Specific type of childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder in Chinese patients
Open accessAbstract
Background: Childhood maltreatment (CM) is a known risk factor for the development of mental disorders. An extensive body of literature about CM and mental health has been developed in wealthy countries, but information about this connection is lacking in developing countries including China. Aims: To explore the possible relationship between specific types of CM and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in patients with mental disorders in China. Methods: A survey was conducted in 2006, involving over 3,402 Chinese individuals aged 18-60 years who were randomly selected from the outpatients in the Shanghai Mental Health Center. The patients were screened with the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire and CM was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The final sample comprised 178 patients with BPD, 178 patients with other personality disorders (PDs), and 178 patients without PDs. Results: In Chinese patients, compared to other PDs, patients with BPDs are more likely to have experienced CM. Emotional maltreatment (emotional abuse and neglect) was the strongest predictor of BPD. Female gender and sexual abuse are significant predictors of the self-harm/suicidal risk of BPD patients. Conclusion: This is a pioneering study conducted on a large set of Chinese clinical samples with paired controls to establish and compare the associations between specific CM and BPD. Further studies in this field are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of how various types of childhood trauma have influenced PDs.
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The more extensive the experience of CM, the higher the risk of developing BPD.
“Studies have consistently shown that the more extensive the experience of CM, the higher the risk of developing BPD.”
From Age-related differences in borderline personality disorder traits and childhood maltreatment: a cross-sectional study (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
The Results (Child Trauma Questionnaire section; page unavailable) report higher maltreatment scores in the BPD group and associations between scores for specific types of maltreatment and BPD diagnosis. This supports an association, but not the general claim that increasingly extensive maltreatment raises the risk of developing BPD: the Limitations state that this cross-sectional study did not establish a causal relationship. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferent types of CM can uniquely contribute to specific BPD traits.
“Research indicates that different types of CM can uniquely contribute to specific BPD traits, highlighting the importance of addressing these experiences in therapeutic interventions (14–17).”
From Age-related differences in borderline personality disorder traits and childhood maltreatment: a cross-sectional study (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
The Results and Discussion (pages unavailable) associate emotional abuse and neglect with BPD, and the Conclusion associates childhood sexual abuse with self-harm/suicidal risk in BPD patients. This supports different associations for different maltreatment types, but not the broader claim that each uniquely contributes to specific BPD traits. The Limitations explicitly say this cross-sectional study did not establish causation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Chinese CTQ-SF has been validated as a reliable tool for assessing CM in Chinese clinical populations.
“The Chinese CTQ-SF has been validated as a reliable tool for assessing CM in Chinese clinical populations (15–17).”
From Age-related differences in borderline personality disorder traits and childhood maltreatment: a cross-sectional study (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
The Materials and methods > Measures section describes the CTQ as a 28-question measure of childhood maltreatment and reports previously published reliability coefficients. The Procedures section says Chinese psychiatric patients completed it. Neither section establishes that the Chinese CTQ-SF was validated as reliable in Chinese clinical populations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildhood maltreatment is a well-documented risk factor for BPD.
“childhood maltreatment (CM) is a well-documented risk factor for BPD.”
From Age-related differences in borderline personality disorder traits and childhood maltreatment: a cross-sectional study (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Wu, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, T.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Jijun
- Zhang, Tianhong
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-07-26
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 936739-936739
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9360314
- OpenAlex
- W4287877458
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 3.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- child abuse, borderline personality disorder, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, self-harm, suicide risk, personality disorders, Chinese patients, developing countries
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