C., Tapp, J., & Moore, E. (2016) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2016.1174725 · Cited by 19
Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms in a Community Sample of Sexually and Gender Diverse Adults
Denning, D. M., Newlands, R. T., Gonzales, A., & Benuto, L. T. (2022) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2022.36.6.701 · Cited by 19
Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Dimaro, L. V., Roberts, N. A., Moghaddam, N. G., Dawson, D. L., Brown, I., & Reuber, M. (2015) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.03.032 · Cited by 23
“Notably, discrepancies in either direction are thought to be maladaptive and have been found to correlate with psychological distress in depression [22] and borderline personality disorder [23], both of which are associated with childhood trauma [24] and [25] and PNESs [3] and [4].”
Background
Differentiating the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorders in adults: Utilizing a trauma‐informed assessment approach
Cogan, C. M., Paquet, C. B., Lee, J. Y., Miller, K. E., Crowley, M. D., & Davis, J. L. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2504 · Cited by 22
Unraveling Prospective Reciprocal Effects between Parental Invalidation and Pre-Adolescents’ Borderline Traits: Between- and Within-Family Associations and Differences with Common Psychopathology-Parenting Transactions
Franssens, R., Abrahams, L., BRENNING, K. M., Leeuwen, K. G. V., & Clercq, B. J. D. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00825-w · Cited by 18
Volitional determinants of self-harm behaviour and suicidal risk in persons with borderline personality disorder
Blasczyk-Schiep, S., Kazén, M., Jaworska-Andryszewska, P., & Kühl, J. (2017) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2017.10.003 · Cited by 17
Childhood stress impairs social function through AVP-dependent mechanisms
Brydges, N. M., Hall, J., Best, C., Rule, L., Watkin, H., Drake, A. J., Lewis, C., Thomas, K. L., & Hall, J. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0678-0 · Cited by 18
Borderline personality disorder: current drug treatments and future prospects
Olabi, B., & Hall, J. (2010) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/2040622310368455 · Cited by 19
“Epigenetic reprogramming and valproate Evidence supports the causal relationship between early life stressors, such as childhood maltreatment, and the development of BPD, with up to 70% of patients reporting major childhood trauma [Ball and Links, 2009].”
Background
Psychotic-Like Symptoms and the Temporal Lobe in Trauma-Related Disorders: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Assessment of Potential Malingering
Schiavone, F. L., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2018) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547018797046 · Cited by 20
“BPD is associated with traumatic life events (particularly childhood abuse) with some authors proposing that childhood trauma serves as part of a multifactorial etiology for the disorder.(36,63) Among individuals with BPD, estimates of the prevalence of childhood maltreatment typically range from 76% to 90% for childh…”
Background
Ovarian Hormones as a Source of Fluctuating Biological Vulnerability in Borderline Personality Disorder
Peters, J. R., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1096-y · Cited by 16
Persönlichkeitsentwicklung im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Jucksch, V., Salbach‐Andrae, H., & Lehmkuhl, U. (2009) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-009-2805-2 · Cited by 16
Stress Neurobiology and Developmental Psychopathology
Jacoby, N., Overfeld, J., Binder, E. B., & Heim, C. M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy221 · Cited by 16
Targeting the Endocannabinoid System in Borderline Personality Disorder: Corticolimbic and Hypothalamic Perspectives
Ferber, S. G., Hazani, R., Shoval, G., & Weller, A. (2020) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666200429234430 · Cited by 16
“The test for HPA functioning, combining dexamethasone with Corticotropin Releasing Hormone [CRH] (DEX-CRH), has been found to be sensitive to trauma history, a major etiological factor in BPD [9, 19, 40, 41].”
Method
Leptin Levels in Acute and Recovered Eating Disorders: An Arm‐Based Network Meta‐Analysis
Cassioli, E., Angeletti, L. L., Rossi, E., Selvi, G., Riccardi, E., Siviglia, S., Buonanno, R., Ricca, V., & Castellini, G. (2024) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3163 · Cited by 15
The Self–Other Distinction in Psychopathology: Recent Developments from a Mentalizing Perspective
Luyten, P., Meulemeester, C. D., & Fonagy, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51890-5_34 · Cited by 16
Construct Validity of theDSM–5Section III Personality Trait Profile for Borderline Personality Disorder
Anderson, J. L., & Sellbom, M. (2015) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1051226 · Cited by 15
“…478–486, 2015 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0022-3891 print / 1532-7752 online DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1051226 emotional abuse (Ball & Links, 2009; Beauchaine, Klein, Crowell, Derbidge, & Gatzke-Kopp, 2009; Bornovalova, Gratz, Delany-Brumsey, Paulson, & Lejuez, 2006; Carlson,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Common elements for the psychotherapeutic management of patients with Self Injurious Behavior
Schiavone, F. L., & Links, P. S. (2012) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.012 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Impact of Diagnosis Disclosure on Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder.
Courtney, D., & Makinen, J. A. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 15
Neural correlates of stress-reactive rumination in depression – The role of childhood trauma and social anxiety
Rosenbaum, D., Int-Veen, I., Laicher, H., Woloszyn, L., Wiegand, A., Ladegast, S., Eßer, U., Kroczek, A., Sippel, D., Menkor, S., et al. (2024) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100640 · Cited by 14
“…also other mental disorders such as PTSD (Zaidi and Foy, 1994), psychotic disorders (Chaiyachati and Gur, 2021), Borderline Personality Disorder (Ball and Links, 2009; Cattane et al., 2017) and other anxiety disorders (Cougle et al., 2010; Safren et al., 2002), and those disorders have been…”
Background
The Maintenance Model of Restrictive Practices: A Trauma-Informed, Integrated Model to Explain Repeated Use of Restrictive Practices in Mental Health Care Settings
Lawrence, D., Bagshaw, R., Stubbings, D. R., & Watt, A. A. (2024) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2024.2369594 · Cited by 16
“For example, higher levels of experienced trauma increase risk for psychosis and borderline personality disorder (Ball & Links, 2009; Bentall et al., 2012).”
Trauma-related altered states of consciousness in women with BPD with or without co-occurring PTSD
Frewen, P., Kleindienst, N., Lanius, R. A., & Schmahl, C. G. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24863 · Cited by 16
“For example, the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in BPD patients ranges between 52 and 71% (Ball & Links, 2009; Zanarini, 1997), and Cutajar et al. (2010) found that the risk for BPD was increased about sixfold in persons with a history of childhood sexual abuse.”
Background
Understanding the Relationship Between Mental Illness and Suicide and the Implications for Suicide Prevention
Mishara, B. L., & Chagnon, F. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119998556.ch35 · Cited by 13
“It Was Like the Final Piece in the Puzzle for Me”: A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Autistic Women Initially Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder
Powell, T., Parker, J., Kitson, H., & Rogalewski, M. (2024) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0031 · Cited by 10
“Such factors may make individuals more vulnerable to BPD or cPTSD 29,30 or alternatively being mislabeled with BPD. 7, 7,11,26,28 Self-harm in autism is strongly associated with sensory and social overload, change and uncertainty.”
Paradoxes in Borderline Emotional Dysregulation in Adolescence: Influence of Parenting, Stressful Life Events, and Attachment
Robin, M., Belbèze, J., Pham‐Scottez, A., Shadili, G., Peres, V., Silva, J., Corcos, M., & Speranza, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735615 · Cited by 12
Characterizing differences in psychiatric profiles between male and female veterans with epilepsy and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
Sullivan‐Baca, E., Weitzner, D. S., Choudhury, T. K., Fadipe, M., Miller, B., & Haneef, Z. (2022) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106995 · Cited by 12
Differences in mental health among young adults with borderline personality symptoms of various severities
Lu, W.-H., Wang, P., Ko, C., Hsiao, R. C.-J., Liu, T., & Yen, C. (2017) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2017.04.020 · Cited by 12
Cognitive behaviour therapy for low self-esteem in a person with a learning disability: a case study
Evans, L., & Allez, K. (2018) · Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1108/amhid-06-2017-0023 · Cited by 13
Countering essentialism in psychiatric narratives
Broeker, M. D., & Arnaud, S. (2024) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2024.2407502 · Cited by 11
“…childhood abuse or neglect and exhibit symptoms of borderline personality disorder such as emotional instability, impulsivity, and fear of abandonment, the context of the traumatic experience and personal history would be essential for accurate understanding and treatment (Ball & Links, 2009).”
The Half-Empty/Full Glass in Mental Health: A Reference-Dependent Computational Model of Evaluation in Psychopathology
Rigoli, F., Martinelli, C., & Pezzulo, G. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621998344 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, traumas are associated not only with depression and bipolar disorder but also with other psy-chopathologies such as addiction (S. H. Stewart, 1996) and borderline personality (Ball & Links, 2009).”
Components of event-related potentials and borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis
Salas, F., Nvo-Fernández, M., Bianchi, M. L., Avello-Sáez, D., Sepúlveda-Páez, G. L., García, M. V., & Villacura-Herrera, C. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2297641 · Cited by 11
“…systems, however, they could be produced by the main factor at the basis of BPD development: exposure to traumatic events occurring mainly during childhood (Amad et al., 2019; Ball & Links, 2009; Crowell et al., 2009; Jaworska-Andryszewska & Rybakowski, 2022; Stepp et al., 2016; Yuan et al., 2023).”
Background
Susceptibility to Distraction by Social Cues in Borderline Personality Disorder
Krause-Utz, A., Elzinga, B. M., Oei, N. Y. L., Spinhoven, P., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C. G. (2013) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000351740 · Cited by 11
Comparing External Correlates ofDSM-5Section II and Section III Dimensional Trait Operationalizations of Borderline Personality Disorder
Anderson, J. L., Sellbom, M., Sansone, R. A., & Songer, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2015_29_189 · Cited by 11
The developmental trajectory of Borderline personality disorder and peer victimisation: Australian family carers’ perspectives
Wlodarczyk, J., & Lawn, S. (2016) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2016.1243360 · Cited by 11
“Stopping peer victimisation early can reduce the costs inflicted by BPD on people with this diagnosis, carers and health-care systems (Ball and Link 2009; Lester and Cross 2014; Scott et al. 2001).”
Background
Generalizable Links Between Borderline Personality Traits and Functional Connectivity
Shafiei, G., Keller, A. S., Bertolero, M. A., Shanmugan, S., Bassett, D. S., Chen, A. A., Covitz, S. C., Houghton, A., Luo, A. C., Mehta, K. P., et al. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.02.1016 · Cited by 13
The impact of childhood trauma on Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: the Chain Mediating role of borderline personality traits and self-control
Zhong, Y., Hu, Q., Chen, J., Li, Y., Chen, R., Li, Y., Cong, E., & Xu, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05829-6 · Cited by 13
“Previous research indicated a significant correlation between childhood trauma and BPD [17, 20], and childhood trauma is recognized as an important cause of BPD [21].”
Background
Viewing psychopathology through a trauma lens
Bransford, C. L., & Blizard, R. A. (2016) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2016.1173161 · Cited by 10
“There is also no acknowledgment inDSM-5 about the significance of trauma in the histories of personswithBPD, despite an extensive literature demonstrating the history of chronic trauma, especially relational trauma, in the majority of persons diagnosed with BPD (Freyd, DePrince, & Zurbriggen, 2001; Kaehler & Freyd, 20…”
Influential
Comparing impulsivity in borderline personality, schizophrenia and obsessional‐compulsive disorders: Who is ahead?
Martin, S. S., Graziani, P., & Del-Monte, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23129 · Cited by 10
The Cumulative Effects of Bullying Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence on Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms in Emerging Adulthood
Erazo, M. B., Krygsman, A., & Vaillancourt, T. (2022) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-022-00122-0 · Cited by 10
Related Personality Disorders Located within an Elaborated Externalizing Psychopathology Spectrum
Bach, M. S. B., & Huxley, E. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119092254.ch7 · Cited by 57
Neural correlates of social exclusion and overinclusion in patients with borderline personality disorder: an fMRI study
Látalová, A., Radimecká, M., Lamoš, M., Jáni, M., Damborská, A., Theiner, P., Bartečková, E., Bartys, P., Vlčková, H., Školiaková, K., et al. (2023) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-023-00240-1 · Cited by 12
“This may overlap with the invalidating environments often observed in the childhood of patients with BPD [12, 13].”
Background
Borderline Personality Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Current Diagnostic Practices, Treatment Modalities, and Key Controversies
Azzam, S., Almari, R., Khattab, K., Badr, A., Balawi, A. R., Haddad, R., Almasri, R., & Varrassi, G. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.75893 · Cited by 13
“While trauma is strongly linked to BPD, it is not a sole factor, as its influence is compounded by genetic and additional environmental elements, suggesting that trauma alone does not invariably lead to the disorder [68].”
Dialectical Behavior Therapy With Prolonged Exposure for Adolescents: Rationale and Review of the Research
Lang, C. M., Edwards, A. J., Mittler, M. A., & Bonavitacola, L. (2018) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.12.005 · Cited by 9
Childhood trauma as a mediator between emotional intelligence and recidivism in male offenders
Wang, W., Wu, R., Tang, H., Wang, Y., Liu, K., Liu, C., Zhou, L., Liu, W., Deng, X., & Pu, W. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.015 · Cited by 11
Posttraumatic stress symptoms mediate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, avoidant personality traits and resilience
Rawlins, B., Brooks, M., & Khan, R. (2020) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1768532 · Cited by 12
Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review
Alpay, E. H., & ÇELİK, D. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1050659 · Cited by 7
Long-Term and Bizarre Self-Injurious Behavior
Navinés, R., Gutiérrez, F., Arranz, B., Moreno-España, J., Imaz, M. L., Soler, V. G., Vázquez, M., Pascual, J. C., Martín‐Santos, R., & Kahn, D. A. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000426329.34149.b6 · Cited by 8
Neural correlates of fears of abandonment and rejection in borderline personality disorder
Romaniuk, L., Pope, M., Nicol, K., Steele, J. D., & Hall, J. (2016) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10331.1 · Cited by 7
History of child sexual abuse among women consuming illicit substances in Mexico City
Mendoza-Meléndez, M. Á., Cepeda, A., Frankeberger, J., López-Macario, M., & Valdez, A. (2018) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2018.1489478 · Cited by 8
“…al., 2013), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Chen et al., 2010; McLean & Gallop, 2003; Schoedl et al., 2010), borderline personality disorder (Ball & Links, 2009; Bandelow et al., 2005; McLean & Gallop, 2003), eating disorders (Smolak & Murnen, 2002; Wilson, 2010), and sleep disorders (Chen…”
Background
The dual mediating roles of impulsivity and emotion regulation of the borderline personality disorder‐violence relationship: A structural equation modeling approach
Wojciechowski, T. W. (2021) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14807 · Cited by 9
“Adverse childhood experience scores upon entry into the juvenile justice system may be one way to identify at- risk youth, as research has indicated that such experiences increase risk for the development of BPD features later in life [49,50].”
Background
The role of sense of coherence and loneliness in borderline personality disorder traits: a longitudinal twin study
Skaug, E., Czajkowski, N. O., Waaktaar, T., & Torgersen, S. O. (2022) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00190-0 · Cited by 12
Complex dissociative disorders in social work: discovering the knowledge gaps
Fung, H. W., Ross, C. A., & Ling, H. W.-H. (2019) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2019.1658689 · Cited by 8
“…profound support for people with mental disorders, especially those mental disorders which are highly related to psychosocial etiological factors, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) (Ball & Links, 2009).”
Background
Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) within prisons and the criminal justice system
Crole-Rees, C., Lawrence, D., Blundell, L., Saward, K., Jones, L., Anany, S. E., Simon, G., Kalebic, N., & Forrester, A. (2024) · Medicine Science and the Law · doi:10.1177/00258024241293540 · Cited by 7
“2 Trauma exposure, whenever it occurs during the lifespan, has been associated with the development of a range of serious mental disorders, 3,4 which are themselves overrepresented in criminal justice services.”
Beyond the Scars: An Analysis of Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Interconnections Between Emotion Dysregulation, Dissociation, and Trauma in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder
Ciringione, L., Perinelli, E., Mancini, F., & Prunetti, E. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15080889 · Cited by 7
“The link between dissociation and trauma is robust in both Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Dissociative Disorders (DD; [28]), particularly when viewed within a multifactorial etiological framework.”
Birth order and memories of traumatic and family experiences in Greek patients with borderline personality disorder versus patients with other personality disorders
Karamanolaki, H., Spyropoulou, A. C., Iliadou, A., Vousoura, E., Vondikaki, S., Pantazis, N., & Vaslamatzis, G. (2016) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2016.80.3.234 · Cited by 8
Relationship Dysfunction in Couples When One Partner Is Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder: Findings from a Pilot Study
Kroener, J., Schaitz, C., Karabatsiakis, A., Maier, A., Connemann, B. J., Schmied, E., & Sosic-Vasic, Z. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13030253 · Cited by 8
Rorschach assessment of childhood sexual abuse severity, borderline pathology, and their interaction: An examination of criterion validity.
Zodan, J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Charnas, J. W., Goldman, R. E., & Bornstein, R. F. (2013) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0033940 · Cited by 7
The role of empathy in the relationship between childhood trauma and borderline personality tendencies in male offenders
Wang, Y., Guo, J.-N., Yin, X., Zhang, Q., Dong, L.-Y., Wang, K., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2021.1886314 · Cited by 8
“Man Up”: Sex‐Differentiated Pathways of Juvenile Delinquency through Trauma, Borderline Traits & Offense Patterns
McGill, K. A., & Stefurak, T. (2021) · Juvenile and Family Court Journal · doi:10.1111/jfcj.12207 · Cited by 6
Different Effects of Perceived Social Support on the Relationship between Perceived Stress and Depression among University Students with Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms: A Multigroup Mediation Analysis
Ingkachotivanich, N., Wongpakaran, T., Wongpakaran, N., Oon‐arom, A., Karawekpanyawong, N., Lohanan, T., & Leesawat, T. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10112212 · Cited by 6
“Insecure attachment and persistent feelings of emptiness render a feeling of depression among individuals with BPDS [18].”
Background
Exploring the connection between childhood trauma, dissociation, and borderline personality disorder in forensic psychiatry: a comprehensive case study
Scognamiglio, C., Sorge, A., Borrelli, G., Perrella, R., & Saita, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1332914 · Cited by 6
Borderline Personality as a Disorder of Temporality–A Phenomenological Meta-Synthesis
Sterna, A., Moskalewicz, M., & Fuchs, T. A. E. (2025) · Human Studies · doi:10.1007/s10746-025-09784-3 · Cited by 11
Mental Health
Procter, N. G., Hamer, H. P., McGarry, D. E., Wilson, R. L., & Froggatt, T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316718278 · Cited by 6
Features of borderline personality disorder as a mediator of the relation between childhood traumatic experiences and psychosis-like experiences in patients with mood disorder
Baryshnikov, I., Aaltonen, K. I., Suvisaari, J., Koivisto, M., Heikkinen, M. E., Joffe, G., & Isometsä, E. T. (2018) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.12.005 · Cited by 7
Childhood Trauma and Psychosis
Dvir, Y. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2021.08.002 · Cited by 6
Vulnerability to PTSD: Psychosocial and Demographic Risk and Resilience Factors
Bar‐Shai, M., & Klein, E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7522-5_1 · Cited by 6
Temperament, but not childhood trauma, distinguishes borderline personality disorder from bipolar disorder and ADHD
Kouros, I., Holmberg, H., Ekselius, L., & Ramklint, M. (2023) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2023.2267041 · Cited by 5
Social support mediates the effects of childhood unpredictability on anhedonia: A retrospective investigation in an online adult community sample
Null, K. E., Duda, J. M., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2024.100057 · Cited by 5
“Childhood trauma has been linked to depression [10,11], anxiety [12], post-traumatic stress disorder [13], and borderline personality disorder [14,15].”
Background
Development of Emotional Cascades in Borderline Personality Disorder
Selby, E. A., Kranzler, A., & Panza, E. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0591-1_12 · Cited by 5
Assimilative processes in a client with borderline personality disorder: Tracking internal multiplicity over the first ten sessions of therapy.
Kramer, U., Meystre, C., Imesch, C., & Kolly, S. (2016) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/a0040044 · Cited by 5
“…OF THERAPY Introduction Unresolved traumatic experiences influence identity integration in clients presenting with borderline personality disorder (BPD; Ball & Links, 2009; Fossati, Maddedu, & Maffei, 1999; Golier, Yehuda, Bierer et al., 2003; Paris, 1998; Schmahl, & Bremner, 2006; Zanarini, 2000).”
Emotion dysregulation and internalizing symptoms affect relationships between ADHD symptoms and borderline personality features among male patients with substance use disorders
Evren, C., Karabulut, V., Alnıak, İ., Evren, B., Carkci, O. H., Cengel, H. Y., Menekseoglu, P. O., Cetin, T., Bozkurt, M., & Umut, G. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1595271 · Cited by 5
“e both BPD [10] and SUDs [11] were shown to be related to childhood trauma.”
Background
Diagnostische und behandlungsbezogene Klassifikation psychischer Traumafolgestörungen
Schellong, J. (2021) · PTT - Persönlichkeitsstörungen: Theorie und Therapie · doi:10.21706/ptt-25-3-163 · Cited by 5
Accuracy and Bias in Facial Trustworthiness Appraisals in Borderline Personality Disorder
Miano, A., Lustig, S., Meyerding, L., & Barnow, S. (2023) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2023.37.5.525 · Cited by 5
Genital self-mutilation in an attempt of suicide by a patient with a borderline personality
Aalouane, R., Rammouz, I., Hafidi, H., & Boujraf, S. (2013) · Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice · doi:10.4103/0976-3147.112769 · Cited by 5
“They are mostly associated to psychotic disorders compared to severe personality disorders.[1,2] Indeed, the self-mutilation act is characterizing the borderline personality disorder.”
Influential
Elaborating on the construct validity of the Minnesota Borderline Personality Disorder Scale (MBPD): A multi-sample, longitudinal examination.
Rojas, E. C., Hicks, B. M., Stark, S. E., Hopwood, C. J., & Bornovalova, M. A. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000061 · Cited by 5
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) features and their relationship with trauma and dissociation among Chinese adolescents: is BPD really a trauma-related disorder?
Yuan, G. F., Lam, S. K. K., Celine Mylx, L. I., Yau, S. W., Wong, M. Y. C., & Fung, H. W. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2562724 · Cited by 4
“In addition, a growing body of research has high-lighted the significant role of childhood trauma and adversities in the etiology of BPD among adults (Ball & Links, 2009; Fung, Wong, et al., 2023; Pohl et al., 2021).”
The Pathogenesis of Borderline Personality Disorder: Evolution of Evidence and Treatment Implications for Two Prominent Models
Stone, B. M. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221127618 · Cited by 4
“…et al., 2017), 93% of individuals with BPD report at least one instance of childhood loss or abuse compared to 73% for the other personality disorders (Ball & Links, 2009), and that exposure to this early childhood abuse or neglect may result in the patients becoming high-risk later in life…”
Associations between childhood trauma and personality disorder traits: A cross-sectional study in the general population
Pedone, R., Pistone, L., Schettino, E. M., & Florio, G. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200429 · Cited by 6
Altered Oscillatory Responses to Feedback in Borderline Personality Disorder are Linked to Symptom Severity
Schauer, P. A., Rauh, J., Leicht, G., Andreou, C., & Mulert, C. (2019) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00700-4 · Cited by 4
Using the Internet to Assess Perceptions of Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder: What Do Patients Want in the DSM-V?
Kalapatapu, R. K., Patil, U., & Goodman, M. S. (2010) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0351 · Cited by 4
“While not currently a speciﬁc criterion, there is ample evidence of childhood abuse in the etiology of BPD, 21–23 and there is considerable debate between the overlap of BPD and PTSD. 24 In terms of the relationship between anxiety and BPD, a recent conﬁrmatory factor analysis comparing ﬁve models…”
Mental health disorders as cooccuring and predictive factors of psychotic disorders in sexually abused children
Bourgeois, C., Lecomte, T., McDuff, P., & Daigneault, I. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104819 · Cited by 3
Deliberate Foreign Body Ingestion in a 35-Year-Old Woman With Borderline Personality Disorder and Several Psychiatric Comorbidities
Bangash, F., Megna, J. L., & Leontieva, L. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.13179 · Cited by 4
“Additionally, a history of childhood physical/sexual abuse in conjunction with PTSD has been associated with BPD and self-harming behaviors [10].”
Background
Is Child Maltreatment a Risk Factor for Borderline Personality Disorder? A Systematic Review of Prospective Longitudinal Studies
Girard, M.-S., & Morizot, J. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews · doi:10.2174/2666082218666220816100950 · Cited by 5
Object Relations Treatment of a Woman With Borderline Personality Disorder From a Mahlerian Perspective
Giugliano, J. R. (2012) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650112460428 · Cited by 4
False memory in posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder
Miano, A., Schulze, K., Moritz, S., Wingenfeld, K., & Roepke, S. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114547 · Cited by 3
Structural Equation Modeling of Childhood Trauma and Self-Stigma in Adult Inpatients with Borderline Personality Disorder
Ocisková, M., Praško, J. P., Kantor, K., Vaněk, J., Nesnídal, V., & Bělohradová, K. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s476768 · Cited by 3
Verwendung ökonomischer Spiele für die Diagnostik psychischer Erkrankungen
Kupferberg, A., Preuss, N., & Hasler, G. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000300 · Cited by 3

Authors: Ball, J. S., & Links, P. S.
Affiliations: St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Ball, Jeffrey S.
ORCID: Ball, Jeffrey S.
Links, Paul S.
Venue: Current Psychiatry Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-01-22
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 63-68
ISSN: 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
1535-1645
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-009-0010-4
OpenAlex: W1994608326
Cited by: 320
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 1.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: borderline personality disorder, childhood trauma, causal relationship, etiology, multifactorial etiology, quality of evidence
MeSH terms: Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Brain, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Object Attachment, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Causality

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: Evidence for a causal relationship

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks