Cited by 230Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPublic Relations and Crisis CommunicationDisaster Management and Resilience

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Disaster Media Coverage and Psychological Outcomes: Descriptive Findings in the Extant Research

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Pfefferbaum, Betty, Newman, Elana, Nelson, Summer D., Nitiéma, Pascal, Pfefferbaum, Rose L., Rahman, Ambreen·2014·Current Psychiatry Reports

DOI 10.1007/s11920-014-0464-xPMC PMC4144190

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Abstract

This review of the literature on disaster media coverage describes the events, samples, and forms of media coverage (television, newspapers, radio, internet) studied and examines the association between media consumption and psychological outcomes. A total of 36 studies representing both man-made and natural events met criteria for review in this analysis. Most studies examined disaster television viewing in the context of terrorism and explored a range of outcomes including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caseness and posttraumatic stress (PTS), depression, anxiety, stress reactions, and substance use. There is good evidence establishing a relationship between disaster television viewing and various psychological outcomes, especially PTSD caseness and PTS, but studies are too few to draw definitive conclusions about the other forms of media coverage that have been examined. As media technology continues to advance, future research is needed to investigate these additional media forms especially newer forms such as social media.

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MEDIA EXPOSURE INDUCED SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF PAKISTAN: ROLE OF PERSONAL VARIABLES
Kanwal, F., & Yousaf, T. (2022) · Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society · doi:10.63050/jpps.19.03.209 · Cited by 2
An Investigation of the Effect of an Earthquake Psychoeducation Program on the Perception of Coping with Trauma, Psychological Resilience, and the Subjective Well-Being of High School Students
KARAL, E., Kutlu, A., Bedel, A., & Kaçmaz, Ş. (2024) · International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies · doi:10.52380/ijpes.2024.11.3.1265 · Cited by 2
“These traumas affect a large part of society and constitute an important mental health problem (Pfefferbaum et al., 2014).”
Background
Resilience and religiosity as moderators between war-related media exposure and psychotic experiences in the aftermath of the October 2023 Israel-Gaza war
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Helmy, M. S., Alhuwailah, A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Maalej, E., Naser, A. Y., Obeïd, S., Loch, A. A., Cheour, M., & Hallit, S. R. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00599-2 · Cited by 2
“…shown that indirect exposure through media to mass violence and traumatic images can also lead to increased risk for mental health morbidity [27], we could find only one study, which examined the relationship between mass violence and PEs among a nationally representative sample of US…”
The HIV-Mental Health Challenge
Walkup, J. T., & Crystal, S. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.032 · Cited by 2
Mental Health Effects of Media Exposure Following a Natural Disaster
Fröhlich, J., Lindsey, A. B., & Radunovich, H. L. (2021) · EDIS · doi:10.32473/edis-fy1499-2021 · Cited by 2
Building resilience in CTLs: Reflections on practice
Hatfield, L. J., Maxson, J., Shinaberger, J. M., Norton, H. E., DeMartino, C. H., Finley-Croswhite, A., & Gokcek, G. (2021) · To improve the academy · doi:10.3998/tia.1676 · Cited by 3
Keeping Employees Safe During Health Crises: The Effects of Media Exposure, HR Practices, and Age
Li, S., Young, H. R., Ghorbani, M., Lee, B. Y., van Knippenberg, D., & Johnson, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09837-9 · Cited by 4
“Our study assumes such anxiety and other negative psychological outcomes (Houston, 2009; Pfefferbaum et al., 2014) as the given mechanisms and did not directly test for their presence.”
Background
COVID-19 related information seeking: The impact of media on parental concerns
Arnaud, Y., Drouin, O., & Silva, R. B. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.977634 · Cited by 3
What Are the Differences in Psychological Outcomes Between People Who Posted COVID-19-Related Content on Social Media and Those Who Did Not?
Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Xue, D., Zhang, H., Chao, M., & Liu, T. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2022.0146 · Cited by 2
Internet-Based Media as Information Sources in Risk Communication: Comparing Three Media Sources During COVID-19 Pandemic
Wu, F., Yang, T., Zhang, C., Yu, Y., & Xu, D. (2024) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2024.2308524 · Cited by 2
“Previous studies found that media use generally increases negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression in risk situations (Pfefferbaum et al. 2014).”
The role of anxiety in mediating the relationship between information consumption and COVID-19 protective behavioursPreprint
van Antwerpen, N., Searston, R. A., & Turnbull, D. A. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pb9jm · Cited by 2
Supremachist Constructions of Gender in Multiplatform Fictional Narrations and Patriarchal Statism. From conceptual representation to socio-political projection
Pasamón, S. Y. (2024) · Universitat de València eBooks · doi:10.7203/puv-oa-270-6 · Cited by 1
Reading When Stressed: Understanding Motivations for Reading Fiction and Enhancing Future Recommendation Services
Cho, H., Lee, W., Huang, L.-M. C., & Urban, A. C. (2024) · The Library Quarterly · doi:10.1086/730461 · Cited by 1
“Previous studies in media suggest that audiences ’ consumption of event-related materials may predict their traumatic symptoms (Pfefferbaum et al. 2014; Monfort and Afzali 2017), and pandemic-related media consumption is no exception (Bendau et al. 2020).”
Background
Desastres naturales y seguridad de periodistas: una aproximación al caso español
Echarri, O. D., Mardaras, L. I., & González, M. J. C. (2025) · INDEX COMUNICACIÓN · doi:10.62008/ixc/15/02desast · Cited by 1
Risk and Protective Factors of the Media-Transmitted Traumatization During War in Ukraine
Juríčková, V., Adámek, P., Grygarová, D., Jonáš, J., Havlík, M., Horáček, J., & Kesner, L. (2025) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2025.2524606 · Cited by 1
“Individuals who consume emotionally intense news, such as graphic images and catastrophic framing, reported persistent distress and intrusive thoughts even months later (Pfefferbaum et al., 2014).”
Influential
Aging in the shadow of war: indirect trauma and resilience among older adults after October 7th
Schorr, A. V., Sasson, T., Starikov, N., Porat, S. B. B., Bazarnik, A., & Arbely, O. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2559373 · Cited by 4
“This group occupies a unique psychosocial position, physically distant yet emotionally proximate, as they consumed extensive media coverage, formed mental representations of the atrocities, and internalized a sense of national vulnerability (Pfefferbaum et al., 2014).”
Commemorating trauma: The impact of anniversary journalism on journalists’ mental health and well-being
Maulidar, I. (2025) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849251384495 · Cited by 1
“Pfefferbaum et al. (2014) review evidence that media exposure to disasters can adversely affect mental health, not only among the audience, but among those producing the coverage, pointing to heightened risk of PTSD, depression, and anxiety.”
Trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth among victims 6 months after the 2021 Henan floods: predictive roles of social support and short video exposure during the disaster
Zhang, Y., Dang, J., & Ma, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03807-5 · Cited by 2
“Research on the impact of disaster media coverage has documented a relationship between the amount of media exposure and psychological outcomes, particularly PTSD symptoms [39, 47].”
The Context and Dynamic Social Processes Underlying Mental Health Treatment: Classic and Contemporary Approaches to Understanding Individuals' Responses to Illness in Light of the Affordable Care Act
Pescosolido, B. A., & Boyer, C. A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.025 · Cited by 1
Exploring the Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety among Lithuanian Adolescents during Times of Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Salciunaite-Nikonove, L., Žemaitaitytė, M., & Šmigelskas, K. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010032 · Cited by 1
“Platforms like Instagram and TikTok may contribute to heightened anxiety from war-related exposure, echoing past instances where media exposure contributed to increased anxiety [28].”
Background
Community Mental Health Care Organizations
Dobransky, K. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.026 · Cited by 1
The Mental Health Consumers/Survivors Movement in the US
McLean, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.031 · Cited by 1
Coronavirus and Cognitive Dissonance, Behavior of Pakistanis During Pandemic Peak: A Study of Educated and Uneducated Citizens of Lahore
Ashraf, A., Shabir, G., Rashid, H. A., & Ghaznavi, Q. U. Z. (2021) · Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies · doi:10.26710/jbsee.v7i1.1570 · Cited by 1
“Disasters striking in remote areas of the globe have immediate psychological impact on citizens and defensive response towards the occurrences (Pfefferbaum et al., 2014).”
Background
Integrating Service Delivery Systems for Persons with Severe Mental Illness
Cuddeback, G. S., & MORRISSEY, J. P. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.027 · Cited by 1
Covid-19 Pandemisinde, Travmatik Stres Belirtileri ve Ontolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkide Anksiyetenin Aracı Rolü
Tunç, P. (2021) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.892821 · Cited by 6
Eşik Alti Travma Sonrasi Stres Bozukluğu Subthreshold Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Özten, E. (2015)
Special Topics
(2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316481424.011
The Effect of Natural Disaster Experiences and Children’s Negative Affectivity on Children’s Responses toward Natural Disasters: Focusing on Experiences of the Gyeongju Earthquake
Yejin, K., & Lee, K. (2017) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2017.38.6.51
“지진, 해일, 홍수, 태풍과 같은 자연재해 는 그 형태에서는 차이를 보이지만 삶의 터전을 붕괴시킴으로 써 아동에게 물리적, 심리적으로 피해를 준다는 공통점을 가 진다(Bokszczanin, 2007; Giannopoulou et al., 2006; Pfefferbaum et al., 2014; Piyasil et al., 2007).”
Historical Development of Diagnostic Criteria Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and “Subthreshold PTSD” Concept
Özten, E., & Sayar, G. H. (2014) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.5455/cap.20140911104911
Theoretical Perspectives on Mental Health and Illness: Introduction to Part I
Scheid, T. L., & Wright, E. R. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.003
Preventing Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: Integrating Sociology and Public Health
Crosby, A. E., & Willis, L. A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.030
Mental Health Policy in the United States: Critical Reflection and Future Directions for Sociological Research
Watson, D. P., Adams, E. L., & Jackson, J. R. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.033
The Social Context of Mental Health and Illness: Introduction to Part II
Scheid, T. L., & Wright, E. R. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.012
Mental Health Systems and Policy: Introduction to Part III
Scheid, T. L., & Wright, E. R. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.023
Biological Approaches to Psychiatric Disorders: A Sociological Approach
Schwartz, S., & Corcoran, C. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.009
Van terreurpiekeraar tot overtuigd van ‘het moslimgevaar’?: Een crosssectionele studie naar het verband tussen terrorismenieuwsblootstelling, piekeren over terreurdreiging, en attitudes ten opzichte van moslims
Frissen, T., Coppens, T., Tobback, L., & d’Haenens, L. (2018) · Lirias · doi:10.5117/2018.046.003.005

Authors: Pfefferbaum, B., Newman, E., Nelson, S. D., Nitiéma, P., Pfefferbaum, R. L., & Rahman, A.
Affiliations: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
University of Tulsa (US)
Phoenix College (US)
Corresponding author: Pfefferbaum, Betty
ORCID: Pfefferbaum, Betty
Newman, Elana
Nitiéma, Pascal
Pfefferbaum, Rose L.
Venue: Current Psychiatry Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2014-07-27
Volume: 16
Issue: 9
Pages: 464-464
ISSN: 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
1535-1645
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0464-x
PMC: PMC4144190
OpenAlex: W2148450146
Cited by: 230
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 20.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: University of Oklahoma
National Institute of Mental Health (R25MH070569)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, post-traumatic stress, psychological outcomes, terrorism, media use, depression, anxiety, substance use, natural disasters, man-made disasters, social media
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Disasters, Fear, Humans, Mass Media, Stress, Psychological

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Disaster Media Coverage and Psychological Outcomes: Descriptive Findings in the Extant Research

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