Continuous Traumatic Stress and the Life Cycle: Exposure to Repeated Political Violence in Israel
Abstract
Purpose of review Millions of individuals and families live under continual exposure to threat such as protracted socio-political conflict or community violence facing current and future danger. The construct of continuous traumatic stress (CTS) was suggested as a supplement perspective for the understanding of the specific impact of living under both current and realistic future threat. Yet, the unique parameters, utility, and validity of the construct CTS are underexplored.Recent findings Currently, CTS describes both the exposure and the unique clinical conglomerate of distress. In this paper, we first elaborate on the rationale for the construct of CTS. Then, we present evidence on the consequences of exposure to CTS in the Israeli context of continual ongoing and prolonged political violence. Research on CTS is presented across the life cycle with an emphasis on risk and protective factors from a developmental perspective. We conclude with implications for research, assessment, and interventions.
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Individuals living in chronic situations seem to be mainly concerned with the future, that is, with anticipated future danger and threat, and their thinking is dominated by fantasies of what might happen and ways of avoiding it.
“Individuals living in such chronic situations seem to be mainly concerned with the future, that is, with anticipated future danger and threat, and their thinking is dominated by fantasies of what might happen and ways of avoiding it [54,55].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
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Levy, M., Yatziv, T., Levavi, K., Yakov, P., Pike, A., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Hadar, A., Bar, G., Froimovici, M., & Atzaba‐Poria, N. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3456 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Scharf, M., Maya, S., & Melamed, B. (2025) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2025.2524060 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Аврамчук, О. С., Mykolaychuk, M., Завада, Т., Demydiuk, V., Goral, A., & SENYK, O. M. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2646757 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Levavi, K., Yatziv, T., Yakov, P., Pike, A., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Hadar, A., Bar, G., Froimovici, M., & Atzaba‐Poria, N. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01207-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОЯВУ ТРИВАЛОГО ТРАВМАТИЧНОГО СТРЕСУ У ПІДЛІТКІВ ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ
Солоненко, О. (2025) · Psychological Prospects Journal · doi:10.29038/2227-1376-2025-45-sol · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Die „Kontinuierliche Traumatische Belastungsreaktions-Skala“ auf Deutsch
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Aging in the shadow of war: indirect trauma and resilience among older adults after October 7th
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Sokar, S., Weitzman, A., & Manor-Binyamini, I. (2026) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcag144 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Levavi, K., Yakov, P., Pike, A., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Hadar, A., Bar, G., Froimovici, M., & Atzaba‐Poria, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.718455 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fear and Anxiety, as Reflected in Israeli Children’s Books
Baratz, L. (2023) · Children and Teenagers · doi:10.22158/ct.v6n2p15 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dero, Z. A., & Pourmohammadi, M. (2023) · Sumerianz Journal of Education Linguistics and Literature · doi:10.47752/sjell.61.12.19
Harwood‐Gross, A., Stern, N., Lambez, B., & Aloni, R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3987964/v1
Солоненко, О., & Rozmyrska, Y. (2024) · Психологія реальність і перспективи · doi:10.35619/prap_rv.vi23.403
Koren, I., & Nadan, Y. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108615
Bringmann, M., Böhm, M., Specht, F., Vöhringer, M., Aldoibal, M., Knaevelsrud, C., Wagner, B., Böttche, M., & Nesterko, Y. (2026) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2026.100399
Kindergarten teachers’ coping with the security situation in an area of security tension in Israel
Edri, A. (2026) · Israel Affairs · doi:10.1080/13537121.2025.2511658
Aloni, R., Harwood‐Gross, A., & Lambez, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1891039
Leshem, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1888244
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Pat‐Horenczyk, R., & Bifulco, A. T. (2026) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666409103.31
Self-citationKatsoty, D., Mancini, A. D., & Knafo‐Noam, A. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026261479652
Living under fire: longitudinal insights into civilian coping and recovery during armed conflict
Enav, Y., Lurie, I., & Mayer, Y. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117521
Засєкіна, Л., van der Watt, A. S. J., Holland, M., Солоненко, О., & Seedat, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1888773
Gewirtz, A. H., Keleynikov, M., Eliash, H., Lewis, N., Gale, J., Itzhaky-Wruble, S., Hoffnung-Assouline, A., & Viner, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1929102
- Authors
- Pat-Horenczyk, R., & Schiff, M.
- Affiliations
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- ORCID
- Schiff, Miriam
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2019-07-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 71-71
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- OpenAlex
- W2954479616
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 0.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- continuous traumatic stress, political violence, life cycle, risk and protective factors, developmental perspective, psychological distress, Israel, trauma exposure, assessment and intervention
- MeSH terms
- Exposure to Violence, Humans, Israel, Longitudinal Studies, Politics, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Protective Factors
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